| Aboura Z, Talbi N, Allaoui S and Benzeggagh ML (2004), "Elastic behavior of corrugated cardboard: experiments and modeling", Composite Structures. Vol. 63(1), pp. 53-62. |
| Abstract: Motivated by computed homogeneous of linear corrugated cardboard behavior, an analytical model related to the assessment of equals behavior is proposed. This model takes into account the geometrical and mechanical properties of the corrugated cardboard constituents. An experimental methodology is also proposed to obtain both the in-plane elastic properties of each constituents and the corrugated cardboard. After model validation by a comparison with the experiment results, a parametric study is conducted studying the effect of geometrical parameters on in-plane elastic properties. Moreover, in order to assess the relevance of the homogenization method, a finite element model for three-point bending test is created. Two approaches are adopted: the first one models separately the core and liner of the corrugated cardboard with thin shell element (3D approach), whereas the second approach being of particular interest in this work, considers the corrugated cardboard sandwich as a homogeneous plate and modeled therefore by a plate elements. It is shown that the simplified homogenized procedure is adequately accurate and 10 times faster than the 3D approach for effectively analyzing corrugated cardboard panel in the preliminary and optimum design stages. |
BibTeX:
@article{aboura2004,
author = {Z. Aboura and N. Talbi and S. Allaoui and M. L. Benzeggagh},
title = {Elastic behavior of corrugated cardboard: experiments and modeling},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2004},
volume = {63},
number = {1},
pages = {53-62},
doi = {10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00131-4}
}
|
| Abramczyk J (2004), "Ruled surfaces of any types as the models for corrugated building shells", In International Symposium Shell and Spatial Structures from Models to Realization, IASS 2004. Montpellier, France, September 20-24, 2004. |
| Abstract: The paper presents a method of geometrical shaping of lightweight building shells made up of deformed and profiled metal sheets placed in one row. Specific property of the method is that each sheet of this shell can be subject to the composite stress state, i.e. the flexural–torsional deformation. This method enables obtaining a large variety of shapes of the determined shells as well as a great precision in shaping of the shell. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{abramczyk2004,
author = {J. Abramczyk},
editor = {R. Motro},
title = {Ruled surfaces of any types as the models for corrugated building shells},
booktitle = {International Symposium Shell and Spatial Structures from Models to Realization, IASS 2004},
year = {2004},
url = {http://www.eoxia.com/lmgc/pdf/TP114.pdf}
}
|
| Adhikari S (1999), "Rates of Change of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in Damped Dynamic System", AIAA Journal. Vol. 37(11), pp. 1452-1458. |
BibTeX:
@article{adhikari1999,
author = {S. Adhikari},
title = {Rates of Change of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in Damped Dynamic System},
journal = {AIAA Journal},
year = {1999},
volume = {37},
number = {11},
pages = {1452--1458},
doi = {10.2514/2.622}
}
|
| Afolabi D and Mehmed O (1994), "On Curve Veering and Flutter of Rotating Blades", Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. Vol. 116(3), pp. 702-709. |
| Abstract: The eigenvalues of rotating blades usually change with rotation speed according to the Stodola-Southwell criterion. Under certain circumstances, the loci of eigenvalues belonging to two distinct modes of vibration approach each other very closely, and it may appear as if the loci cross each other. However, our study indicates that the observable frequency loci of an undamped rotating blade do not cross, but must either repel each other (leading to “curve veering”), or attract each other (leading to “frequency coalescence”). Our results are reached by using standard arguments from algebraic geometry—the theory of algebraic curves and catastrophe theory. We conclude that it is important to resolve an apparent crossing of eigenvalue loci into either a frequency coalescence or a curve veering, because frequency coalescence is dangerous since it leads to flutter, whereas curve veering does not precipitate flutter and is, therefore, harmless with respect to elastic stability. |
BibTeX:
@article{afolabi1994,
author = {D. Afolabi and O. Mehmed},
title = {On Curve Veering and Flutter of Rotating Blades},
journal = {Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power},
year = {1994},
volume = {116},
number = {3},
pages = {702-709},
doi = {10.1115/1.2906876}
}
|
| Akishev NI, Alekseev KA, Zakirov IM and Nikitin AV (2010), "Panel of curvilinear shape and method of its manufacturing", Russian Patent RU2381955. |
| Abstract: FIELD: construction. SUBSTANCE: panel of curvilinear shape comprises upper and lower linings and zigzag corrugated filler arranged in between. Filler is arranged in the form of folded construction of helical structure, which, in its finally transformed condition contains cells along each serrated line, which are limited with inclined and vertical walls produced by two pairs of adjacent facets in the form of irregular quadrangles separated with section of zigzag line inclined towards serrated line, which is common for both pairs, at the angles of 1 and 2. 1 is angle between common serrated line and section of zigzag line, which separates a pair of adjacent facets, which, in finally transformed condition produce vertical wall of cell.; 2 is angle between common serrated line and section of zigzag line, which separates a pair of adjacent facets, which, in finally transformed condition produce inclined walls of cell, at the same time condition of 1<2 is maintained. According to method for manufacturing of multilayer panel of curvilinear shape with separate shaping of linings with specified curvature and layer of filler, sheet stock at the first stage is marked with bending lines, which produce elementary modules with specified geometric parametres. At the second stage sheet stock is transformed into relief position, where it takes form of folded construction of helical structure.; At the third stage produced folded construction is shaped till finally transformed condition, which is characterised by formation of cells limited with inclined and vertical walls. EFFECT: increased strength and rigidity of panels. |
BibTeX:
@misc{akishev2010,
author = {Akishev, N. I. and Alekseev, K. A. and Zakirov, I. M. and Nikitin, A. V.},
title = {Panel of curvilinear shape and method of its manufacturing},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2381955},
year = {2010}
}
|
| Akishev NI, Zakirov IM and Nikitin AV (2007), "Device for sheet material corrugation", US Patent Application 20070098835. |
| Abstract: The device contains the transformable mandrel (12) made of plane elements (14) pivotedly connected in-between with the use of gas-proof fabric (15,16), the means for preliminary and final mandrel transformation including the flexible vacuum chamber and traverse-pusher (11) with the drive (10), and the mechanism for putting the transformable mandrel into its initial plane state made in the form of two parallel slabs (6, 7) with the drive for their reciprocal travel (9). The means for preliminary mandrel transformation is made in the form of the system of pushers placed in rows on the lower and the upper slabs with individual drives. The perforations in the slabs provide the possibility for the pushers to interact with the transformable mandrel placed between the slabs whereas the mandrel with sheet blank article is put into the vacuum chamber. |
BibTeX:
@misc{akishev2007c,
author = {N. I. Akishev and I. M. Zakirov and A. V. Nikitin},
title = {Device for sheet material corrugation},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20070098835},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20070098835.html}
}
|
| Akishev NI, Zakirov IM and Nikitin AV (2008), "Foldable mandrel for production of a single curvature folded core for a sandwich panel", US Patent 7458802. |
| Abstract: The invention can be defined in its most general form as a device for sheet material corrugation by means of bending and can be applied in the devices for production of single curvature folded core used in production of aircraft and craft curvilinear panels. The invention has for its object to broaden the technological capabilities. For that the mandrel is made in the form of a set of alternating rows of plane elements (4, 6, 7) made in the form of trapeziums (4) and isosceles triangles (6, 7) fixed on the flexible material of the base (5) forming thus the gap-pivots between the elements. At the same time the bases of the triangular elements (6, 7) face each other in pairs along the bending lines while said bending lines correspond to the protrusions lines of the core folded structure. The base of the triangular elements (6, 7) is the function of the folded core block curvature radius and the geometrical parameters of the zigzag crimp structure. The width of the gap-pivots is taken so that to provide the folding of the mandrel together with the blank forming thus the single curvature zigzag corrugated structure with the lateral direction of crimps. |
BibTeX:
@misc{akishev2008a,
author = {N. I. Akishev and I. M. Zakirov and A. V. Nikitin},
title = {Foldable mandrel for production of a single curvature folded core for a sandwich panel},
howpublished = {US Patent 7458802},
year = {2008},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7458802.html}
}
|
| Akishev NI, Zakirov IM and Nikitin AV (2008), "Method for curvilinear folded structure production", US Patent 7410455. |
| Abstract: The invention can be defined in its most general form as the method for sheet material corrugation and can be used for production of aircraft curvilinear sandwich panel folded structure light corrugated core. With the aim to broaden the technological capabilities the corrugated blank is compressed from its sides to joining of ridges providing in its lateral section the curvature radius defined by the curvilinear folded structure design parameters and fixed in such condition block is thermally treated for inner stresses relief in the article material whereupon it is stretched to the curvilinear folded structure parameters given. |
BibTeX:
@misc{akishev2008b,
author = {N. I. Akishev and I. M. Zakirov and A. V. Nikitin},
title = {Method for curvilinear folded structure production},
howpublished = {US Patent 7410455},
year = {2008},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7410455.html}
}
|
| Akishev NI, Zakirov IM and Nikitin AV (2009), "Device for sheet material corrugation", US Patent 7487658. |
| Abstract: The invention can be defined in its most general form as a device for sheet material corrugation by means of bending and can be used in production of light core for sandwich panels, and elements of heat-exchange apparatus. The device includes the pivotedly connected in-between shaping and auxiliary systems of dies (4) and the drive for their transformation including the system of vacuumization and the chamber (3) made of flexible gas-proof material where the latter of said systems is fixed. Used to set the system of shaping dies (4) into its initial plane state is the mechanism made in the form of rigid chamber with the perforated cap (2) providing the possibility to connect the chamber to the system of vacuumization. The device also includes the subsidiary flexible removable vacuum chamber (8) wherein the blank (6) from sheet material is placed in contact with the shaping system of dies (4). Said chamber and the transformation drive chamber have a common wall rigidly connected to the shaping and auxiliary systems of dies (4) at locations of their pivot connection. |
BibTeX:
@misc{akishev2009,
author = {Akishev, N. I. and Zakirov, I. M. and Nikitin, A. V.},
title = {Device for sheet material corrugation},
howpublished = {US Patent 7487658},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Alderson A, Alderson K, Chirima G, Ravirala N and Zied K (2010), "The in-plane linear elastic constants and out-of-plane bending of 3-coordinated ligament and cylinder-ligament honeycombs", Composites Science and Technology. |
| Abstract: Four novel cylinder-ligament honeycombs are described, where each cylinder has 3 tangentially-attached ligaments to form either a hexagonal or re-entrant hexagonal cellular network. The re-entrant cylinder-ligament honeycombs are reported for the first time. The in-plane linear elastic constants and out-of-plane bending response of these honeycombs are predicted using finite element (FE) modelling and comparison made with hexagonal and re-entrant hexagonal honeycombs without cylinders. A laser-crafted re-entrant cylinder-ligament honeycomb is manufactured and characterized to verify the FE model. The re-entrant honeycombs display negative Poisson’s ratios and synclastic curvature upon out-of-plane bending. The hexagonal and ‘trichiral’ honeycombs possess positive Poisson’s ratios and anticlastic curvature. The ‘anti-trichiral’ honeycomb (short ligament limit) displays negative Poisson’s ratios when loaded in the plane of the honeycomb, but positive Poisson’s ratio behaviour (anticlastic curvature) under out-of-plane bending. These responses are understood qualitatively through considering deformation occurs via direct ligament flexure and cylinder rotation-induced ligament flexure. |
BibTeX:
@article{alderson2010,
author = {A. Alderson and K.L. Alderson and G. Chirima and N. Ravirala and K.M. Zied},
title = {The in-plane linear elastic constants and out-of-plane bending of 3-coordinated ligament and cylinder-ligament honeycombs},
journal = {Composites Science and Technology},
year = {2010},
doi = {10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.07.010}
}
|
| Alderson A and Alderson KL (2007), "Auxetic materials", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. Vol. 221(4), pp. 565-575. |
| Abstract: The current status of research into auxetic (negative Poisson's ratio) materials is reviewed, with particular focus on those aspects of relevance to aerospace engineering. Developments in the modelling, design, manufacturing, testing, and potential applications of auxetic cellular solids, polymers, composites, and sensor/actuator devices are presented. Auxetic cellular solids in the forms of honeycombs and foams are reviewed in terms of their potential in a diverse range of applications, including as core materials in curved sandwich panel composite components, radome applications, directional pass band filters, adaptive and deployable structures, MEMS devices, filters and sieves, seat cushion material, energy absorption components, viscoelastic damping materials, and fastening devices. The review of auxetic polymers includes the fabrication and characterization of microporous polymer solid rods, fibres, and films, as well as progress towards the first synthetic molecular-level auxetic polymer. Potential auxetic polymer applications include self-locking reinforcing fibres in composites, controlled release media, and self-healing films. Auxetic composite laminates and composites containing auxetic constituents are reviewed and enhancements in fracture toughness, and static and low velocity impact performance are presented to demonstrate potential in energy absorber components. Finally, the potential of auxetics as strain amplifiers, piezoelectric devices, and structural health monitoring components is presented. |
BibTeX:
@article{alderson2007,
author = {A Alderson and K L Alderson},
title = {Auxetic materials},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering},
year = {2007},
volume = {221},
number = {4},
pages = {565-575},
doi = {10.1243/09544100JAERO185}
}
|
| Alderson A, Alderson KL, Evans KE, Grima JN, Williams MR and Davies PJ (2005), "Modelling the deformation mechanisms, structure-property relationships and applications of auxetic nanomaterials", Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics. Vol. 242(3), pp. 499 - 508. |
| Abstract: Analytical and Molecular Mechanics methods have been used to study the structure and deformation mechanisms acting at the molecular level in the auxetic polymorph of crystalline silica (-cristobalite). The Molecular Mechanics simulations indicate a stress-induced phase transition from -cristobalite to ordered -cristobalite occurs for uniaxial loading along the x3 direction. This is in reasonable agreement with the previous prediction from an analytical model assuming deformation is by concurrent dilation and cooperative rotation (about axes in the x1-x2 plane, passing through the midpoints of opposing edges - the a-axes) of the SiO4 tetrahedral molecular sub-units, previously shown to predict the Poisson's ratio for loading in the x3 direction. The analytical models have been extended to include cooperative rotation of each tetrahedron about its axis (the c-axis) mostly closely aligned with the principal unit-cell x3-axis. The new models enable significantly improved prediction of the Poisson's ratios of -cristobalite when loaded in one of the transverse (x1 or x2) directions. Parametric fitting of the analytical models indicate that the deformation mechanism for transverse uniaxial loading of -cristobalite is by concurrent dilation and cooperative rotation about the local a and c-axes of the SiO4 tetrahedra. |
BibTeX:
@article{alderson2005b,
author = {A. Alderson and K. L. Alderson and K. E. Evans and J. N. Grima and M. R. Williams and P. J. Davies},
title = {Modelling the deformation mechanisms, structure-property relationships and applications of auxetic nanomaterials},
journal = {Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics},
year = {2005},
volume = {242},
number = {3},
pages = {499 - 508},
doi = {10.1002/pssb.200460370}
}
|
| Alderson KL, Alderson A and Evans KE (1997), "The Interpretation of the Strain-Dependent Poisson’s Ratio in Auxetic Polyethylene", The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design. Vol. 32(3), pp. 201-212. |
| Abstract: he strain-dependent behaviour characteristic of auxetic (i.e. having a negative Poisson’s ratio) polymers has been modelled using a simple geometric model which consists of rectangular nodules interconnected by fibrils. Careful consideration of the correct form of the model to use depending on the experimental method employed to test samples of auxetic ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has resulted in very good agreement between the experimental and theoretical Poisson’s ratios and total engineering strain ratios when the deformation is predominantly due to hinging of the fibrils. Auxetic UHMWPE has been processed to yield a very wide range of Poisson’s ratios depending on its microstructural parameters (i.e. nodule shape and size, fibril length and the angle between the fibril and nodule). These can be predicted using the model, allowing the possibility of tailoring Poisson’s ratio of the material. |
BibTeX:
@article{alderson1997,
author = {K. L. Alderson and A. Alderson and K. E. Evans},
title = {The Interpretation of the Strain-Dependent Poisson’s Ratio in Auxetic Polyethylene},
journal = {The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design},
year = {1997},
volume = {32},
number = {3},
pages = {201-212},
url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/pep/jsa/1997/00000032/00000003/art00005}
}
|
| Alekseev KA, Zakirov IM and Karimova GG (2011), "Geometrical model of creasing roll for manufacturing line of the wedge-shaped folded cores production", Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). Vol. 54(1), pp. 104-107. |
| Abstract: A manufacturing process for the wedge-shaped folded core of the M-crimp type is considered. Also presented is the parametrical simulation model of the cutting head; the model was constructed by using the Solid Works 2009 CADS software and is meant for automatic change of core geometry in cases when one or several initial parameters are varied. |
BibTeX:
@article{alekseev2011,
author = {K. A. Alekseev and I. M. Zakirov and G. G. Karimova},
title = {Geometrical model of creasing roll for manufacturing line of the wedge-shaped folded cores production},
journal = {Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)},
year = {2011},
volume = {54},
number = {1},
pages = {104-107},
doi = {10.3103/S1068799811010181}
}
|
| Alleaume J (1969), "Devices constituting corrugated sheet elements or plates and their various applications", US Patent 3485596. |
BibTeX:
@misc{alleaume1969,
author = {J. Alleaume},
title = {Devices constituting corrugated sheet elements or plates and their various applications},
howpublished = {US Patent 3485596},
year = {1969},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3485596.html}
}
|
| Alleaume J (1970), "Wall Corner Construction", US Patent 3510278. |
| Abstract: A flexible sheet having two or three series of parallel corrugations, said series being orientated in uniformly distributed angular directions whereby the zones of intersection contain one corrugation of each series, each such zone of intersection of n corrugations having the shape of a 2n-pointed star-shaped pyramic prjojecting from the same side of the sheet as the corrugations, such that the pyramid crests and troughs regularly alternate with one another, whereas said crests or troughs lie together with respective crests of the n corrugations at the zone of intersection in a plane normal to the initial sheet surface. |
BibTeX:
@misc{alleaume1970,
author = {J. Alleaume},
title = {Wall Corner Construction},
howpublished = {US Patent 3510278},
year = {1970},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3510278.html}
}
|
| Allemang RJ (2003), "The Modal Assurance Criterion -- Twenty Years of Use and Abuse", Sound & Vibration., August, 2003. , pp. 14-21. |
| Abstract: This article reviews the development of the original modal assurance criterion (MAC) together with other related assurance criteria that have been proposed over the last twenty years. Some of the other assurance criteria that will be discussed include the coordinate modal assurance criterion (COMAC), the frequency response assurance criterion (FRAC), coordinate orthogonality check (CORTHOG), frequency scaled modal assurance criterion (FMAC), partial modal assurance criterion (PMAC), scaled modal assurance criterion (SMAC), and modal assurance criterion using reciprocal modal vectors (MACRV). In particular, the thought process that relates the original MAC development to ordinary coherence and to orthogonality computations will be explained. Several uses of MAC that may not be obvious to the casual observer (modal parameter estimation consistency diagrams and model updating are two examples) will be identified. The common problems with the implementation and use of modal assurance criterion computations will also be identified. |
BibTeX:
@article{allemang2003,
author = {Randall J. Allemang},
title = {The Modal Assurance Criterion -- Twenty Years of Use and Abuse},
journal = {Sound & Vibration},
year = {2003},
pages = {14-21},
url = {http://www.sandv.com/aug03.shtml}
}
|
| Altan T (2006), "Structured sheet metal, Part I: Comparing processes", Stamping Journal., May, 2006. , pp. 36-37. |
BibTeX:
@article{altan2006,
author = {Taylan Altan},
title = {Structured sheet metal, Part I: Comparing processes},
journal = {Stamping Journal},
year = {2006},
pages = {36-37},
url = {http://nsmwww.eng.ohio-state.edu/html/stamping_journal.html}
}
|
| Altmann SL (1989), "Hamilton, Rodrigues, and the Quaternion Scandal", Mathematics Magazine. Vol. 62(5), pp. 291-308. |
| Abstract: What went wrong with one of the major mathematical discoveries of the nineteenth century. |
BibTeX:
@article{altmann1989,
author = {Simon L. Altmann},
title = {Hamilton, Rodrigues, and the Quaternion Scandal},
journal = {Mathematics Magazine},
year = {1989},
volume = {62},
number = {5},
pages = {291-308},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0025-570X%28198912%2962%3A5%3C291%3AHRATQS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8}
}
|
| Anderson DC (1971), "Formable Honeycomb Core and Method of Making the Same", US Patent 3616141. |
| Abstract: A pack of honeycomb core material which is expandable to a nonplaner contour, the pack including a plurality of ribbons having undulating corrugations providing alternate zenith and nadir points, selected areas intermediate the zenith and nadir points being bonded to each other whereby the pack may be expanded to form a plurality of multiangular hollow cells. |
BibTeX:
@misc{anderson1971,
author = {D. C. Anderson},
title = {Formable Honeycomb Core and Method of Making the Same},
howpublished = {US Patent 3616141},
year = {1971}
}
|
| Arkin EM, Bender MA, Demaine ED, Demaine ML, Mitchell JSB, Sethia S and Skiena SS (2004), "When can you fold a map?", Computational Geometry. Vol. 29(1), pp. 23-46. |
| Abstract: We explore the following problem: given a collection of creases on a piece of paper, each assigned a folding direction of mountain or valley, is there a flat folding by a sequence of simple folds? There are several models of simple folds; the simplest one-layer simple fold rotates a portion of paper about a crease in the paper by ±180°. We first consider the analogous questions in one dimension lower—bending a segment into a flat object—which lead to interesting problems on strings. We develop efficient algorithms for the recognition of simply foldable 1D crease patterns, and reconstruction of a sequence of simple folds. Indeed, we prove that a 1D crease pattern is flat-foldable by any means precisely if it is by a sequence of one-layer simple folds. Next we explore simple foldability in two dimensions, and find a surprising contrast: “map” folding and variants are polynomial, but slight generalizations are NP-complete. Specifically, we develop a linear-time algorithm for deciding foldability of an orthogonal crease pattern on a rectangular piece of paper, and prove that it is (weakly) NP-complete to decide foldability of (1) an orthogonal crease pattern on a orthogonal piece of paper, (2) a crease pattern of axis-parallel and diagonal (45-degree) creases on a square piece of paper, and (3) crease patterns without a mountain/valley assignment. |
BibTeX:
@article{arkin2004,
author = {Esther M. Arkin and Michael A. Bender and Erik D. Demaine and Martin L. Demaine and Joseph S. B. Mitchell and Saurabh Sethia and Steven S. Skiena},
title = {When can you fold a map?},
journal = {Computational Geometry},
year = {2004},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
pages = {23-46},
doi = {10.1016/j.comgeo.2004.03.012}
}
|
| Arne C (1966), "Plane expansible corrugations", US Patent 3279973. |
BibTeX:
@misc{arne1966,
author = {C. Arne},
title = {Plane expansible corrugations},
howpublished = {US Patent 3279973},
year = {1966},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3279973.html}
}
|
| Arne C (1973), "Stress oriented corrugations", US Patent RE28534. |
| Abstract: A sheet having a center section of alternating depending and extending frusto-conical elements and one-way corrugations extending away from said center section to the edges of the sheet. |
BibTeX:
@misc{arne1973,
author = {C. Arne},
title = {Stress oriented corrugations},
howpublished = {US Patent RE28534},
year = {1973},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/RE28534.html}
}
|
| Arni H and Jordi P (1962), "Tools for making surface patterns", US Patent US3069721.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{arni1962,
author = {H. Arni and P. Jordi},
title = {Tools for making surface patterns},
howpublished = {US Patent US3069721},
year = {1962}
}
|
| Arzu GÖNENÇ SORGUÇ IH and SELÇUK SA (2009), "Origamics in Architecture : A Medium of Inquiry for design in Architecture", METU Journal of Architecture. Vol. 26(2), pp. 235-247. |
| Abstract: The Japanese craft of “origami” has proved itself as being a valuable tool to develop various engineering and design applications in numerous fields. Several patterns developed by Dr. Nojima Taketoshi ranging from environmentally friendly containers (pet bottles, plastic containers, cans and et. al) to medical applications such as stents, catheters, from vehicle parts to new insulation material configurations, from robotics to education are sources of inspiration for many other research studies (Hagiwara 2008). These wide range of applications has been named by Ian Steward as “Origamics” demonstrating the interdisciplinary nature of these studies including mathematics, engineering, biology and many other possible disciplines which may use origamics (Stewart 2007). This paper aims to discuss the potentials of “origamics” in general, then in architecture, as an interface to gain cognitive experience on spatial transformations, computational design, form finding etc., and as a medium of inquiry for structural design in through the examples of kinetic or deployable structural designs in architecture. |
BibTeX:
@article{gonenc2009,
author = {Arzu GÖNENÇ SORGUÇ, ICHIRO HAGIWARA and Semra ARSLAN SELÇUK},
title = {Origamics in Architecture : A Medium of Inquiry for design in Architecture},
journal = {METU Journal of Architecture},
year = {2009},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {235-247},
doi = {10.4305/METU.JFA.2009/2.12}
}
|
| Aumann G (1991), "Interpolation with developable Bezier patches", Computer Aided Geometric Design. Vol. 8(5), pp. 409-420. |
| Abstract: This paper deals with the design of interpolating developable Bezier patches. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for these patches to be free of singular points. From these conditions we deduce simple design criteria. Furthermore, G1 - and G2 -continuous connections of these patches will be studied. |
BibTeX:
@article{aumann1991,
author = {Gunter Aumann},
title = {Interpolation with developable Bezier patches},
journal = {Computer Aided Geometric Design},
year = {1991},
volume = {8},
number = {5},
pages = {409-420},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TYN-460374N-6/2/892771cd3988b4b855cb78304072551e},
doi = {10.1016/0167-8396(91)90014-3}
}
|
| Aumann G (2003), "A simple algorithm for designing developable Bezier surfaces", Computer Aided Geometric Design. Vol. 20(8-9), pp. 601-619. |
| Abstract: An algorithm is presented that generates developable Bezier surfaces through a Bezier curve of arbitrary degree and shape. The algorithm has two important advantages. No (nonlinear) characterizing equations have to be solved and the control of singular points is guaranteed. Further interpolation conditions can be met. |
BibTeX:
@article{aumann2002,
author = {Gunter Aumann},
title = {A simple algorithm for designing developable Bezier surfaces},
journal = {Computer Aided Geometric Design},
year = {2003},
volume = {20},
number = {8-9},
pages = {601-619},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TYN-49D1K7W-1/2/167bd9df049afa480130e79bbbbb76ee},
doi = {10.1016/j.cagd.2003.07.001}
}
|
| Baglama J, Calvetti D and Reichel L (2003), "Algorithm 827: irbleigs: A MATLAB program for computing a few eigenpairs of a large sparse Hermitian matrix", ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. Vol. 29(3), pp. 337 - 348. |
| Abstract: irbleigs is a MATLAB program for computing a few eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of a sparse Hermitian matrix of large order n. The matrix is accessed only through the evaluation of matrix-vector products. Working space of only a few n-vectors is required. The program implements a restarted block-Lanczos method. Judicious choices of acceleration polynomials make it possible to compute approximations of a few of the largest eigenvalues, a few of the smallest eigenvalues, or a few eigenvalues in the vicinity of a user-specified point on the real axis. irbleigs also can be applied to certain large generalized eigenproblems as well as to the computation of a few nearby singular values and associated right and left singular vectors of a large general matrix. |
BibTeX:
@article{baglama2003,
author = {J. Baglama and D. Calvetti and L. Reichel},
title = {Algorithm 827: irbleigs: A MATLAB program for computing a few eigenpairs of a large sparse Hermitian matrix},
journal = {ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software},
year = {2003},
volume = {29},
number = {3},
pages = {337 - 348},
doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/838250.838257}
}
|
| Bahra AS and Greening PD (2005), "Mode Traces in Degenerate Eigensystems and Augmented Assurance", AIAA Journal. Vol. 43(6), pp. 1299-1305. |
| Abstract: Eigenpairs, contextually indicative of the frequencies and oscillatory modes of structural systems, are considered as functions of a single parameter.Undesired permutation ofmodal designations is noted to arise following events of transitory eigenvalue coalescence with respect to the parameter, resulting in the definition of nonsmooth functions. The tracing of eigenpairs across such events is outlined for the permanently degenerate, general eigenproblem as the general case; the cases of transitorily degenerate and distinct eigenvalues are thus accounted for. The foundation for mode tracing is the assumption of eigenvector consistency across parameter intervals, used as a means of eigenpair reconciliation. The resulting traced modes are smooth and their variations physically pertinent, which is necessary in iterative schemes in which convergence may otherwise be jeopardized. The proposal of an augmented modal assurance routine that potentially augments the assurance of tracing and, therefore, the maximum permissible parameter perturbation, is given; a threefold increase in the insight to consistency entails. The notion of the routine is to forward and backward cast eigenvectors utilizing their derivatives in affine modeling. A numerical example of the modes of a cyclic frame as functions of a cyclic distribution of membrane forces demonstrates the concepts and utility of the proposal. |
BibTeX:
@article{bahra2005,
author = {Amar Singh Bahra and Paul David Greening},
title = {Mode Traces in Degenerate Eigensystems and Augmented Assurance},
journal = {AIAA Journal},
year = {2005},
volume = {43},
number = {6},
pages = {1299-1305}
}
|
| Balkcom DJ (2004), "Robotic Origami Folding". Thesis at: Carnegie Mellon University. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{balkcom2004-thesis,
author = {Devin J. Balkcom},
title = {Robotic Origami Folding},
school = {Carnegie Mellon University},
year = {2004},
url = {http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~robotics/publications.html}
}
|
| Balkcom DJ, Demaine ED and Demaine ML (2004), "Folding Paper Shopping Bags", In Abstracts from the 14th Annual Fall Workshop on Computational Geometry. Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 19–20, 2004. , pp. 14–15. |
BibTeX:
@conference{balkcom2004,
author = {D. J. Balkcom and Erik D. Demaine and Martin L. Demaine},
title = {Folding Paper Shopping Bags},
booktitle = {Abstracts from the 14th Annual Fall Workshop on Computational Geometry},
year = {2004},
pages = {14–15},
url = {http://erikdemaine.org/papers/PaperBag_CGW2004/}
}
|
| Balmès E (1993), "High Modal Density, Curve Veering, Localization: A Different Perspective On The Structural Response", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 161(2), pp. 358-363. |
BibTeX:
@article{balmes1993,
author = {E. Balmès},
title = {High Modal Density, Curve Veering, Localization: A Different Perspective On The Structural Response},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {1993},
volume = {161},
number = {2},
pages = {358-363},
doi = {10.1006/jsvi.1993.1078}
}
|
| Bangay S (2000), "From virtual to physical reality with paper folding", Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications. Vol. 15(1-3), pp. 161-174. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.. |
BibTeX:
@article{bangay2000,
author = {Shaun Bangay},
title = {From virtual to physical reality with paper folding},
journal = {Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications},
publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.},
year = {2000},
volume = {15},
number = {1-3},
pages = {161--174},
doi = {10.1016/S0925-7721(99)00048-6}
}
|
| Baranger E, Cluzel C and Guidault P-A (2011), "Modelling of the Behaviour of Aramid Folded Cores Up to Global Crushing", Strain. Vol. 47 |
| Abstract: This study presents the basic ingredients needed to model the out-of-plane compression behaviour of a folded core up to the global peak load. This core is made of an aramid paper. The proposed approach is both experimental and numerical and handles the problem at different scales: fibre, paper and core scales. To have a good representation of the physics, two key points are essential. The first is the mechanical behaviour of the paper. The aramid paper can be modelled as a laminate composite. An experimental study of the paper behaviour in bending has been conducted to build a damage model for the paper. The second key point concerns the geometrical defects of the folded core. The defects, arising from the manufacturing process, are built by simulation of the folding process. The macroscopic behaviour of the core under out-of-plane compression loading is shown to be very sensitive to these defects. The results of a simulated crushing test are compared to experimental ones. A good agreement is shown. |
BibTeX:
@article{baranger2011,
author = {E. Baranger and C. Cluzel and P.-A. Guidault},
title = {Modelling of the Behaviour of Aramid Folded Cores Up to Global Crushing},
journal = {Strain},
year = {2011},
volume = {47},
doi = {10.1111/j.1475-1305.2010.00753.x}
}
|
| Baranger E, Guidault P-A and Cluzel C (2011), "Numerical modeling of the geometrical defects of an origami-like sandwich core", Composite Structures. Vol. 93(10), pp. 2504 - 2510. |
| Abstract: Folded cores have recently been developed for sandwich applications. The numerical determination of the out-of-plane properties of these cores requires the resolution of a stability problem. Therefore, the sensitivity of these structures to geometrical defects has to be investigated. Since the ultimate objective is to optimize the geometry of the folded cores, the defects must be defined from the folding process itself. This paper focuses on the numerical modeling of consistent geometrical defects based on a simulation of the folding process. The defects thus generated greatly influence the out-of-plane stiffness of the core because the folded edges do not remain straight. The numerical results agree well with defects observed on an actual core as well as with the global out-of-plane response. |
BibTeX:
@article{baranger2011b,
author = {E. Baranger and P.-A. Guidault and C. Cluzel},
title = {Numerical modeling of the geometrical defects of an origami-like sandwich core},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2011},
volume = {93},
number = {10},
pages = {2504 - 2510},
doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.04.011}
}
|
| Barreto PT (1994), "Lines meeting on a surface; the ``Mars'' paperfolding", In Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{barreto1994,
author = {Paulo Taborda Barreto},
editor = {Koryo Miura},
title = {Lines meeting on a surface; the ``Mars'' paperfolding},
booktitle = {Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Basily B, Elsayed A and Kling D (2006), "Technology for continuous folding of sheet materials", US Patent 7115089. |
| Abstract: A machine and method for the continuous folding of sheet material into different three-dimensional patterns is featured. The innovative machine and method folds sheet material by force converging the sheet to a final stage that imparts a final fold or pattern. Unique programming allows for the change of convergence sequencing and change of materials. |
BibTeX:
@misc{basily2006,
author = {B. Basily and A. Elsayed and D. Kling},
title = {Technology for continuous folding of sheet materials},
howpublished = {US Patent 7115089},
year = {2006},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7115089.html}
}
|
| Basily B and Elsayed E (2004), "Dynamic axial crushing of multilayer core structures of folded Chevron patterns", International Journal of Materials and Product Technology. Vol. 21(1-3), pp. 169-185. |
| Abstract: The objective of this paper is to investigate our recently developed innovative sheet folding theory and manufacturing processes in designing impact energy absorbing structures with superior properties to existing structures, such as honeycomb, while achieving a volume reduction of between 40 and 50%. Initial results indicate that we can mathematically generate three-dimensional patterns and use our folding technology to produce such patterns by simply folding flat sheets of materials, resulting in significant cost savings. The three-dimensional patterns, folded from different sheet materials, can be used as cores for laminated structures for impact energy absorption applications, such as in high speed airdrops of heavy items and in improving crash worthiness of vehicle body and bumpers. The results of testing samples of the Chevron patterns (the simplest to fold from flat sheets) indicate that core structures made from this pattern will serve as absorbers of high velocity impact energy per unit volume when compared with the well known and typically used honeycomb structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{basily2004,
author = {B. Basily and E.A. Elsayed},
title = {Dynamic axial crushing of multilayer core structures of folded Chevron patterns},
journal = {International Journal of Materials and Product Technology},
year = {2004},
volume = {21},
number = {1--3},
pages = {169--185},
doi = {10.1504/IJMPT.2004.004750}
}
|
| Bassik N, Stern GM and Gracias DH (2009), "Microassembly based on hands free origami with bidirectional curvature", Applied Physics Letters. Vol. 95(9) |
| Abstract: Microassembly based on origami, the Japanese art of paper folding, presents an attractive methodology for constructing complex three-dimensional (3D) devices and advanced materials. A variety of functional structures have been created using patterned metallic, semiconducting, and polymeric thin films, but have been limited to those that curve in a single direction. We report a design framework that can be used to achieve spontaneous bidirectional folds with any desired angle, and we demonstrate theoretical and experimental realizations of complex 3D structures with +90°, −90°, +180°, and −180° folds. The strategy is parallel, versatile, and compatible with conventional microfabrication. |
BibTeX:
@article{bassik2009,
author = {Noy Bassik and George M. Stern and David H. Gracias},
title = {Microassembly based on hands free origami with bidirectional curvature},
journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
year = {2009},
volume = {95},
number = {9},
doi = {10.1063/1.3212896}
}
|
| Bateman A (2002), "Computer Tools and Algorithms for Origami Tessellation Design", In Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME). , pp. 121-129. A K Peters.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{bateman2002,
author = {Alex Bateman},
editor = {Thomas Hull},
title = {Computer Tools and Algorithms for Origami Tessellation Design},
booktitle = {Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME)},
publisher = {A K Peters},
year = {2002},
pages = {121--129}
}
|
| Beatty MF and Stalnaker DO (1986), "The Poisson Function of Finite Elasticity", Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 53(4), pp. 807-813. |
| Abstract: The Poisson function is introduced to study in a simple tension test the lateral contractive response of compressible and incompressible, isotropic elastic materials in finite strain. The relation of the Poisson function to the classical Poisson's ratio and its behavior for certain constrained materials are discussed. Some experimental results for several elastomers, including two natural rubber compounds of the same kind studied in earlier basic experiments by Rivlin and Saunders, are compared with the derived relations. A special class of compressible materials is also considered. It is proved that the only class of compressible hyperelastic materials whose response functions depend on only the third principal invariant of the deformation tensor is the class first introduced in experiments by Blatz and Ko. Poisson functions for the Blatz-Ko polyurethane elastomers are derived; and our experimental data are reviewed in relation to a volume constraint equation used in their experiments. |
BibTeX:
@article{beatty1986,
author = {M. F. Beatty and D. O. Stalnaker},
title = {The Poisson Function of Finite Elasticity},
journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {1986},
volume = {53},
number = {4},
pages = {807-813},
doi = {10.1115/1.3171862}
}
|
| Bechtold M (2003), "Wood-Foam Sandwich Shells: Computer-Aided Manufacturing of Complex Shapes", Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures. Vol. 44(3), pp. 145-165. |
| Abstract: Shells, though potentially efficient structural systems, are difficult to build because of their complex shapes. The paper presents a new design and manufacturing process for wood-sandwich roof shells. These are complexly shaped multifunctional construction elements that are manufactured off-site. The proposed manufacturing process treats wood as a modern composite material. Thin wood strips and foams combine into structural sandwich panels that can then be joined into a roof shell. The geometrically complex panels are generated by a combination of subtractive Computer-Numerically-Controlled machining processes and manual lamination. Infrastructure elements can be embedded into the sandwich build-up in order to enhance the functionality of the roof as a building envelope. Numerical tools are proposed that allow the determination of manufacturing-related parameters in the digital design environment. These inform the architectural and structural design in the early design phases. The new manufacturing process for wood/foam sandwich shells is verified through the design and manufacturing of prototypes. Design guidelines are presented as the practical basis for architects and engineers to incorporate new types of roof shells into architectural projects. |
BibTeX:
@article{bechtold2003,
author = {M. Bechtold},
title = {Wood-Foam Sandwich Shells: Computer-Aided Manufacturing of Complex Shapes},
journal = {Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures},
year = {2003},
volume = {44},
number = {3},
pages = {145-165}
}
|
| Bechtold M (2006), "On shells and blobs", Magazine ARQ. (63), pp. 30-35. |
| Abstract: New representation techniques have expanded the possibilities of architectural form, such as it is understood as an expansion for creative freedom. How can we relate this new potential with the engagement that gravity force (as weight, thrust and resistance) demands on built work?. |
BibTeX:
@article{bechtold2006,
author = {M. Bechtold},
title = {On shells and blobs},
journal = {Magazine ARQ},
year = {2006},
number = {63},
pages = {30--35},
url = {http://www.edicionesarq.cl/Paginas/English/irevistas63.html}
}
|
| Behrens AW and Ellert J (2005), "Buckling Texturing Technology for Increase in Stability of Thin Sheet Metal Structures – Simulation and Application", Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 6--8, pp. 623-630. |
| Abstract: Embossing is a well known method to improve the transverse rigidity of thin sheet metal plates. This paper deals with a special embossing method where bulges get embossed into the surface of a cranked workpiece by hydrostatic pressure. The base for describing the production process is the elementary bulge structuring process at which a bionic bulge pattern gets embossed into the surface of a cylindrical shell. This structure enables highest amount of stiffness. By FEM simulations the main process parameters and the optimal dimensions of the bulges are ascertained. The identified bulge geometry is the base for the design of the structuring tool. In industrial applications the structuring process will be a rolling process with an elastomere coated pressure roll, followed by a rebending operation. The simulation of this complex process demands an analogous model based on a half shell, which is virtually straightened. Then the bending resistance of a so achieved bulge structured plate is calculated under a three-point-bending load. Using the same computing procedure a realistic automotive body part is investigated. The whole process combines CAD & FEM techniques in a new and efficient way. |
BibTeX:
@article{behrens2005,
author = {A. W. Behrens and J. Ellert},
title = {Buckling Texturing Technology for Increase in Stability of Thin Sheet Metal Structures – Simulation and Application},
journal = {Advanced Materials Research},
year = {2005},
volume = {6--8},
pages = {623-630},
doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.6-8.623}
}
|
| Behrens AW and Ellert J (2011), "Form-Field-Structure-Pressing Process (FSP) - A method to increase static and dynamic Stability of thin Sheet-Metal-Structures", Sheet Metal Forming - special edition of Steel Research International. , pp. 465-467. |
| Abstract: In this paper a new technology, called form-field-structure-pressing, will be presented. By this technology a bulge pattern consisting of a regular assembly of bucklles, each one surrounded by a special formed hexagonal rim, will be pressed into a mostly plane sheet metal area. The static and dynamic advantages of this structuring will be demonstrated by experimental and simulated results. |
BibTeX:
@article{behrens2011,
author = {A. W. Behrens and J. Ellert},
title = {Form-Field-Structure-Pressing Process (FSP) - A method to increase static and dynamic Stability of thin Sheet-Metal-Structures},
journal = {Sheet Metal Forming - special edition of Steel Research International},
year = {2011},
pages = {465-467}
}
|
| Belcastro S and Hull TC (2002), "Modelling the folding of paper into three dimensions using affine transformations", Linear Algebra and its Applications. Vol. 348, pp. 273-282. |
| Abstract: We model the folding of ordinary paper via piecewise isometries . The collection of crease lines and vertices in the unfolded paper is called the crease pattern. Our results generalize the previously known necessity conditions from the more restrictive case of folding paper flat (into ); if the crease pattern is foldable, then the product (in a non-intuitive order) of the associated rotational matrices is the identity matrix. This condition holds locally in a multiple vertex crease pattern and can be adapted to a global condition. Sufficiency conditions are significantly harder, and are not known except in the two-dimensional single-vertex case. |
BibTeX:
@article{belcastro2002,
author = {S. Belcastro and T. C. Hull},
title = {Modelling the folding of paper into three dimensions using affine transformations},
journal = {Linear Algebra and its Applications},
year = {2002},
volume = {348},
pages = {273-282},
doi = {10.1016/S0024-3795(01)00608-5}
}
|
| Belcastro S-M and Hull T (2002), "A mathematical model for Non-Flat Origami", In Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME). , pp. 39-51. A K Peters.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{belcastro2002b,
author = {Sarah-Marie Belcastro and Thomas Hull},
editor = {Thomas Hull},
title = {A mathematical model for Non-Flat Origami},
booktitle = {Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME)},
publisher = {A K Peters},
year = {2002},
pages = {39--51}
}
|
| Belli L (1953), "Système de coffrage métallique pour murs de tous tracés et de tous profils", FR Patent FR1031437. |
BibTeX:
@misc{belli1953,
author = {L. Belli},
title = {Système de coffrage métallique pour murs de tous tracés et de tous profils},
howpublished = {FR Patent FR1031437},
year = {1953},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19530623&CC=FR&NR=1031437A&KC=A}
}
|
| Bengtsson BG (1965), "Corrugated Sheet Formed Material", US Patent 3199963. |
BibTeX:
@misc{bengtsson1965,
author = {B. G. Bengtsson},
title = {Corrugated Sheet Formed Material},
howpublished = {US Patent 3199963},
year = {1965},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3199963.html}
}
|
| Bergaretxe AA (2003), "Curved formwork system with varying curvature", US Patent 6530552. |
| Abstract: The formwork system is based on the use of modules that can be coupled to each other, both laterally and vertically, with each one comprised of a pair of metal sheets (2) that determine the inner and outer faces of the formwork, with threaded transverse rods (25) that join the sheets (2) to each other, and welded to the outer sides of these are a series of trapezoidal profiles (7) and two edge profiles (7′). The system includes stiffeners (10) that are provided with tensioning devices, with the stiffeners (10) connected to the trapezoidal profiles (7) by triangular plates (13) on which act the tensioning devices in order to move these triangular plates and thereby to curve the panel, maintaining the curvature in the blocked position by means of a device installed between the triangular plate (13) and the corresponding trapezoidal profile (7) and by another tensioning device (12) applied to the stiffeners (10). |
BibTeX:
@misc{bergaretxe2003,
author = {Alberto Arozena Bergaretxe},
title = {Curved formwork system with varying curvature},
howpublished = {US Patent 6530552},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6530552.html}
}
|
| Bern M and Hayes B (1996), "The complexity of flat origami", In SODA '96: Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms. Philadelphia, PA, USA , pp. 175-183. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{bern1996,
author = {Marshall Bern and Barry Hayes},
title = {The complexity of flat origami},
booktitle = {SODA '96: Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms},
publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics},
year = {1996},
pages = {175--183},
url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=313918&dl=ACM&coll=portal#}
}
|
| Berteau J (1994), "Variable-shape mold", US Patent US5330343. |
| Abstract: The device for forming a variable-shape mold surface includes a plurality of cylindrical and helically threaded rods each having a mold surface defining end. These rods are assembled into a bundle of laterally adjacent rods in which (a) the helical thread of each rod is engaged with the helical threads of the adjacent rods, (b) each rod is rotatable about its longitudinal axis, and (c) the mold surface defining ends of the rods define the variable-shape mold surface. Upon rotation, the thread of one helically threaded rod slides on the threads of the adjacent rods to impart longitudinal movement to this rod relative to the adjacent rods and therefore axial movement of the mold surface defining end of this rod, to thereby modify the configuration of the variable-shape mold surface. Each rod has a second end shaped for engagement thereof with a digitally controlled rod rotating tool. |
BibTeX:
@misc{berteau1994,
author = {J. Berteau},
title = {Variable-shape mold},
howpublished = {US Patent US5330343},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Berthold K (2002), "Device and method for the manufacturing of a blank for a construction element", EU Patent EP1179471. |
| Abstract: The device for the manufacture of a blank has a receiving space (12) for the introduction of the material for casting to form the blank, and is bounded by a bottom (10) and side walls (3). The bottom is formed by a number of plungers (6) which are vertically adjustable independent of each other and which give a closed bottom surface. The plungers have guide rods (7) on their lower sections and these move longitudinally through holes (5) in a guide plate (4) installed beneath the plungers. An Independent claim is included for a procedure for the manufacture of a model component in which the vertical position of the plungers is adjusted to correspond to the desired inner and/or lateral contour of the component. |
BibTeX:
@misc{berthold2002,
author = {K. Berthold},
title = {Device and method for the manufacturing of a blank for a construction element},
howpublished = {EU Patent EP1179471},
year = {2002}
}
|
| Biancolini M (2005), "Evaluation of equivalent stiffness properties of corrugated board", Composite Structures. Vol. 69(3), pp. 322-328. |
| Abstract: A numerical approach to evaluate the stiffness parameters for corrugated board is presented in this paper. The method is based on a detailed micromechanical representation of a region of corrugated board modelled by means of finite elements. In order to define the stiffness properties, energy equivalency is imposed between the discrete model and the equivalent plate. Exploiting a transformation matrix capable to map a constant strain/curvature vector for the equivalent plate in a displacement field of the FEM boundary nodes, it is possible to express an equivalent ABD matrix as a function of the boundary condensed stiffness matrix of the FEM model. Practical examples dealing with the computation of stiffness properties of paperboard are presented. |
BibTeX:
@article{biancolini2005,
author = {M.E. Biancolini},
title = {Evaluation of equivalent stiffness properties of corrugated board},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2005},
volume = {69},
number = {3},
pages = {322-328},
doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2004.07.014}
}
|
| Bini D (1969), "Method for erecting structures", US Patent 3462521. |
| Abstract: Method for erecting domelike and other structures. Employs a sheetlike expandable memer which is inflatable to substantially the desired shape of structure. Includes the steps of positioning expandable reinforcing means, preferably of metal, over the member, distributing a hardenable building material such as concrete over the member and reinforcing means to form a layer, and then inflating the member whereby to raise the member, the expandable reinforcing means and the hardenable building material to the desired shape. |
BibTeX:
@misc{bini1969,
author = {D. Bini},
title = {Method for erecting structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 3462521},
year = {1969}
}
|
| Bitzer T (1997), "Honeycomb Technology; Materials, design, manufacturing, applications and testing" Chapman & Hall.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{bitzer1997,
author = {T. Bitzer},
title = {Honeycomb Technology; Materials, design, manufacturing, applications and testing},
publisher = {Chapman & Hall},
year = {1997},
note = {Presented at the ICTP 2011 conference, September 25-30th in Aachen, Germany.}
}
|
| Bo P and Wang W (2007), "Geodesic-Controlled Developable Surfaces for Modeling Paper Bending", Computer Graphics Forum. Vol. 26(3), pp. 365 - 374. |
| Abstract: We present a novel and effective method for modeling a developable surface to simulate paper bending in interactive and animation applications. The method exploits the representation of a developable surface as the envelope of rectifying planes of a curve in 3D, which is therefore necessarily a geodesic on the surface. We manipulate the geodesic to provide intuitive shape control for modeling paper bending. Our method ensures a natural continuous isometric deformation from a piece of bent paper to its flat state without any stretching. Test examples show that the new scheme is fast, accurate, and easy to use, thus providing an effective approach to interactive paper bending. We also show how to handle non-convex piecewise smooth developable surfaces. |
BibTeX:
@article{bo2007,
author = {Pengbo Bo and Wenping Wang},
title = {Geodesic-Controlled Developable Surfaces for Modeling Paper Bending},
journal = {Computer Graphics Forum},
year = {2007},
volume = {26},
number = {3},
pages = {365 - 374},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8659.2007.01059.x}
}
|
| Boers S (2007), "Reconfigureerbare mal", bouwIQ. , pp. 22-24. |
| Abstract: Een trend in de moderne architectuur is de opkomst van de zogenaamde Blobs (Binary Large Object), objecten waarvan geen enkele doorsnede identiek is. Op de tekentafel - of beter gezegd in een virtual reality omgeving - zien dergelijk gebouwen en vormen er spectaculair uit, maar in de praktijk zijn ze vaak moeilijk te verwezenlijken omdat matrijzen voor het vervomen van plaatmateriaal erg duur zijn en er voor zulke complexe gebouwen simpelweg teveel verschillende matrijzen nodig zouden zijn. Sebastiaan Boers toont aan dat het anders kan en ontwikkelde een flexibele matrijs. |
BibTeX:
@article{boers2007,
author = {S. Boers},
title = {Reconfigureerbare mal},
journal = {bouwIQ},
year = {2007},
pages = {22--24}
}
|
| du Bois JL, Adhikari S and Lieven NAJ (2009), "Eigenvalue curve veering in stressed structures: An experimental study", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 322, pp. 4-5. |
| Abstract: There have been extensive research works on the veering phenomenon in dynamic systems. As eigenvalues change under parametric variation, converging loci are commonly seen to veer away suddenly in a small region of the graph such that the modes swap trajectories. All of the modal properties are swapped in the process, leading to some curious behaviour in the transition zone. Theoretical studies of this behaviour have been reported for half a century but despite this heritage, explicit references to experimental results are scarce. In this paper detailed experimental and numerical investigations on veering are reported. The parameter varied is the internal pre-load of a redundant frame. An FE model is presented and stress stiffening approximations are employed to obtain a tangent stiffness for a nonlinear static solution, which is then used in a linear dynamic analysis. Experimental results are given and the behaviour is found to correspond well with the analytical results. In particular the mode shape variation is found to be consistent, and the implications of this finding with regard to modal correlation and model validation are noted. Analyses of the mode shapes in terms of eigenvector rotations are presented and are found to form a valuable tool for the interpretation of experimental results. |
BibTeX:
@article{dubois2009,
author = {J. L. du Bois and S. Adhikari and N. A. J. Lieven},
title = {Eigenvalue curve veering in stressed structures: An experimental study},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {2009},
volume = {322},
pages = {4--5},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsv.2008.12.014}
}
|
| Boler LJ and Tandon JS (1966), "Expandable space structures", In Space Structures, The International Conference on Space Structures. University of Surrey, September 1966, 1966. , pp. 786-795. Blackwell Scientific Publications. |
| Abstract: Information is given concerning the development of concepts and the design and construction of lightweight shelters. The form of structure considered is one that has to meet the requirements of being expandable and collapsible, with minimum weight, volume and erection time. Two basic basic structural concepts have been investigated. The first, a parabolic arch type shelter which takes snow load in compression while wind load is taken by means of cables. Folded plates are used for the wall and roof. The second concept is a structure suspended by means of cables in tension. The design of these structures has been optimised with respect to structural configuration and also with respect to the design of individual structural members. A high speed digital computer has been used for this purpose. Materials being ustilised for the parabolic arch type shelter re of sandwich construction consisting of a rigid foam core sandwiched between kraft paper. Material for the tension type structure is hypalon coated nylon. Tension type structures offer useful opportunities and two forms of construction are discussed in limited detail. Comparative information is given about suitable plastics and non-plastics materials for this work. |
BibTeX:
@inbook{boler1966,
author = {L. J. Boler and J. S. Tandon},
editor = {R. M. Davies},
title = {Expandable space structures},
booktitle = {Space Structures, The International Conference on Space Structures},
publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
year = {1966},
pages = {786--795}
}
|
| Boncheva M, Andreev SA, Mahadevan L, Winkleman A, Reichman DR, Prentiss MG, Whitesides S and Whitesides GM (2005), "Magnetic self-assembly of three-dimensional surfaces from planar sheets", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Vol. 102(11), pp. 3924-3929. |
| Abstract: This report describes the spontaneous folding of flat elastomeric sheets, patterned with magnetic dipoles, into free-standing, 3D objects that are the topological equivalents of spherical shells. The path of the self-assembly is determined by a competition between mechanical and magnetic interactions. The potential of this strategy for the fabrication of 3D electronic devices is demonstrated by generating a simple electrical circuit surrounding a spherical cavity. |
BibTeX:
@article{boncheva2005,
author = {Mila Boncheva and Stefan A. Andreev and L. Mahadevan and Adam Winkleman and David R. Reichman and Mara G. Prentiss and Sue Whitesides and George M. Whitesides},
title = {Magnetic self-assembly of three-dimensional surfaces from planar sheets},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
year = {2005},
volume = {102},
number = {11},
pages = {3924-3929},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/102/11/3924},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0500807102}
}
|
| Boudaoud A, Patrício P, Couder Y and Amar MB (2000), "Dynamics of singularities in a constrained elastic plate", Nature. Vol. 407, pp. 718-720. |
| Abstract: Large deformations of thin elastic plates usually lead to the formation of singular structures which are either linear1, 2, 3, 4 (ridges) or pointlike5, 6, 7, 8 (developable cones). These structures are thought to be generic for crumpled plates3, 5, although they have been investigated quantitatively only in simplified geometries1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8. Previous studies9, 10, 11 have also shown that a large number of singularities are generated by successive instabilities. Here we study, experimentally and numerically, a generic situation in which a plate is initially bent in one direction into a cylindrical arch, then deformed in the other direction by a load applied at its centre. This induces the generation of pairs of singularities; we study their position, their dynamics and the corresponding resistance of the plate to deformation. We solve numerically the equations describing large deformations of plates; developable cones are predicted, in quantitative agreement with the experiments. We use geometrical arguments to predict the observed patterns, assuming that the energy of the plate is given by the energy of the singularities. |
BibTeX:
@article{boudaoud2000,
author = {Arezki Boudaoud and Pedro Patrício and Yves Couder and Martine Ben Amar},
title = {Dynamics of singularities in a constrained elastic plate},
journal = {Nature},
year = {2000},
volume = {407},
pages = {718-720},
doi = {10.1038/35037535}
}
|
| Bowes DM (1937), "Molding form for structural material", US Patent 2101019. |
BibTeX:
@misc{bowes1937,
author = {David M. Bowes},
title = {Molding form for structural material},
howpublished = {US Patent 2101019},
year = {1937},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2101019.html}
}
|
| Briassoulis D (1986), "Equivalent orthotropic properties of corrugated sheets", Computers & Structures. Vol. 23(2), pp. 129-138. |
| Abstract: The analysis of corrugated shells (plates) is based on the assumption that they can be analyzed as thin, equivalent orthotropic shells of uniform thickness. The analytical expressions for the equivalent rigidities of orthotropic thin shells given in the literature are reviewed. The results of a finite element analysis of a corrugated sheet subjected to constant strain states reveals an inadequacy in some of the classical expressions in use today. These equivalent orthotropic properties are improved with the derivation of new expressions. In addition, expressions for the localized stress concentrations developed at the ridges of the corrugations are derived. |
BibTeX:
@article{briassoulis1986,
author = {Demetres Briassoulis},
title = {Equivalent orthotropic properties of corrugated sheets},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1986},
volume = {23},
number = {2},
pages = {129-138},
doi = {10.1016/0045-7949(86)90207-5}
}
|
| Broers SHA (2008), "Discrete Die", WO2008004858. |
| Abstract: The disclosure provides a discrete die (1) for forming a three-dimensionally curved surface, comprising a frame (2), parallel pins (4) which are individually movable in their longitudinal direction relative to the frame, which pins are arranged in parallel rows (6) and whose front ends define said three-dimensionally curved surface, at least substantially plate-shaped separating elements (7) between said rows, as well as pressure elements (8, 9) for pressing the rows of pins with the separating elements therebetween together whilst pushing off against the frame in the radial direction of the pins. At least the surface of at least some of the plate-shaped separating elements that extends parallel to the longitudinal direction is corrugated in the longitudinal direction of the rows (6), at least during use of the discrete die for producing a product. |
BibTeX:
@misc{boers2008,
author = {S. H. A. Broers},
title = {Discrete Die},
howpublished = {WO2008004858},
year = {2008}
}
|
| Brookhart RD (1976), "Method for making a non-rigid laminar core", US Patent 3989789. |
| Abstract: A woven cloth of flexible material is masked to expose only longitudinal spaced stripes. A plastic polymer is applied to the exposed material. The striped cloth is draped over spaced supports that are transverse to the stripes. Depressors are applied to the cloth between the supports so that the cloth is substantially sinusoidal in crosssection. The cloth is cured to harden the stripes so that the cloth is still flexible in one direction but only slightly flexible in the other. The cloth is warped, bent or otherwise shaped as desired for application to it of laminar sheets of cloth, metal or wood, then the core and the laminates are joined, impregnated and cured to a rigid structure of desired configuration and high strength to weight ratio. |
BibTeX:
@misc{brookhart1976,
author = {R. D. Brookhart},
title = {Method for making a non-rigid laminar core},
howpublished = {US Patent 3989789},
year = {1976},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3989789.html}
}
|
| Brotherton TW (1987), "Concrete form having adjustable curvature and method for producing same", US Patent 4679763. |
| Abstract: The metal form has a flexible panel member with a perimetral flange projected laterally from one side thereof. Each of a pair of transversely opposite side sections of the flange is segmented by a plurality of longitudinally spaced V-shaped notches having their apices adjacent the one side of the panel member to provide for a lateral flexing movement of the panel member to a preselected shape. With the panel member in the predetermined shape, the segments in each of the flange side sections are connected together against relative movement to retain the predetermined shape of the panel member. |
BibTeX:
@misc{brotherton1987,
author = {T. W. Brotherton},
title = {Concrete form having adjustable curvature and method for producing same},
howpublished = {US Patent 4679763},
year = {1987},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4679763.html}
}
|
| Brunner A (1968), "Expansible surface structure", US Patent 3362118. |
| Abstract: The expansible structure is constructed of two expansible sheets which are connected to each other at a right angle by a plurality of tirangularly shaped areas or trapezoidal shaped areas. The sides of the triangularly or trapezoidal shaped connecting areas are joined to the terminal parallelogram shaped areas of each expansible sheet. |
BibTeX:
@misc{brunner1968,
author = {A. Brunner},
title = {Expansible surface structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3362118},
year = {1968},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3362118.html}
}
|
| Brusson J-P (1985), "Method of forming an adaptable mould cavity enabling a thin product to be given any configuration, and mould cavity produced according to this method", FR Patent FR2548577. |
| Abstract: The method consists in producing a two-dimensional structure having a fixed plane X, Y and structures 9 which can move perpendicular to the fixed plane, the distance between the top 10 of these movable structures 9 and the fixed plane X, Y being able to be controlled from the spatial coordinates of points of the expected warped surface F2. The set of tops, which thus defines a surface similar to that which it is desired to obtain, receives a thin sheet F1 made of a material which undergoes a shaping action making it match the profile of the tops of the movable structures. |
BibTeX:
@misc{brusson1985,
author = {J-P. Brusson},
title = {Method of forming an adaptable mould cavity enabling a thin product to be given any configuration, and mould cavity produced according to this method},
howpublished = {FR Patent FR2548577},
year = {1985}
}
|
| Buannic N, Cartraud P and Quesnel T (2003), "Homogenization of corrugated core sandwich panels", Composite Structures. Vol. 59(3), pp. 299-312. |
| Abstract: The present work is devoted to the computation of the effective properties of corrugated core sandwich panels. Due to their periodic structure, the homogenization theory is used, based on the asymptotic expansion method. At the leading order, an equivalent Kirchhoff–Love homogeneous plate is derived, with an overall behavior obtained from basic cell problems posed on the three-dimensional period of the panel. The finite element computation of these effective properties is presented in this paper. The accuracy of the homogenization method is proved, since the real panel and equivalent plate responses are very close for membrane and pure bending loadings. However, a discrepancy appears for simple bending loading, underlining that transverse shear effects cannot be neglected. Therefore, a specific study is developed in order to derive the transverse shear stiffness, thus enabling to determine an equivalent Reissner–Mindlin homogeneous plate. |
BibTeX:
@article{buannic2003,
author = {Natacha Buannic and Patrice Cartraud and Tanguy Quesnel},
title = {Homogenization of corrugated core sandwich panels},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2003},
volume = {59},
number = {3},
pages = {299-312},
doi = {10.1016/S0263-8223(02)00246-5}
}
|
| Burdon RLJ (2009), "Flexible construction element with large bonding surface area and method of manufacture", US Patent 7541085. |
| Abstract: A flexible core element having a large bonding surface area suitable for sandwich type construction comprising a plurality of first hexagonal nodes defining a first surface, a plurality of second hexagonal nodes defining a second surface spaced apart from and parallel to the first surface, and a plurality of rectangular wall members which interconnect said first hexagonal nodes to said second hexagonal nodes and define the depth of the core element. Each hexagonal node corresponds to an open hexagonal cell on its obverse surface and serves as a bonding surface. The core element is fabricated from a continuous sheet of material that has been die-cut with a repeating geometrical design, creased and folded, concertina style, in upon itself to make a double-sided core material that is flexible, able to vent, exhibits good bend and shear strength, and has a large surface bonding area rendering it suitable in the construction of lightweight sandwich panels and offering a wide array of other applications. |
BibTeX:
@misc{burdon2009,
author = {R. L. J. Burdon},
title = {Flexible construction element with large bonding surface area and method of manufacture},
howpublished = {US Patent 7541085},
year = {2009},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7541085.html}
}
|
| Burgardt B and Cartraud P (1999), "Continuum modeling of beamlike lattice trusses using averaging methods", Computers & Structures. Vol. 73(1-5), pp. 267-279. |
| Abstract: A general procedure to determine the equivalent beam properties of beam-like lattice trusses is presented. The method is based on the energy equivalence. Its main features are the use of piecewise linear functions to represent the displacements, and the definition of the continuum stress and strain parameters by their average values over the continuum cell. This allows a unifying approach to be obtained to derive methods for computing the effective beam properties. It is shown that there is only one rigorous method, and this method takes the lattice periodicity into account. Moreover, the classical method based on static condensation is found to be only approximate. The procedure is applied to examples of planar lattice trusses in static analysis. The results prove the effectiveness and the reliability of the present approach, and comparisons are made with results obtained from other classical methods. |
BibTeX:
@article{burgardt1999,
author = {B. Burgardt and P. Cartraud},
title = {Continuum modeling of beamlike lattice trusses using averaging methods},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1999},
volume = {73},
number = {1--5},
pages = {267-279},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00274-0}
}
|
| Burgoon R, Grinspun E and Wood Z (2006), "Discrete Shells Origami", In Proceedings of Computers And Their Applications., March, 2006. , pp. 180-187. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{burgoon2006,
author = {Robert Burgoon and Eitan Grinspun and Zoë Wood},
title = {Discrete Shells Origami},
booktitle = {Proceedings of Computers And Their Applications},
year = {2006},
pages = {180--187},
url = {http://www.csc.calpoly.edu/~zwood/research/pubs/origamiCATA06.pdf}
}
|
| Buri H and Weinand Y (2008), "ORIGAMI - Folded Plate Structures, Architecture", In 10th World Conference on Timber Engineering. Miyazaki, Japan, 2-5 June, 2008. |
| Abstract: This research proposes new methods to generate rapidly complex folded plate structures that can be built with cross laminated timber panels. Composition and dimensions of these panels as well as the possibility to mill them by Computer Numerically Controlled machines, show a great potential for surface structures. The aim of this research is to reveal this potential in the domain of folded plate structures. An interdisciplinary team investigates architectural, structural and mathematical aspects of folded plate structures built from cross laminated timber panels. The main concern of the architectural part is the form finding process witch is inspired by Origami, the Japanese art of paper folding. Based on a simple technique, Origami gives birth to an astonishing formal richness and variability. Complex geometries are generated in an economic way and this research aims at transposing these principles to construction with timber panels. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{buri2008,
author = {Hani Buri and Yves Weinand},
title = {ORIGAMI - Folded Plate Structures, Architecture},
booktitle = {10th World Conference on Timber Engineering},
year = {2008},
url = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/118687/}
}
|
| Buri H and Weinand Y (2009), "Origami - Geometry of Folded Plate Structures" |
| Abstract: This research proposes new methods to generate rapidly complex folded plate structures that can be built with cross laminated timber panels. Composition and dimensions of these panels as well as the possibility to mill them by Computer Numerically Controlled machines, show a great potential for surface structures. The aim of this research is to reveal this potential in the domain of folded plate structures. An interdisciplinary team investigates architectural, structural and mathematical aspects of folded plate structures built from cross laminated timber panels. The main concern of the architectural part is the form finding process witch is inspired by Origami, the Japanese art of paper folding. Based on a simple technique, Origami gives birth to an astonishing formal richness and variability. Complex geometries are generated in an economic way and this research aims at transposing these principles to construction with timber panels. |
BibTeX:
@unpublished{buri2009,
author = {Hani Buri and Yves Weinand},
title = {Origami - Geometry of Folded Plate Structures},
year = {2009},
note = {To be published in the Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures}
}
|
| Buri HU (2010), "Origami - Folded Plate Structures". Thesis at: l'Université de Lausanne. |
| Abstract: This research investigates new methods of designing folded plate structures that can be built with cross-laminated timber panels. Folded plate structures are attractive to both architects and engineers for their structural, spatial, and plastic qualities. Thin surfaces can be stiffened by a series of folds, and thus not only cover space, but also act as load bearing elements. The variation of light and shadow along the folded faces emphasizes the plasticity of space and envelope. Folds not only create structural depth, but also perceptual deepness. Folds give rhythm to space, and variations can be used to express a spatial sequence as well as to modify the structural strength. Because of this we are convinced that a design method which rapidly generates and modifies folded plate structures is of great interest, and can form the basis of a productive collaboration between architects and engineers. In the last fifteen years the timber industry has developed new, large size, timber panels. Composition and dimensions of these panels and the possibility of milling them with Computer Numerical Controlled machines shows great potential for folded plate structures. An interdisciplinary team investigates architectural, structural and mathematical aspects of folded plate structures. The main focus of the architectural portion is the form-finding process which is inspired by Origami, the Japanese art of paper folding. Based on a simple technique, Origami gives birth to an astonishing formal richness and variability. Complex geometries are generated in an economic way and this research aims at transferring these principles to construction with timber panels. In an intuitive approach, we investigate different folding patterns with paper folding. The geometry of selected patterns is analyzed with the aim to generate them in 3D modeling software. We develop a method that generates doubly-corrugated surfaces by two polygonal lines: the corrugation profile and the cross section profile. The corrugation profile defines the characteristics of simply-corrugated surfaces, composed of straight main folds. Simply-corrugated surfaces can be bent by reverse folds. A series of investigations outlines the parameters which influence the geometry of reverse folds. The cross section profile introduces a secondary corrugation. It outlines the general shape of the folded plate geometry and defines the bending angles of the reverse folds. The pattern of folded plate geometries is qualified by the configuration of the two profiles. We establish the conditions which allow control of the pattern type and design of folded plate geometries which respect a given corrugation amplitude. This allows rapid representation of complex folded plate structures in space as well as unfolded. A great variety of forms can be generated. This variability is attractive because it allows the engineer as well as the architect to react on project specific conditions by modifying different parameters of the folded plate structure without distorting its expressive character. Further on the possibilities of offseting the generated surface are investigated. The influence of different parameters on the offset geometry is shown. Finally a series of prototypes investigates the feasibility of folded plate structures generated with the proposed design method. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{buri2010,
author = {H. U. Buri},
title = {Origami - Folded Plate Structures},
school = {l'Université de Lausanne},
year = {2010},
url = {http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=4714}
}
|
| Burton WS and Noor AK (1997), "Assessment of continuum models for sandwich panel honeycomb cores", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. Vol. 145(3-4), pp. 341-360. |
| Abstract: Detailed finite element models are used for predicting the free-vibration response of infinitely long and rectangular sandwich panels. The panels considered have square-cell honeycomb core and simply supported edges. The sandwich core and face sheets are modeled by using three-dimensional solid elements and two-dimensional plate elements. The predictions of the finite element models are compared with those obtained by using higher-order sandwich theory for panels with the core replaced by an effective (equivalent) continuum. Three different approaches are used for estimating the effective material properties of the equivalent continuum layer. |
BibTeX:
@article{burton1997,
author = {W. S. Burton and A. K. Noor},
title = {Assessment of continuum models for sandwich panel honeycomb cores},
journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering},
year = {1997},
volume = {145},
number = {3--4},
pages = {341-360},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-7825(96)01196-6}
}
|
| Calladine CR (1983), "Theory of Shell Structures" Cambridge University Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{calladine1983,
author = {C. R. Calladine},
title = {Theory of Shell Structures},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
year = {1983}
}
|
| Calladine CR (1988), "The theory of thin shell structures 1888–1988", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering. Vol. 202(A3), pp. 141-149. |
BibTeX:
@article{calladine1988,
author = {C. R. Calladine},
title = {The theory of thin shell structures 1888–1988},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering},
year = {1988},
volume = {202},
number = {A3},
pages = {141-149},
doi = {10.1243/PIME_PROC_1988_202_020_02}
}
|
| Canella F and Dai J (2006), "Crease Stiffness and Panel Compliance of Carton Folds and Their Integration in Modelling", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. Vol. 220(6), pp. 847-855. |
| Abstract: This paper investigates the stiffness characteristics of creases and panels of a carton, and their integrated effect on the carton during folding and manipulation in packaging, reveals the resistive moment resulting from carton creases and identifies the force required for folding cartons. The study starts from the residual moment of carton creases and its effects on carton panels when erecting a carton section. By characterizing stiffness of both creases and panels, an analytical model is developed and compared with numerical results from finite-element analysis. The study then extends to a whole carton with a crush-lock closure base. By modelling the base as a four-bar mechanism with guiding linkages, a kinematic model of the carton is established and the residual moment and forces are obtained. The paper further reveals the carton elasticity property and the non-linearity deformation that contributes to modelling in a case study. |
BibTeX:
@article{canella2006,
author = {F. Canella and J.S. Dai},
title = {Crease Stiffness and Panel Compliance of Carton Folds and Their Integration in Modelling},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science},
year = {2006},
volume = {220},
number = {6},
pages = {847-855},
doi = {10.1243/09544062JMES242}
}
|
| Caredda A (2003), "Forming Means", WO Patent WO03064787. |
| Abstract: Forming means suitable for enabling an arch to be made in a building product comprises lamina support means 2 suitable for being arranged in an operating configuration B in which the lamina support means 2 supports building materials arranged for forming said arch and stabilizing means 6 arranged for locking said support means 2 in said operating configuration B of said support means 2 |
BibTeX:
@misc{caredda2003,
author = {A. Caredda},
title = {Forming Means},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO03064787},
year = {2003},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20030807&CC=WO&NR=03064787A2&KC=A2#}
}
|
| Chappell CW and Angstadt JJ (1993), "High speed pleating apparatus", US Patent 5185052. |
| Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for longitudinally pleating a moving lamina. The apparatus features a curved axis roll having a stationary axis circumscribed by a rotating sleeve with a plurality of circumferentially oriented grooves in the rotating sleeve. The pleats are produced by the intermeshing of the lamina with the grooves of the rotating sleeve. Preferably a complementary curved axis roll having lands which interdigitate with the grooves of the first roll is used in conjunction with the first curved axis roll. The apparatus preferably further comprises a third curved axis roll disposed upstream of the first curved axis roll to substantially equalize the paths of travel of any points on the moving lamina by compensating for differences in the paths of travel between the edges and centerline of the lamina. The apparatus may further comprise two straight axis rolls disposed outboard of the curved axis rolls and spatially arranged so that the paths of travel of either edge of the lamina and the centerline of the lamina through the apparatus and from the first straight axis roll to the second straight axis roll are substantially equal. |
BibTeX:
@misc{chappell1993,
author = {C. W. Chappell and J. J. Angstadt},
title = {High speed pleating apparatus},
howpublished = {US Patent 5185052},
year = {1993},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5185052.html}
}
|
| Chen D (2009), "Study on Bending Rigidity of Honeycomb : 2nd Report, Analysis of the Flexural Rigidity Based on the Theoretical Analysis of Board Torsion", Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. A. Vol. 75(760), pp. 1694-1701. |
BibTeX:
@article{chen2009b,
author = {D. Chen},
title = {Study on Bending Rigidity of Honeycomb : 2nd Report, Analysis of the Flexural Rigidity Based on the Theoretical Analysis of Board Torsion},
journal = {Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. A},
year = {2009},
volume = {75},
number = {760},
pages = {1694--1701},
url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007503865}
}
|
| Chen D and Matsumoto T (2009), "Study on Bending Rigidity of Honeycomb : 1st Report, Basic Consideration", Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. A. Vol. 75(759), pp. 1484-1491. The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. |
| Abstract: In this study, the bending rigidity of a honeycomb which consists of right hexagon cells was investigated. It is found that the bending deformation of honeycomb can not be evaluated by using the equivalent elastic constants obtained from the in-plane deformation, because the moments occuring on the oblique cell wall are different for the in-plane deformation and the bending deformation. Based on the fact that the oblique wall of the honeycomb is twisted under a condition that the rotation angle in both junctions is zero in bending deformation, a theoretical analysis of the bending rigidity of a honeycomb was proposed, and the validity of the present analysis was shown by using the numerical results of the finite element method. |
BibTeX:
@article{chen2009,
author = {D Chen and T Matsumoto},
title = {Study on Bending Rigidity of Honeycomb : 1st Report, Basic Consideration},
journal = {Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. A},
publisher = {The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers},
year = {2009},
volume = {75},
number = {759},
pages = {1484-1491},
url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007482697/en/}
}
|
| Chen X and Hutchinson JW (2004), "Herringbone Buckling Patterns of Compressed Thin Films on Compliant Substrates", Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 71(5), pp. 597-603. |
| Abstract: A thin metal film vapor deposited on thick elastomer substrate develops an equi-biaxial compressive stress state when the system is cooled due to the large thermal expansion mismatch between the elastomer and the metal. At a critical stress, the film undergoes buckling into a family of modes with short wavelengths characteristic of a thin plate on a compliant elastic foundation. As the system is further cooled, a highly ordered herringbone pattern has been observed to develop. Here it is shown that the herringbone mode constitutes a minimum energy configuration among a limited set of competing modes. |
BibTeX:
@article{chen2004,
author = {X. Chen and John W. Hutchinson},
title = {Herringbone Buckling Patterns of Compressed Thin Films on Compliant Substrates},
journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {2004},
volume = {71},
number = {5},
pages = {597--603},
doi = {10.1115/1.1756141}
}
|
| Chen Y (2003), "Design of Structural Mechanisms". Thesis at: University of Oxford. |
| Abstract: In this dissertation, we explore the possibilities of systematically constructing large structural mechanisms using existing spatial overconstrained linkages with only revolute joints as basic elements. The first part of the dissertation is devoted to structural mechanisms (networks) based on the Bennett linkage, a well-known spatial 4R linkage. This special linkage has been used as the basic element. A particular layout of the structures has been identified allowing unlimited extension of the network by repeating elements. As a result, a family of structural mechanisms has been found which form single-layer structural mechanisms. In general, these structures deploy into profiles of cylindrical surface. Meanwhile, two special cases of the single-layer structures have been extended to form multi-layer structures. In addition, according to the mathematical derivation, the problem of connecting two similar Bennett linkages into a mobile structure, which other researchers were unable to solve, has also been solved. A study into the existence of alternative forms of the Bennett linkage has also been done. The condition for the alternative forms to achieve the compact folding and maximum expansion has been derived. This work has resulted in the creation of the most effective deployable element based on the Bennett linkage. A simple method to build the Bennett linkage in its alternative form has been introduced and verified. The corresponding networks have been obtained following the similar layout of the original Bennett linkage. The second effort has been made to construct large overconstrained structural mechanisms using hybrid Bricard linkages as basic elements. The hybrid Bricard linkage is a special case of the Bricard linkage, which is overconstrained and with a single degree of mobility. Starting with the derivation of the compatibility condition and the study of its deployment behaviour, it has been found that for some particular twists, the hybrid Bricard linkage can be folded completely into a bundle and deployed to a flat triangular profile. Based on this linkage, a network of hybrid Bricard linkages has been produced. Furthermore, in-depth research into the deployment characteristics, including kinematic bifurcation and the alternative forms of the hybrid Bricard linkage, has also been conducted. The final part of the dissertation is a study into tiling techniques in order to develop a systematic approach for determining the layout of mobile assemblies. A general approach to constructing large structural mechanisms has been proposed, which can be divided into three steps: selection of suitable tilings, construction of overconstrained units and validation of compatibility. This approach has been successfully applied to the construction of the structural mechanisms based on Bennett linkages and hybrid Bricard linkages. Several possible configurations are discussed including those described previously. All of the novel structural mechanisms presented in this dissertation contain only revolute joints, have a single degree of mobility and are geometrically overconstrained. Research work reported in this dissertation could lead to substantial advancement in building large spatial deployable structures. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{chen2003,
author = {Yan Chen},
title = {Design of Structural Mechanisms},
school = {University of Oxford},
year = {2003}
}
|
| Chilton J (2000), "Heinz Isler" Thomas Telford Ltd.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{chilton2000,
author = {John Chilton},
title = {Heinz Isler},
publisher = {Thomas Telford Ltd},
year = {2000}
}
|
| Chou PC and Pagano NJ (1992), "Elasticity: Tensor, Dyadic, and Engineering Approaches" Dover Publications.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{chou1992,
author = {Pei Chi Chou and Nicholas J. Pagano},
title = {Elasticity: Tensor, Dyadic, and Engineering Approaches},
publisher = {Dover Publications},
year = {1992}
}
|
| Clarke JF, Duckett RA, Hine PJ, Hutchinson IJ and Ward IM (1994), "Negative Poisson's ratios in angle-ply laminates: theory and experiment", Composites. Vol. 25(9), pp. 863-868. |
| Abstract: A series of composite panels has been prepared by laminating unidirectional prepreg tapes of epoxy resin reinforced with continuous carbon fibres. Each panel was a balanced, symmetrical laminate with the plies alternating at ± θ to a reference direction where θ = 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40°. The full set of nine elastic constants was determined for each panel using ultrasonic velocity measurements. The experimentally determined elastic constants were then compared with theoretical predictions obtained using standard laminate theory. The Poisson's ratios of the composites were of particular interest in showing negative values for θ in the range between 15 and 30°, as predicted by the theory. |
BibTeX:
@article{clarke1994,
author = {J. F. Clarke and R. A. Duckett and P. J. Hine and I. J. Hutchinson and I. M. Ward},
title = {Negative Poisson's ratios in angle-ply laminates: theory and experiment},
journal = {Composites},
year = {1994},
volume = {25},
number = {9},
pages = {863--868},
doi = {10.1016/0010-4361(94)90027-2}
}
|
| Clerk-Maxwell J (1856), "On the Transformation of Surfaces by Bending", Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Vol. IX(IV), pp. 445-470.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@article{maxwell1856,
author = {James Clerk-Maxwell},
title = {On the Transformation of Surfaces by Bending},
journal = {Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
year = {1856},
volume = {IX},
number = {IV},
pages = {445-470}
}
|
| Compton WA (1961), "Structural Element", US Patent 3013641. |
BibTeX:
@misc{compton1961,
author = {W. A. Compton},
title = {Structural Element},
howpublished = {US Patent 3013641},
year = {1961},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3013641.html}
}
|
| Connelly R, Sabitov I and A.Walz (1997), "The Bellows Conjecture", Contributions to Algebra and Geometry. Vol. 38(1), pp. 1-10. |
| Abstract: Consider a closed finite triangulated oriented polyhedral surface $S$ in three-space. Regard the edges of $S$ as rigid inextendible incompressible bars attached at ideal universal joints, the vertices of $S$. There are several examples when the bar constraints on the edges allow the shape of S to change. In other words, $S$ has a non-trivial flex. We show that the volume bounded by $S$ during such a flex is constant. This can be though of as saying that there is no exact mathematical "bellows" that can change its enclosed volume. The idea of the proof is to show that the volume satisfies a polynomial equation whose coefficients are themselves polynomials in the squares of the edge lengths of the polyhedron. Since the coefficients of this polynomial are a function only of the edge lengths, they remain same for all possible realizations of $S$. So there can only be a discrete finite number of values that are possible as a volume for those given edge lengths. Thus during a flex the volume bounded by $S$ remains constant. |
BibTeX:
@article{connelly1997,
author = {R. Connelly and I. Sabitov and A.Walz},
title = {The Bellows Conjecture},
journal = {Contributions to Algebra and Geometry},
year = {1997},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
pages = {1--10},
url = {http://www.emis.de/journals/BAG/vol.38/no.1/1.html}
}
|
| Coppa AP (1967), "Inextensional Buckling Configurations of Conical Shells", AIAA Journal. Vol. 5(4), pp. 750-754. |
| Abstract: Relations describing the geometrical forms taken by a thin conical shell when it shortens under axial compression by pure folding are presented. These forms are polyhedral surfaces characterized by two distint sets of triangular planes, one rotated toward [called the (+) surface] and the other away from [called the (-) surface] the generatrix of the undeformed cone. The number of circumferential waves in each row remains constant along the length of the shell, with the size varying according to the cone diameter. The (+) and (-) surfaces have distinct aspect ratios, the (-) surface being always the more slender in the circumferential direction. The relations are valid for all degrees of axial shortening including that corresponding to total collapse. Collapse patterns obtained from experiments are shown to agree qualitatively with those constructed from the theory. |
BibTeX:
@article{coppa1967,
author = {A. P. Coppa},
title = {Inextensional Buckling Configurations of Conical Shells},
journal = {AIAA Journal},
year = {1967},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {750-754},
doi = {10.2514/3.4057}
}
|
| Coppa AP (1968), "A family of rigid shell structures, self-deployable from folded configurations of small initial volume", In Proceedings of the AIAA/ASME 9th structures, structural dynamics and materials conference. Palm Springs, Californai, April 1--3, 1968. (AIAA-1968-359) |
| Abstract: This paper describes a new family of folded-plate shell structures, called Coppacones, which has been derived from foldable transformations of conical shell frustra. The structures consist of arrays of planar elements that are mutually joined along their lines of intersection. Their geometry is specified by five independent parameters and defined by formulas given in the paper. A number of useful properties are exhibited, including low-volume packageability, self-deployability into relative large size, high structural efficiency, designable combinations of axial and radial rigidties, and variabiliy of shape and size. A wide variety of mean surface shapes can be produced, including cyliners, cones, cylindrical and conical tori, spheres, ellipsoids, and more general doubly curved shell forms. Applications such as erectable solar arrays, space station and planetary base structures and antenna structuers are briefly discussed. |
BibTeX:
@conference{coppa1968,
author = {A. P. Coppa},
title = {A family of rigid shell structures, self-deployable from folded configurations of small initial volume},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the AIAA/ASME 9th structures, structural dynamics and materials conference},
year = {1968},
number = {AIAA-1968-359}
}
|
| Coppa AP (1970), "Complex, non-spherical structures", US Patent 3524288. |
| Abstract: Non-spherical multi-planar element structures comprise triangular or trapezoidal elements undulating about imaginary conical parent shapes in precise geometrical arrays. Due to a dependency between axial flexibility and reistance to change in size and shape of the structures' perimeters at specific points in the structures, the structures of this invention may be rigid or flexible to a preselected degree. Flat and shell structures of specific shpaes collapsilbe into highly compact masses are one form of the invention. |
BibTeX:
@misc{coppa1970,
author = {A. P. Coppa},
title = {Complex, non-spherical structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 3524288},
year = {1970},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3524288.html}
}
|
| Coppa AP (1974), "Three-Dimensional Folded Structure with Curved Surfaces", US Patent 3788934. |
| Abstract: A three-dimensional fold structure is formable in a polygonal cross-section from a sheet having a plurality of curved hinge lines which are undulating and non-crossing. The axes of the undulating hinge lines have a substantial component along the axis of the structure, and adjacent hinge lines undulate in opposite directions. |
BibTeX:
@misc{coppa1974,
author = {A. P. Coppa},
title = {Three-Dimensional Folded Structure with Curved Surfaces},
howpublished = {US Patent 3788934},
year = {1974},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3788934.html}
}
|
| Coxeter HSM (1980), "Introduction to Geometry" Wiley Classics Library.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{coxeter1980,
author = {H. S. M. Coxeter},
title = {Introduction to Geometry},
publisher = {Wiley Classics Library},
year = {1980},
edition = {Second}
}
|
| Czaplicki RM (1991), "Cellular core structure providing gridlike bearing surfaces on opposing parallel planes of the formed core", US Patent 5028474. |
| Abstract: A three-dimensional structure adapted for use for instance as a core in sandwich panel-type construction, and comprised of substantially continuous unbroken sheet material to which has been imparted an alternating sequence of ridges and valleys, creating spaced rows of adjacent inclined rectangular-shaped facets connected by intermediate rows of adjoining parallelogram-shaped facets. The core structure provides substantially gridlike bearing surfaces on two opposing parallel bearing planes thereof to which face sheets may be affixed, to form a sandwich panel. |
BibTeX:
@misc{czaplicki1991,
author = {Ronald M. Czaplicki},
title = {Cellular core structure providing gridlike bearing surfaces on opposing parallel planes of the formed core},
howpublished = {US Patent 5028474},
year = {1991},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5028474.html}
}
|
| Dai JS and Jones JR (2002), "Kinematics and mobility analysis of carton folds in packing manipulation based on the mechanism equivalent", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. Vol. 216(10), pp. 959-970. |
| Abstract: The process of erecting and closing a carton in packing manipulation is seen as a succession of folds in position and orientation from one distinct configuration to another. Permitted manipulations and changes in shape are governed by the geometry of crease lines, dimensions and profiles of the panels. The possibility for panels to fold into successive distinct configurations is determined by the kinematic geometry. This paper presents a mathematical basis which determines the mobility of distinct configurations of a carton to include the degrees of freedom dominating the manipulation and the overconstraint configurations in an erected and closed form, and proposes the kinematic analysis of a carton during packing manipulation. Use is made of the concept of line vectors and screw theory associated with graph theory. The analysis helps to explain some configurations which show how a carton can fold and opens up the way of describing manipulation in the packaging process. |
BibTeX:
@article{dai2002,
author = {J S Dai and J Rees Jones},
title = {Kinematics and mobility analysis of carton folds in packing manipulation based on the mechanism equivalent},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science},
year = {2002},
volume = {216},
number = {10},
pages = {959-970},
doi = {10.1243/095440602760400931}
}
|
| Daniel I and Ishai O (1994), "Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials" Oxford University Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{daniel1994,
author = {I.M. Daniel and O. Ishai},
title = {Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Daynes S, Weaver P and Potter K (2010), "Variable geometry aerofoil", European Patent Application EP 2221246. |
| Abstract: A device (15) such as an aerofoil which in use is subject to fluid flow, incudes an outer surface part (24b, 25b) the geometry of which is variable to affect the fluid flow, the device (15) including a support structure (31) which supports the outer surface part (24b, 25b), the support structure (31) being internal of the device (15) and including a plurality of support members (32) of composite material, the geometry of the support structure (31) being changeable by an actuating apparatus (50) between a first stable geometry and a second stable geometry to effect variation in the geometry of the outer surface part (24b, 25b), the support members (32) providing structural stiffness to the outer surface part (24b, 25b). |
BibTeX:
@misc{daynes2010,
author = {S. Daynes and P. Weaver and K. Potter},
title = {Variable geometry aerofoil},
howpublished = {European Patent Application EP 2221246},
year = {2010}
}
|
| Daynes S, Weaver PM and Potter KD (2009), "Aeroelastic Study of Bistable Composite Airfoils", Journal of Aircraft. Vol. 46(6), pp. 2169-2174. |
BibTeX:
@article{daynes2009,
author = {S. Daynes and P. M. Weaver and K. D. Potter},
title = {Aeroelastic Study of Bistable Composite Airfoils},
journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
year = {2009},
volume = {46},
number = {6},
pages = {2169-2174},
doi = {10.2514/1.44287}
}
|
| Dean HB (1921), "Artificial Honeycomb", US Patent 1389294. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dean1921,
author = {H. B. Dean},
title = {Artificial Honeycomb},
howpublished = {US Patent 1389294},
year = {1921},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1389294.html}
}
|
| Del Grosso AE and Basso P (2010), "Adaptive building skin structures", Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 19(12), pp. 124011. |
| Abstract: The concept of adaptive and morphing structures has gained considerable attention in the recent years in many fields of engineering. In civil engineering very few practical applications are reported to date however. Non-conventional structural concepts like deployable, inflatable and morphing structures may indeed provide innovative solutions to some of the problems that the construction industry is being called to face. To give some examples, searches for low-energy consumption or even energy-harvesting green buildings are amongst such problems. This paper first presents a review of the above problems and technologies, which shows how the solution to these problems requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving the integration of architectural and engineering disciplines. The discussion continues with the presentation of a possible application of two adaptive and dynamically morphing structures which are proposed for the realization of an acoustic envelope. The core of the two applications is the use of a novel optimization process which leads the search for optimal solutions by means of an evolutionary technique while the compatibility of the resulting configurations of the adaptive envelope is ensured by the virtual force density method. |
BibTeX:
@article{grosso2010,
author = {A. E. Del Grosso and P Basso},
title = {Adaptive building skin structures},
journal = {Smart Materials and Structures},
year = {2010},
volume = {19},
number = {12},
pages = {124011},
doi = {10.1088/0964-1726/19/12/124011}
}
|
| Demaine ED (2001), "Folding and Unfolding". Thesis at: University of Waterloo. |
| Abstract: The results of this thesis concern folding of one-dimensional objects in two dimensions: planar linkages. More precisely, a planar linkage consists of a collection of rigid bars (line segments) connected at their endpoints. Foldings of such a linkage must preserve the connections at endpoints, preserve the bar lengths, and (in our context) prevent bars from crossing. The main result of this thesis is that a planar linkage forming a collection of polygonal arcs and cycles can be folded so that all outermost arcs (not enclosed by other cycles) become straight and all outermost cycles become convex. A complementary result of this thesis is that once a cycle becomes convex, it can be folded into any other convex cycle with the same counterclockwise sequence of bar lengths. Together, these results show that the configuration space of all possible foldings of a planar arc or cycle linkage is connected. These results fall into the broader context of folding and unfolding k-dimensional objects in n-dimensional space, k ≤ n. Another contribution of this thesis is a survey of research in this field. The survey revolves around three principal aspects that have received extensive study: linkages in arbitrary dimensions (folding one-dimensional objects in two or more dimensions, including protein folding), paper folding (normally, folding two-dimensional objects in three dimensions), and folding and unfolding polyhedra (two-dimensional objects embedded in three-dimensional space). |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{demaine_thesis_2001,
author = {E. D. Demaine},
title = {Folding and Unfolding},
school = {University of Waterloo},
year = {2001}
}
|
| Demaine ED and Demaine ML (2002), "Recent Results in Computational Origami", In Origami$^3$: Proceedings of the 3rd International Meeting of Origami Science, Math, and Education (OSME3). Monterey, California, March 9--11, 2002. , pp. 3-16. |
| Abstract: Computational origami is a recent branch of computer science studying efficient algorithms for solving paper-folding problems. This field essentially began with Robert Lang's work on algorithmic origami design [25], starting around 1993. Since then, the field of computational origami has grown significantly. The purpose of this paper is to survey the work in the field, with a focus on recent results, and to present several open problems that remain. The survey cannot hope to be complete, but we attempt to cover most areas of interest. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{demaine2002,
author = {Erik D. Demaine and Martin L. Demaine},
editor = {Thomas Hull},
title = {Recent Results in Computational Origami},
booktitle = {Origami$^3$: Proceedings of the 3rd International Meeting of Origami Science, Math, and Education (OSME3)},
year = {2002},
pages = {3--16},
url = {http://erikdemaine.org/papers/OSME2001/}
}
|
| Demaine ED, Demaine ML, Hart V, Price GN and Tachi T (2009), "(Non)existence of Pleated Folds: How Paper Folds Between Creases", In Abstracts from the 7th Japan Conference on Computational Geometry and Graphs (JCCGG 2009). Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan, November 11–13, 2009. |
| Abstract: We prove that the pleated hyperbolic paraboloid, a familiar origami model known since 1927, in fact cannot be folded with the standard crease pattern in the standard mathematical model of zero-thickness paper. In contrast, we show that the model can be folded with additional creases, suggesting that real paper “folds” into this model via small such creases. We conjecture that the circular version of this model, consisting of concentric circular creases, also folds without extra creases. At the heart of our results is a new structural theorem characterizing uncreased intrinsically flat surfaces—the portions of paper between the creases. Differential geometry has much to say about the local behavior of such surfaces when they are sufficiently smooth, e.g., that they are torsal ruled. But this classic result is simply false in the context of the whole surface. Our structural characterization tells the whole story, and even applies to surfaces with discontinuities in the second derivative. We use our theorem to prove fundamental properties about how paper folds, for example, that straight creases on the piece of paper must remain piecewise-straight by folding. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{demaine2009,
author = {Erik D. Demaine and Martin L. Demaine and Vi Hart and Gregory N. Price and Tomohiro Tachi},
title = {(Non)existence of Pleated Folds: How Paper Folds Between Creases},
booktitle = {Abstracts from the 7th Japan Conference on Computational Geometry and Graphs (JCCGG 2009)},
year = {2009},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0906.4747}
}
|
| Demaine ED and O'Rourke J (2007), "Geometric folding algorithms: linkages, origami, polyhedra" Cambridge University Press. |
BibTeX:
@book{demaine2007-gfalop,
author = {Erik D. Demaine and Josheph O'Rourke},
title = {Geometric folding algorithms: linkages, origami, polyhedra},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.gfalop.org/}
}
|
| Deshpande V and Fleck N (2003), "Energy absorption of an egg-box material", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. Vol. 51(1), pp. 187-208. |
| Abstract: Conical frustra made from leaded gun-metal have been compressed axially. Collapse is either by a travelling plastic hinge or by tearing. An analytical model is developed for the travelling plastic hinge in a rigid, ideally plastic solid; its predictions are compared with the observed response, and with those of an axisymmetric finite element analysis. The travelling hinge mechanism is also observed in the compressive collapse of an egg-box material comprising a square array of conical frustra. Collapse mechanism maps are constructed for the egg-box material, and they show the regimes of dominance of elastic buckling, material tearing and the travelling plastic hinge. The maps are useful for selecting egg-box geometries that maximise the energy absorption per unit mass at any prescribed value of collapse stress. The optimisation indicates that the egg-box material has a similar energy absorption capacity to that of hexagonal honeycombs and is superior to that of metal foams. |
BibTeX:
@article{deshpande2003,
author = {V.S. Deshpande and N.A. Fleck},
title = {Energy absorption of an egg-box material},
journal = {Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids},
year = {2003},
volume = {51},
number = {1},
pages = {187--208},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5096(02)00052-2}
}
|
| Deshpande VS, Ashby MF and Fleck NA (2001), "Foam topology bending versus stretching dominated architectures", Acta Materialia. Vol. 49(6), pp. 1035-1040. |
| Abstract: Cellular solids can deform by either the bending or stretching of the cell walls. While most cellular solids are bending-dominated, those that are stretching-dominated are much more weight-efficient for structural applications. In this study we have investigated the topological criteria that dictate the deformation mechanism of a cellular solid by analysing the rigidity (or otherwise) of pin-jointed frameworks comprising inextensional struts. We show that the minimum node connectivity for a special class of lattice structured materials to be stretching-dominated is 6 for 2D foams and 12 for 3D foams. Similarly, sandwich plates comprising of truss cores faced with planar trusses require a minimum node connectivity of 9 to undergo stretching-dominated deformation for all loading states. |
BibTeX:
@article{deshpande2001,
author = {V. S. Deshpande and M. F. Ashby and N. A. Fleck},
title = {Foam topology bending versus stretching dominated architectures},
journal = {Acta Materialia},
year = {2001},
volume = {49},
number = {6},
pages = {1035--1040},
doi = {10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00379-7}
}
|
| Di Francesco P, Guitter E and Mori S (1997), "Folding of the triangular lattice with quenched random bending rigidity", Physical Review E. Vol. 55(1), pp. 237-251. American Physical Society. |
BibTeX:
@article{francesco1997,
author = {Di Francesco, P. and Guitter, E. and Mori, S.},
title = {Folding of the triangular lattice with quenched random bending rigidity},
journal = {Physical Review E},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
year = {1997},
volume = {55},
number = {1},
pages = {237--251},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.55.237}
}
|
| Di Pilla L (1999), "Method for folding plane surfaces", US Patent 5899842. |
| Abstract: Method for folding plane surfaces wherein, given a plane surface on which there are identified a pluratity of alternative primary folding lines and, parallel to each other and capable to generate a wavy structure, each primary folding line is linked to the subsequent primary folding line by means of two further secondary folding lines, having same origin on the folding line and diverging between them them with angles β and Γ with respect to the perpendicular to the lines, being 0≤β<90° and β<Γ<90°, said joining being performed at least once, then two additional secondary folding lines, corresponding to the previous and, being traced, specular with respect to a simmetry plane passing through the said primary folding line. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dipilla1999,
author = {L. Di Pilla},
title = {Method for folding plane surfaces},
howpublished = {US Patent 5899842},
year = {1999},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5899842.html}
}
|
| Dormer JB (1936), "Mold apparatus", US Patent 2028443. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dormer1936,
author = {Dormer, Jay B.},
title = {Mold apparatus},
howpublished = {US Patent 2028443},
year = {1936},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2028443.html}
}
|
| Dow JO and Huyer SA (1989), "Continuum Models of Space Station Structures", Journal of Aerospace Engineering. Vol. 2(4), pp. 220-238. |
| Abstract: The equivalent continuum properties of a structure composed of repeated patterns of discrete elements with both displacement and rotation coordinates are determined. These nodal coordinates are transformed to rigid body and strain gradient variables using a polynomial representation. The set of independent strain gradient variables is identified by inspection and depends on the geometry of the structure being modeled. The procedure is applied to six example problems, including two in which the effect of structural damage is analyzed. |
BibTeX:
@article{dow1989,
author = {John O. Dow and Stephen A. Huyer},
title = {Continuum Models of Space Station Structures},
journal = {Journal of Aerospace Engineering},
year = {1989},
volume = {2},
number = {4},
pages = {220-238},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0893-1321(1989)2:4(220)}
}
|
| Drechsler K and Kehrle R (2004), "Manufacturing of folded core-structures for technical applications", In Proceedings of the 25th International SAMPE Europe Conference. Paris , pp. 508-513.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{drechsler2004,
author = {K. Drechsler and R. Kehrle},
title = {Manufacturing of folded core-structures for technical applications},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th International SAMPE Europe Conference},
year = {2004},
pages = {508-513}
}
|
| Dunajeff LA (1939), "Resilient Sheet", US Patent 2158929. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dunajeff1939,
author = {L. A. Dunajeff},
title = {Resilient Sheet},
howpublished = {US Patent 2158929},
year = {1939},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2158929.html}
}
|
| Dunajeff LA (1941), "Resilient Sheet", US Patent 2233592. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dunajeff1941,
author = {L. A. Dunajeff},
title = {Resilient Sheet},
howpublished = {US Patent 2233592},
year = {1941},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2233592.html}
}
|
| Duncan J, Duncan J, Sowerby R and Levy B (1981), "Folding without distortion: Curved-line Folding of Sheet Metal", Sheet Metal Industries. Vol. 58(7), pp. 527-533. |
| Abstract: This paper introduces the concept of folding or bending sheet metal along a curved line to produce two separate curved surfaces. Each of these surfaces is developed and is curved without stretching or distortion in the plane of the sheet. In existing sheet-metal practice, when a component contains two or more different developable surfaces these are produced either by forming each surface individually and joining the separate sheets or by folding the curved sheet along a straight line. In such cases, the two separate developable surfaces are joined by bending along a common generator. In the examples presented in this paper sheet metal is folded along a curved line which is not a generator of either surface. This process greatly extends the range of shapes which can be produced from sheet metal without requiring deformation or straining in the sheet. These shapes are of particular interest for components formed from very-high-strength sheet materials; these materials often have limited stretching ability but they can be bent and folded into developable shapes. |
BibTeX:
@article{duncan1981b,
author = {J.L. Duncan and J.P. Duncan and R. Sowerby and B.S. Levy},
title = {Folding without distortion: Curved-line Folding of Sheet Metal},
journal = {Sheet Metal Industries},
year = {1981},
volume = {58},
number = {7},
pages = {527-533}
}
|
| Duncan JP and Duncan JL (1982), "Folded Developables", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Vol. 383(1784), pp. 191-205. |
| Abstract: A plane, inextensible sheet may be folded or creased along a curved line to produce two connected but distinct developable surfaces. Various theorems applying to this folding process are identified and two special cases investigated. In one, the fold line remains a plane curve during deformation and in the other the dihedral angle at the fold is constant along the curve. Curved-line folding occurs naturally in the collapse of thin-sheet-metal structures composed of developable surfaces. The theorems presented identify the kinematic constraint existing between pairs of developable surfaces connected by curved-line folds and permit the design of sheet-metal products that use these surfaces. This expands considerably the range of engineering products that can be made by folding and bending a single inextensible sheet. |
BibTeX:
@article{duncan1982,
author = {J. P. Duncan and J. L. Duncan},
title = {Folded Developables},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences},
year = {1982},
volume = {383},
number = {1784},
pages = {191-205},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4630%2819820908%29383%3A1784%3C191%3AFD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B}
}
|
| Duncan JP and Upfold RW (1963), "Equivalent elastic properties of perforated bars and plates", Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. Vol. 5(5), pp. 53-65. |
| Abstract: Experimental methods are described by means of which the equivalent elastic properties of bars and plates perforated on a square, a square‐diagonal or a triangular pitch (or otherwise) may be obtained. Bars of rectangular section of steel, gun metal and perpex perforated on a fixed pitch with circular holes to give a wide range in the ratio (pitch/diameter of holes) on square and triangular patterns were tested in flexure and tension. The transverse aeolotropy of such bars and plates was examined and ratios of (equivalent Young's modulus, drilled/true Young's modulus) and equivalent Poisson's ratios were found. The experimental results obtained were compared with theoretical curves of Bailey and Hicks for perforated plate of square and square‐diagonal pitch and with Horvay's plane‐stress theory for perforated plate of triangular pitch. Results have been presented in graphical form for ready application to the design of heat exchanger tube‐plates. |
BibTeX:
@article{duncan1963,
author = {J. P. Duncan and R. W. Upfold},
title = {Equivalent elastic properties of perforated bars and plates},
journal = {Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science},
year = {1963},
volume = {5},
number = {5},
pages = {53-65},
doi = {10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1963_005_009_02}
}
|
| Dureisseix D (2011), "An overview of patterns and mechanisms with origami" |
| Abstract: Origami (paperfolding) has long been since its first usage as for cult object design in Japan, and entertainment in Europe and the USA. It has now entered into artistic area, using many other materials than paper, and has been used as an inspiration source for scientific and engineering realizations. This article is intended to illustrate several aspects of origami that are relevant to engineering structures, namely: geometry, pattern generation, strength of material, and mechanisms. It does not provide an exhaustive list of applications, but exemplifies the relationships of origami with other disciplines, with selected examples. |
BibTeX:
@unpublished{dureisseix2011,
author = {David Dureisseix},
title = {An overview of patterns and mechanisms with origami},
year = {2011},
note = {Accepted for publication in the International Journal of Space Structures}
}
|
| Dureisseix D, Gioia F, Motro R and Maurin B (2011), "Conception d'une Enveloppe Plissée Pliable-Dépliable", In 10e Colloque National en Calcul des Structures (CSMA2011). Giens, France, 9-3 May, 2011. |
| Abstract: Des concepts utilisés en origami sont ici employés pour générer des surfaces plissées pliables-dépliables en visant de possibles applications en architecture et au génie civil. Après avoir proposé des méthodes de caractérisation de ces surfaces, des formes nouvelles sont présentées à partir de déclinaisons géométriques des modules de « Miura-Ori ». On peut ainsi générer des surfaces plissées non totalement développables, et donc rigides, éventuellement à simple courbure une fois déployées. Les cinématiques de pliage-dépliage associées sont également analysées et présentées. |
BibTeX:
@conference{dureisseix2011b,
author = {David Dureisseix and Francesco Gioia and René Motro and Bernard Maurin},
title = {Conception d'une Enveloppe Plissée Pliable-Dépliable},
booktitle = {10e Colloque National en Calcul des Structures (CSMA2011)},
year = {2011}
}
|
| Durney MW (2002), "Method for precision bending of a sheet of material and slit sheet therefor", US Patent 6481259. |
| Abstract: A method for precision bending of a sheet of material (31,41,61,91,231) along a bend line (35,45,62-66,96,235) and the resulting sheet are disclosed. A method includes a step of forming and longitudinally extending slits (33,43,68,92,233) through the sheet of material in axially spaced relation to define bending webs (37,47,71,72,106,237), forming stress reducing structures such as enlarged openings (39,49,69,73) or transversely extending slits (239) at each of adjacent ends of pairs of slits in order to reduce crack propagation across the bending webs. In another aspect, the elongated slits (43,68,92,233) are formed with pairs of longitudinally extending slit segments (51,52;74,76;98,99;127) proximate to and on opposite sides of and substantially parallel to the desired bend line. Longitudinally extending slit segments further are connected by at least one intermediate transversely extending slit segment (53,77,101,128). Sheets of slit material suitable for bending also are disclosed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{durney2002,
author = {M. W. Durney},
title = {Method for precision bending of a sheet of material and slit sheet therefor},
howpublished = {US Patent 6481259},
year = {2002},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6481259.html}
}
|
| Durney MW (2006), "Precision-folded, high strength, fatigue-resistant structures and sheet therefor", US Patent Application 20060207212. |
| Abstract: Precision-folded, high strength, fatigue-resistant structures and a sheet therefore are disclosed. To form the structures, methods for precision bending of a sheet of material along a bend line and a sheet of material formed with bending strap-defining structures, such as slits or grooves, are disclosed. Methods include steps of designing and then separately forming longitudinally extending slits or grooves through the sheet of material in axially spaced relation to produce precise bending of the sheet when bent along the bend line. The bending straps have a configuration and orientation which increases their strength and fatigue resistance, and most preferably slits or arcs are used which causes edges to be engaged and supported on faces of the sheet material on opposite sides of the slits or arcs. The edge-to-face contact produces bending along a virtual fulcrum position in superimposed relation to the bend line. Several slit embodiments suitable for producing edge-to-face engagement support and precise bending are disclosed. With these teachings, forming numerous three-dimensional load-bearing structures from a two dimensional sheet are enabled. Examples of straight and curved beams, chassis, and exoskeletons are disclosed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{durney2006,
author = {M. W. Durney},
title = {Precision-folded, high strength, fatigue-resistant structures and sheet therefor},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20060207212},
year = {2006},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2006/0207212.html}
}
|
| Durney MW, Holman RA and Arnold PM (2007), "Method for forming sheet material with bend controlling grooves defining a continuous web across a bend line", US Patent 7263869. |
| Abstract: A sheet of material (21, 61, 81) formed for control bending along a bend line (23, 63) while maintaining a continuous web of material (26) across the bend line (23, 63). The sheet has at least one groove (22, 62, 82) formed therein with a central groove portion (24, 64, 84) extending in the direction of and positioned proximate to a desired bend line (23, 63). The groove is formed with a continuous web of material (26) at a bottom of the groove (22, 62, 82) and has a configuration defining at least one bending strap (27, 67) extending across the bending line (23, 63) at the end of the groove with a centerline (28) of the bending strap (27, 67) oriented obliquely across the bend line (23, 63) so that a balancing of the forces during bending of the web along the central portion (24, 64, 84) of the grooves and bending of the oblique bending strap occur and control the location of bending of the sheet. A method of preparing a sheet of material (21, 61, 81) for bending while maintaining a continuous membrane (26) across the bend line (23, 63) is also disclosed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{durney2007,
author = {M. W. Durney and R. A. Holman and P. M. Arnold},
title = {Method for forming sheet material with bend controlling grooves defining a continuous web across a bend line},
howpublished = {US Patent 7263869},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7263869.html}
}
|
| Durney MW and Pendley AD (2008), "Method of bending sheet materials and sheet therefor", US Patent Application 20080257006. |
| Abstract: A sheet of material formed for bending along a bend line including a sheet of material (30) includes a plurality of dividing slits (37) and a plurality of strap slits (39) formed therethrough. The dividing slits extending substantially along a desired bend line (35) and divide the sheet of material into first and second planar regions (32, 33). The strap slits intersect the desired bend line and adjacent pairs of strap slits form a bending strap therebetween. The bending strap has a longitudinal strap axis intersecting the desired bend line. The sheet of material may be formed of composite materials. A method of forming and using the sheet of material is also disclosed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{durney2008,
author = {M. W. Durney and A. D. Pendley},
title = {Method of bending sheet materials and sheet therefor},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20080257006},
year = {2008},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0257006.html}
}
|
| Dyken TO (1992), "Assembly for casting large curved shells of reinforced concrete", US Patent 5174074. |
| Abstract: A large, curved or spherical shell of reinforced concrete is cast without utilization of supporting framework. A casting formwork is in the form of a thin, suspended membrane that is reinforced with a collar. During construction and transport, the membrane is preliminarily equipped with a reinforcing compression ring. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dyken1992,
author = {T. O. Dyken},
title = {Assembly for casting large curved shells of reinforced concrete},
howpublished = {US Patent 5174074},
year = {1992},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5174074.html}
}
|
| Eckold G (1994), "Design and Manufacture of Composite Structures" Woodhead Publishing.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{eckold1994,
author = {Geoff Eckold},
title = {Design and Manufacture of Composite Structures},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
year = {1994}
}
|
| El-Sayed FA, Jones R and Burgessa I (1979), "A theoretical approach to the deformation of honeycomb based composite materials", Composites. Vol. 10(4), pp. 209-214. |
| Abstract: Honeycomb sheet is already widely used as a core in aeronautical sandwich construction. An alternative application is to use it as the reinforcing element for composites in which the cells of the honeycomb are filled with various materials. This paper presents the results of a study of such a composite, in which a low modulus infill is used. The work covers, in simple terms, the elastic properties of the unfilled sheet and the composite under in-plane direct loading and out-of-plane bending. The plastic deformation characteristics under in-plane direct loading are also considered. Specimen experimental results are presented, which show that the simple analytical approach used is clearly justifiable. |
BibTeX:
@article{elsayed1979,
author = {F.K. Abd El-Sayed and R. Jones and I.W. Burgessa},
title = {A theoretical approach to the deformation of honeycomb based composite materials},
journal = {Composites},
year = {1979},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
pages = {209-214},
doi = {10.1016/0010-4361(79)90021-1}
}
|
| Eldred MS, Venkayya VB and Anderson WJ (1995), "Mode Tracking Issues in Structural Optimization", AIAA Journal. Vol. 33(10), pp. 1926-1933. |
| Abstract: Within the context of optimization of the structural dynamics properties of finite element models, methodology is developed for the tracking of eigenpairs through changes in the structural eigenvalue problem. The goal is to eliminate difficulties caused by "mode switching" (i.e., frequency crossing). Out of several candidate methods, two methods for mode tracking are successful. The first method, the higher order eigenpair perturbation algorithm, is bases on a perturbation expansion of the eigenproblem. It iteratively computes changes in the eigenpairs due to parameter perturbations with the important feature of maintaining the correspondence between the baseline and perturbed eigenpairs. The second method is a cross-orthogonality check method, which uses mass orthogonality to reestablish correspondence after a standard reanalysis. Modfied eigenpair extraction routines (Lanczos, subspace iteration, inverse power) were unsuccessful in tracking modes. Applications of mode tracking technology thare are resented are frequency-constrained optimization and optimization with mode shape contraints. Each application procedure is outlined and examles are given. Recommendations are made based on method efficiency and robustness in the example problems. |
BibTeX:
@article{eldred1995,
author = {M. S. Eldred and V. B. Venkayya and W. J. Anderson},
title = {Mode Tracking Issues in Structural Optimization},
journal = {AIAA Journal},
year = {1995},
volume = {33},
number = {10},
pages = {1926--1933},
doi = {10.2514/3.12747}
}
|
| Ellis CMR (1992), "Structural Member and Method of Manufacture", WO Patent WO9209766. |
| Abstract: A structure is provided which may be formed from a sheet of paper, synthetic plastics or metal. The structure when assembled comprises a series of parallelograms arranged in a tessellating fashion. Uses of the structure include as a membrane for use in heat transfer equipment, or as a filter; as a structure arranged to absorb energy such as in crumpling or in sound absorption; as a mixing promotor so as to improve heat transfer or turbulence within reaction vessels or as a building slab, when suitably supported. The advantages of the structure depend on the particular use. For example when used as a slab for building it has a very high strength to weight ratio. |
BibTeX:
@misc{ellis1992,
author = {C. M. R. Ellis},
title = {Structural Member and Method of Manufacture},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO9209766},
year = {1992}
}
|
| Elsayed A and Basily B (2010), "Technology for continuous folding of sheet materials into a honeycomb-like configuration", US Patent 7758487. |
| Abstract: A machine and method for the continuous folding of sheet material into different three-dimensional patterns. The innovative machine and method folds sheet material by force converging the sheet to a final stage that imparts a final fold or pattern into the sheet material, the patterns selectively including one of a Chevron pattern, a honeycomb-like pattern, a double-sided inclined folded core structure, and singular inclined direction folded core structure sheet material. |
BibTeX:
@misc{elsayed2010,
author = {A. Elsayed and B. Basily},
title = {Technology for continuous folding of sheet materials into a honeycomb-like configuration},
howpublished = {US Patent 7758487},
year = {2010},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7758487.html}
}
|
| Elsayed EA and Basily B (2004), "A continuous folding process for sheet materials", International Journal of Materials and Product Technology. Vol. 21(1-2), pp. 217-238. |
| Abstract: In this paper, we present a new and innovative sheet material folding technology and the associated advances in folding different patterns using continuous manufacturing techniques. A novel approach is developed for the continuous folding process where sheet material is progressively folded in two dimensions, through a set of rollers, followed by a configured roller for the final folding in the third dimension. The final roller can be designed for longitudinal folding, cross-folding and angular folding to produce the desired folded pattern. This process is more economical than the traditional forming processes. An application of this process to the production of impact energy absorption structures is presented. |
BibTeX:
@article{elsayed2004,
author = {E. A. Elsayed and B. Basily},
title = {A continuous folding process for sheet materials},
journal = {International Journal of Materials and Product Technology},
year = {2004},
volume = {21},
number = {1-2},
pages = {217-238},
doi = {10.1504/IJMPT.2004.004753}
}
|
| Elsayed EA and Basily BB (2007), "Applications of Folding Flat Sheets of Materials into 3-D Intricate Engineering Designs" |
| Abstract: Folding of flat sheets of material into intricate three-dimensional structures provides a new technology for production of cores and sandwich structures of high strength/weight and/or strength/volume ratios. Geometric patterns are generated by transforming flat sheets of materials (traditional or composite) by imposing a permanent fold at specific edges of tessellated sheets. This might result in new structures with improved mechanical properties and light weight. They are also developed at a cost significantly less that any existing manufacturing process. Folding technology for sheet material is unique and one of the most efficient shape and structural forming processes. Other production methods such as stretch-drawing, forging, pressing, casting and fabrication may appear to produce three-dimensional patterns that are cosmetically similar but the mechanical properties of the resultant patterns are significantly different. This is particularly so in the case of folding thin sheet materials where variations in sheet thickness and/or mechanical properties are unacceptable. In this paper we present new approaches for sheet folding and investigate the use of sheet folding theory and technology in generating 3-D intricate engineering designs. We describe the theory of generating different patterns by folding flat sheets of materials. We investigate the effect of the parameters of the pattern in terms of its material type and geometry on its performance measures of the folded patterns. We then describe the manufacturing process that transforms a flat sheet of material into the desired pattern. The advantages and limitation of the process are discussed in details. |
BibTeX:
@unpublished{elsayed2007,
author = {E. A. Elsayed and Basily B. Basily},
title = {Applications of Folding Flat Sheets of Materials into 3-D Intricate Engineering Designs},
year = {2007},
url = {http://coewww.rutgers.edu/ie/research/working_paper_2007.html}
}
|
| Endres GC and Weber H (2009), "Method of producing a folded honeycomb structure for a sandwich component and foldable sheet-like material", US Patent Application 20090104411. |
| Abstract: In a method of producing a folded honeycomb structure for a sandwich component a sheet-like material is provided. The sheet-like material comprises a softening temperature and is heated to at least the softening temperature in a region about predetermined folding lines. Then, the sheet-like material is folded along the heated region of the folding lines into the folded honeycomb structure. |
BibTeX:
@misc{endres2009,
author = {G. C. Endres and H. Weber},
title = {Method of producing a folded honeycomb structure for a sandwich component and foldable sheet-like material},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20090104411},
year = {2009},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2009/0104411.html}
}
|
| Engel H (1968), "Structure Systems" , pp. 151-164. Praeger.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{engel1968,
author = {Heino Engel},
title = {Structure Systems},
publisher = {Praeger},
year = {1968},
pages = {151--164},
note = {Foreword by Ralph Rapson}
}
|
| Esposito A and Guibilato C (1980), "Coffrage Telescopique pour Linteaux en Arcs de cercle Surbaisses", FR Patent FR2457360. |
BibTeX:
@misc{esposito1980,
author = {A. Esposito and C. Guibilato},
title = {Coffrage Telescopique pour Linteaux en Arcs de cercle Surbaisses},
howpublished = {FR Patent FR2457360},
year = {1980},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?FT=E&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=FR&NR=2457360&KC=A1}
}
|
| Evans B (1997), "Concrete in Flight; AJ Feature", The Architects' Journal. |
BibTeX:
@article{evans1997,
author = {B. Evans},
title = {Concrete in Flight; AJ Feature},
journal = {The Architects' Journal},
year = {1997},
url = {http://www.ajspecification.com/Buildings/B_Home_Page/?CI_Building_ID=280}
}
|
| Evans KE (1991), "The design of doubly curved sandwich panels with honeycomb cores", Composite Structures. Vol. 17(2), pp. 95-111. |
| Abstract: Conventional sandwich panels that are made from a thick, two-dimensional honeycomb core with laminated outer skins are normally only fabricated as flat panels. Attempts to produce doubly curved panels lead to failure of the core by local buckling of the honeycomb cell walls. It is shown that, by modifying the honeycomb geometry, a range of doubly curved panel cores can be formed that can be either synclastic or anticlastic. Varying the cell geometry produces different combinations of curvature, honeycomb density and mechanical properties. The inter-relationship between these different properties is illustrated. |
BibTeX:
@article{evans1991,
author = {K. E. Evans},
title = {The design of doubly curved sandwich panels with honeycomb cores},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {1991},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {95-111},
doi = {10.1016/0263-8223(91)90064-6}
}
|
| Evans KE and Alderson A (2000), "Auxetic Materials: Functional Materials and Structures from Lateral Thinking!", Advanced Materials. Vol. 12(9), pp. 617 - 628. |
BibTeX:
@article{evans2000,
author = {K. E. Evans and A. Alderson},
title = {Auxetic Materials: Functional Materials and Structures from Lateral Thinking!},
journal = {Advanced Materials},
year = {2000},
volume = {12},
number = {9},
pages = {617 - 628},
doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(200005)12:9<617::AID-ADMA617>3.0.CO;2-3}
}
|
| Ewald W (1948), "Reinforced Structural Sheet", US Patent 2441476. |
BibTeX:
@misc{ewald1948,
author = {W. Ewald},
title = {Reinforced Structural Sheet},
howpublished = {US Patent 2441476},
year = {1948},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2441476.html}
}
|
| Farmer GD and Spangler WB (1962), "Investigation of Calottan Sheet Stiffening Process" |
| Abstract: This investigation revealed that metallic sheet materials when cold formed in the CALOTTAN stiffening pattern show increased rigidity and impact resistance worth considering in equipment design. However, this pattern like all stiffening patterns known to the authors displays preferred axes of rigidity. The investigation also showed that rigidized metallic sheet available in the United States from X Company is approximately as efficient as calottized sheet. |
BibTeX:
@techreport{farmer1962,
author = {G. D. Farmer and W. B. Spangler},
title = {Investigation of Calottan Sheet Stiffening Process},
year = {1962},
url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD296519}
}
|
| Farmer S (2004), "Large-displacement buckling in thin elastic plates". Thesis at: University of Cambridge. |
| Abstract: The surface of a thin sheet (of paper or any other material) which has been crumpled can be seen to be covered by a series of high-curvature ridges that meet at sharp points. Indeed, the Föppel-von Kármán (FvK) equations for the large-displacement of a thin elastic sheet predict just such a geometry; and they also show that the point-like regions have the geometry of a so-called ‘developable cone’. ‘Developable Cones’ can be isolated and studied in detail by the application of a central point load to a flat circular plate resting on a circular support. The plate is seen to buckle, with the post-buckled plate containing two distinct regions. First, due to the fact that bending a thin plate is ‘easier’ than stretching it, a region of the plate lifts off the support to form a large buckle. Second, the remainder of the plate forms a shallow conical region. The post-buckled geometry is developable everywhere except in a small crescent-shaped region at the centre of the plate, where a combination of bending and stretching occur. We have studied experimentally the geometry of ‘developable cones’ in both the elastic and elastic-plastic regimes. Subsequently, a finite-element analysis has been conducted for similar plates to the experiments, and shown to give corresponding results. It has then been used to extend both the range of the geometry and the material properties of the plates considered. Hence, empirical relationships have been derived between measureable plate parameters to describe the geometry of ‘developable cones’. In particular, the crease which separates the buckled and conical regions of a deformed plate which is best described as a curve on the plate in its initial, flat configuration – here called the Flattened Curve - has been shown to be approximately stationary on the surface of the plate, apart from in the region of its apex where its geometry changes a little as the deformation proceeds. Also, the regions of highest energy density and stress have been found to be concentrated along the ‘flattened curve’ and along the ridge that runs from the centre of the plate to its edge along the centre of the buckle. Furthermore, analytical models have shown that the stretching and bending behaviour of the crease in the apex region is analogous to the ‘knuckle’ found in an inverted sphere. Thus, using simplified models for the buckled geometry of a plate the energy of the crease has been found; and by a balance of this energy with the bending energy in the remainder of the plate, an empirical relationship between the central force and the deformation of the plate has been found that agrees with the experimental and numerical results. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{farmer2004,
author = {S. Farmer},
title = {Large-displacement buckling in thin elastic plates},
school = {University of Cambridge},
year = {2004}
}
|
| Fenu L, Madeddu T and Pusole P (2007), "On the Design of Shells Stiffened with Ribs with Fractal Pattern", In IASS Symposium 2007. Venice, Italy, December 3-6, 2007. |
| Abstract: Fractal geometry, defined in the 1970’s by the famous French mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, has been undoubetly an extraordinary discovery. Although rather recent , it has influenced a number of different scientific disciplines, by disclosing new ways of knowledge, opening different points of view, and providing a new research tool. It has allowed us to know new geometrical forms that often, among the other things, are very beautiful and harmonious. Many crystals and live beings have a fractal form, and actually fractal figures have often an organic appearance. Natural structures with fractal geometry are the results of growth processes, and this gives some design suggestions from a structural point of view. Therefore, in some cases a structure can be considered as generated through a natural growth process, and by designing it a fractal geometry could be suitable. In this paper we analyse how to stiff the shell of an elevated water tank by using ribs with fractal pattern. The elevated water tank is considered as a particular artificial tree where the pedestal corresponds to the trunk and the ribs to the branches. Their generation through affine trasformations is studied and different fractal patterns of the shell ribs are analysed. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{fenu2007,
author = {L. Fenu and T. Madeddu and P. Pusole},
title = {On the Design of Shells Stiffened with Ribs with Fractal Pattern},
booktitle = {IASS Symposium 2007},
year = {2007},
note = {Paper PAP196}
}
|
| Fischer S and Drechsler K (2008), "Aluminium Foldcores for Sandwich Structure Application", In Proceedings of International Symposium on Cellular metals for structural and functional applications (CELLMET2008). Dresden, October 8-10, 2008. |
| Abstract: Foldcores are origami-like three dimensional structures which are manufactured by folding a planar thin base material. The application of Foldcores is being used as structural sandwich cores. They show some advantages compared to established sandwich cores like allowing ventilation, good thermal insulation and adjustable mechanical properties which are related to the unit cell geometry. In addition to that, cheap production of Foldcores in a continuous process is possible (1). In this work the mechanical properties of Foldcores manufactured out of 0.1 mm thick sheets of aluminium EN AW-1050A have been investigated. EN AW-1050A was used because of its distinctive ductile behaviour which enables the material to be folded. The elastic constants of the aluminium have been measured in tension tests. Because of the low thickness and therefore low tensile stiffness of the tensile test sample, strain measurement has been performed with contactless optical methods and not with strain gauges to avoid influencing the sample’s stiffness. The test data was used to set up a nonlinear material model for EN AW-1050A which has been implemented in FE-codes. Four different Foldcore unit cells have been designed within a parameter study. The design variables were two different core heights and two different core densities. Samples for standard static sandwich tests according to DIN 53291 (flatwise compression) and DIN 53294 (transverse shear) from these geometries were manufactured and tested. The mechanical tests Determination of the stiffness properties of aluminium Foldcores via FE-simulation shows encouraging correlation with mechanical tests. This will support further unit cell design and Foldcore development because the effort for mechanical testing can be reduced. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{fischer2008b,
author = {S. Fischer and K. Drechsler},
title = {Aluminium Foldcores for Sandwich Structure Application},
booktitle = {Proceedings of International Symposium on Cellular metals for structural and functional applications (CELLMET2008)},
year = {2008}
}
|
| Fischer S, Drechsler K, Kilchert S and Johnson A (2008), "Mechanical Tests for Foldcore Base Material Properties", In CompTest 2008 - Composite Testing and Model Identification. Dayton, Ohio, USA, 20-22 October, 2008. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{fischer2008,
author = {S. Fischer and K. Drechsler and S. Kilchert and A. Johnson},
title = {Mechanical Tests for Foldcore Base Material Properties},
booktitle = {CompTest 2008 - Composite Testing and Model Identification},
year = {2008},
url = {http://academic.udayton.edu/stevendonaldson/presentations/Fischer.pdf}
}
|
| Fischer S, Drechsler K, Kilchert S and Johnson A (2009), "Mechanical tests for foldcore base material properties", Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 40(12), pp. 1941-1952. |
| Abstract: Foldcore is an origami-like structural sandwich core which is manufactured by folding a planar base material into a three-dimensional structure. The manufacturing technology is open to a variety of base materials and also a range of unit cell geometries is feasible. FE-simulation is used to support mechanical testing of foldcores. Required input data for FE-simulation is a material model of the base material. So a test programme for aramid paper, the actual standard base material for foldcore production, is developed. A material model is extracted from test data and implemented in commercial FE-codes. |
BibTeX:
@article{fischer2009,
author = {Sebastian Fischer and Klaus Drechsler and Sebastian Kilchert and Alastair Johnson},
title = {Mechanical tests for foldcore base material properties},
journal = {Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing},
year = {2009},
volume = {40},
number = {12},
pages = {1941-1952},
doi = {10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.03.005}
}
|
| Fischer S, Heimbs S, Kilchert S, Klaus M and Cluzel C (2009), "Sandwich Structures with Folded Core: Manufacturing and Mechanical Behaviour", In SEICO 09 - SAMPE EUROPE 30th International Jubilee Conference and Forum. |
| Abstract: A foldcore is an origami-like structural sandwich core, which is manufactured by folding a planar base material into a three-dimensional structure. The development of foldcores and production methods is carried out at the moment at the University of Stuttgart in Germany and the Kazan State Technical University in Russia. Within the project CELPACT various foldcores with different unit cell geometries and different base materials were produced and tested, including flatwise compression tests and transverse shear tests. Also the base materials were tested in tension and compression tests in order to obtain their material data. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{fischer2009b,
author = {S. Fischer and S. Heimbs and S. Kilchert and M. Klaus and C. Cluzel},
title = {Sandwich Structures with Folded Core: Manufacturing and Mechanical Behaviour},
booktitle = {SEICO 09 - SAMPE EUROPE 30th International Jubilee Conference and Forum},
year = {2009},
url = {http://www.heimbs-online.de/Heimbs_2009_SAMPE1.pdf}
}
|
| Focatiis DSAD and Guest SD (2002), "Deployable membranes designed from folding tree leaves", Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A. Vol. 360(1791), pp. 227-238. |
| Abstract: A simple model of deploying tree leaves is assembled in different arrangements to produce polygonal foldable membranes for use as deployable structures. One family of folding patterns exhibits a small strain mechanism, which is investigated. Variations on the basic arrangements can be used to fold membranes with a discretized curvature. |
BibTeX:
@article{defocatiis2002,
author = {D. S. A. De Focatiis and S. D. Guest},
title = {Deployable membranes designed from folding tree leaves},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A},
year = {2002},
volume = {360},
number = {1791},
pages = {227-238},
doi = {10.1098/rsta.2001.0928}
}
|
| Fort PL (1970), "Bending of perforated plates with square penetration patterns", Nuclear Engineering and Design. Vol. 12(1), pp. 122-134. |
| Abstract: This paper presents the application of the field equations governing the bending of plates, with shear deformation present, to the study of perforated plates. Results presented here are the effective elastic constants in bending for a wide range of ligament efficiencies and depth to pitch ratios. The point-matching or collocation method was used to determine the solution coefficients with numerical calculations carried out on a GE 635 computer. |
BibTeX:
@article{lefort1970,
author = {P. Le Fort},
title = {Bending of perforated plates with square penetration patterns},
journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Design},
year = {1970},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {122-134},
doi = {10.1016/0029-5493(70)90138-X}
}
|
| Foster CG and Krishnakumar S (1986), "A Class of Transportable Demountable Structures", Space Structures : an International Journal. Vol. 2(3), pp. 129-137. |
| Abstract: A family of foldable, portable structures is described which is based on the Yoshimura buckle pattern for axially compressed cylindrical shells. Triangular panels are joined to form a structure which has considerable shape flexibility, but rigidity when erected. By suitable arrangement of panels, structures with large clear spans are possible. |
BibTeX:
@article{foster1986,
author = {C. G. Foster and S. Krishnakumar},
title = {A Class of Transportable Demountable Structures},
journal = {Space Structures : an International Journal},
year = {1986},
volume = {2},
number = {3},
pages = {129--137}
}
|
| Fraser AW (1935), "Corrugated structural unit", US Patent 1996004. |
BibTeX:
@misc{fraser1935,
author = {A. W. Fraser},
title = {Corrugated structural unit},
howpublished = {US Patent 1996004},
year = {1935},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1996004.html}
}
|
| Freeze JR (1930), "Machine for corrugating sheet metal", US Patent 1766743. |
BibTeX:
@misc{freeze1930,
author = {J. R. Freeze},
title = {Machine for corrugating sheet metal},
howpublished = {US Patent 1766743},
year = {1930},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1766743.html}
}
|
| French MJ and Petty JWL (1965), "Extensible metal sheets", US Patent 3184094. |
BibTeX:
@misc{french1965,
author = {M. J. French and J. W. L. Petty},
title = {Extensible metal sheets},
howpublished = {US Patent 3184094},
year = {1965},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3184094.html}
}
|
| Frey WH (2004), "Modeling buckled developable surfaces by triangulation ", Computer-Aided Design . Vol. 36(4), pp. 299-313 . |
| Abstract: In the first stage of sheet metal stamping, a binder ring, an annular surface surrounding the die cavity, clamps down on the flat blank, bending it to a developable binder wrap surface which may be smooth or buckled. Buckles generally appear in the binder wrap when the binder ring does not lie on a smooth developable surface that spans the die cavity. However, sometimes buckles can improve the formability of the stamped part, so the ability to design buckled developable surfaces becomes desirable. Designing buckled developable surfaces requires geometric modeling of creases and other singularities in the interior a flat sheet. In this paper we review the properties of such surfaces, show how to approximate buckled binder wrap surfaces by developable three-dimensional triangulations and discuss the insights gained from specific examples. |
BibTeX:
@article{frey2004,
author = {William H. Frey},
title = {Modeling buckled developable surfaces by triangulation },
journal = {Computer-Aided Design },
year = {2004},
volume = {36},
number = {4},
pages = {299-313 },
doi = {10.1016/S0010-4485(03)00105-2}
}
|
| Friswell MI, Herencia JE, Baker D and Weaver PM (2008), "The Optimisation of Hierarchical Structures with Applications to Morphing Aircraft", In Second International Conference on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization and Applications. Gijon, Spain, 3-5 September 2008, 2008. |
| Abstract: Many structures, both man made and in nature, are hierarchical in the sense that there are structures on more than one length scale and the performance is enhanced by the optimization of such a system. The length scales involved can go down to the micro and nano scales, for example considering the crystal structure of solids. However the emphasis in this paper is the macro length scale and the use of hierarchical designs to morph aircraft wings. Two examples will be given, namely the optimization of the composite lay-up to enhance a structure’s anisotropic properties and the optimization of truss and skin elements in a compliant mechanism approach to morphing aircraft. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{friswell2008,
author = {M. I. Friswell and J. E. Herencia and D. Baker and P. M. Weaver},
title = {The Optimisation of Hierarchical Structures with Applications to Morphing Aircraft},
booktitle = {Second International Conference on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization and Applications},
year = {2008},
url = {http://michael.friswell.com/PDF_Files/C255.pdf}
}
|
| Fritz PJ, Tice DA and Rabb LR (1996), "Metal liner for a fiber-reinforced plastic tank", US Patent 5535912. |
| Abstract: A metal clad article comprising: a cured layer of fiber-reinforced plastic; and a metal facing on the plastic layer, the metal facing having a length, a width and a thickness such that the length and the width are substantially greater than the thickness, and the metal facing being formed into a three-dimensional pattern repeating in the direction of the length and in the direction of the width and having a period of repetition in said length and width directions of at least twice the thickness, and the pattern having a depth, in the direction of the thickness, of at least twice the thickness. |
BibTeX:
@misc{fritz1996,
author = {P. J. Fritz and D. A. Tice and L. R. Rabb},
title = {Metal liner for a fiber-reinforced plastic tank},
howpublished = {US Patent 5535912},
year = {1996},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5535912.html}
}
|
| Frostig Y (2009), "Elastica of sandwich panels with a transversely flexible core—A high-order theory approach", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 46(10), pp. 2043-2059. |
| Abstract: The elastica behavior of an extensional sandwich panel with a “soft” core when subjected to in-plane compressive loads is presented and it is compared with the response of its extensional equivalent single layer (ESL) with shear deformations model. The field equations along with the appropriate boundary conditions for the sandwich and the ESL panels have been derived through a variational approach following the High-order SAndwich Panel Theory (HSAPT) approach that takes into account the vertical flexibility of the core. The governing equations include the effects of the extension of the mid-surfaces of the face sheets of the sandwich panel or the mid-plane of the ESL model which the classical elastica approach misses. The results of the elastica response of a clamped-simply-supported sandwich panel and its ESL counterpart are presented and compared. They include the response along the panel, deformed shapes and equilibrium curves of in-plane loads versus structural quantities such as displacements and internal stress resultants and stresses. These results reveal that the predicted buckling load of the ESL panel is larger than that of the sandwich panel and that deep in the non-linear range the upper face sheet wrinkles with increasing overall and edge displacements and a release of the load. Hence, the use of an equivalent single layer panel especially when a sandwich panel with a compliant core is considered may lead to unsafe and unreliable predictions when large displacements and large rotations are considered. |
BibTeX:
@article{frostig2009,
author = {Yeoshua Frostig},
title = {Elastica of sandwich panels with a transversely flexible core—A high-order theory approach},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2009},
volume = {46},
number = {10},
pages = {2043-2059},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.05.007}
}
|
| Fuchs D and Tabachnikov S (1999), "More on Paperfolding", The American Mathematical Monthly. Vol. 106(1), pp. 27-35. |
BibTeX:
@article{fuchs1999,
author = {D. Fuchs and S. Tabachnikov},
title = {More on Paperfolding},
journal = {The American Mathematical Monthly},
year = {1999},
volume = {106},
number = {1},
pages = {27-35},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9890%28199901%29106%3A1%3C27%3AMOP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23}
}
|
| Furry WC (1917), "Mold for forming concrete structures", US Patent 1233567. |
BibTeX:
@misc{furry1917,
author = {W. C. Furry},
title = {Mold for forming concrete structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 1233567},
year = {1917},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1233567.html}
}
|
| Gale GW (2010), "Three-dimensional support structure", US Patent 7762938. |
| Abstract: A three-dimensional support structure is provided and includes a single sheet of material that is folded into a repeating pattern of cells. Each of the cells is formed by first and second spaced-apart endwalls and first and second sloped sidewalls spanning between the endwalls. Each endwall comprises two plies of material while each sidewall comprises a single ply of material. The first and second sidewalls are adjoined at a folded edge. The cells are aligned such that the first endwall of one cell from the repeating pattern abuts the second endwall of an adjacent cell of the repeating pattern to form a four-ply wall of the material. A first liner may be attached to a first side of the folded material and a second liner may be attached to a second side of the folded material. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gale2010,
author = {G. W. Gale},
title = {Three-dimensional support structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 7762938},
year = {2010},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7762938.html}
}
|
| Galletly DA and Guest SD (2004), "Bistable composite slit tubes. I. A beam model", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 41(16-17), pp. 4517-4533. |
| Abstract: Composite slit tubes with a circular cross-section show an interesting variety in their large-deformation behaviour, that depends on the layup of the surface that is used: tubes made from many antisymmetric laminae are bistable, and have a compact coiled configuration, tubes made from similar, but symmetric, laminae do not have a compact coiled state, and indeed may not be bistable, while tubes made from an isotropic sheet are not bistable. A simple model is presented here that is able to distinguish between these behaviours; it assumes that the cross-section remains circular, but allows twist, which is shown to be the key to making the distinction between the behaviours described. |
BibTeX:
@article{galletly2004a,
author = {Diana A. Galletly and Simon D. Guest},
title = {Bistable composite slit tubes. I. A beam model},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2004},
volume = {41},
number = {16--17},
pages = {4517--4533},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.02.036}
}
|
| Galletly DA and Guest SD (2004), "Bistable composite slit tubes. II. A shell model", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 41(16-17), pp. 4503-4516. |
| Abstract: The detailed shape of bistable tubes at a second stable equilibrium point is examined. The existence of a short �boundary layer' at the edge of the tube is found, which is particularly significant for tubes that are initially shallow. |
BibTeX:
@article{galletly2004b,
author = {Diana A. Galletly and Simon D. Guest},
title = {Bistable composite slit tubes. II. A shell model},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2004},
volume = {41},
number = {16--17},
pages = {4503--4516},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.02.037}
}
|
| Gantes C, Connor JJ and Logcher RD (1994), "Equivalent Continuum Model for Deployable Flat Lattice Structures", Journal of Aerospace Engineering. Vol. 7(1), pp. 72-91. |
| Abstract: Deployable structures can be stored in a compact, folded configuration and are easily deployed into load-bearing, open forms. Hence, they are suitable for applications where speed and ease of erection and reusability are desired. The structures investigated here are prefabricated space frames made of so called scissor-like elements, sets of two straight bars connected to each other by a pivot. These structures are stress-free and self-standing in both their folded and deployed configurations, thus overcoming major disadvantages of previous designs. This study deals with deployable structures that are flat and subjected to normal loads in their deployed configuration. Although the behavior for that loading case is linear, the availability of an equivalent continuum model for stiffness prediction is desirable because it can significantly reduce the computational effort during preliminary design. The derivation of such a model is not straightforward because of the unorthodox geometry and the rotations allowed by the hinged and pivotal connections. This problem is addressed by first applying the direct stiffness method within a symbolic manipulation framework to transform the lattice structure to an equivalent single-layer grid, and then using existing expressions to obtain the desired equivalent plate. The model exhibits good accuracy and convergence characteristics for uniform loads. |
BibTeX:
@article{gantes1994,
author = {Charis Gantes and Jerome J. Connor and Robert D. Logcher},
title = {Equivalent Continuum Model for Deployable Flat Lattice Structures},
journal = {Journal of Aerospace Engineering},
year = {1994},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {72-91},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0893-1321(1994)7:1(72)}
}
|
| García R (2006), "Concrete Folded Plates in the Netherlands", In Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History [Volume 2]. Queens' College, Cambridge University, United Kingdom, March 29 -- April 2, 2006. , pp. 1189-1208.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@conference{garcia2006,
author = {Rafael García},
title = {Concrete Folded Plates in the Netherlands},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History [Volume 2]},
year = {2006},
pages = {1189--1208}
}
|
| Gauss CF (1828), "Disquisitiones Generales Circa Superficies Curvas"
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{gauss1828,
author = {C. F. Gauss},
title = {Disquisitiones Generales Circa Superficies Curvas},
year = {1828}
}
|
| Gauss CF (1902), "General investigations of curved surfaces of 1827 and 1825." |
BibTeX:
@book{gauss1902,
author = {C. F. Gauss},
title = {General investigations of curved surfaces of 1827 and 1825.},
year = {1902},
note = {Translation with notes and a bibliography by J. C. Morehead and A. M. Hiltebeitel},
url = {http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ABR1255.0001.001}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1959), "Constructional sheet material and a machine for producing the same", GB Patent GB815523. |
| Abstract: Sheet metal is provided with sharp corrugations of zig-zag or sinuous form by passing it step by step between transverse rows of dies 3, 4 carried by plates 1, 2 separable by cams 14, 141. The face of each die 3, 4 is in the form of four parallelograms, the inclinations of which increase towards the left, Fig. 9, and the various rows of dies are mounted so as to permit a slight separation thereof under control of a pivoted member 31 coupled thereto through links 33, 32. The material is advanced by two pairs of jaws 7, 8 and 5, 6. The jaws 7, 8 are advanced and retracted by a lever 43 and are opened and closed by a cam 40. The jaws 5, 6 are advanced and retracted by a lever 34 and opened and closed by cam surfaces 22, 23, and operate the pivoted member 31 by links 29, 30. A stop bar 9 holds the folded material during movement of the jaws 5-8. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1959,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Constructional sheet material and a machine for producing the same},
howpublished = {GB Patent GB815523},
year = {1959}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1959), "Method and means for producing constructional sheet material", UK Patent GB815522. |
| Abstract: Doubly corrugated packaging boards. Sheet material for filter screens, packaging boards, &c., is provided with longitudinal folds and with transverse corrugations of zig-zag or sinuous form by a two-stage process. The material 45 is passed from a reel 44 over a curved bar 47 and between interengaging harrow members 46, 46 which form longitudinal V-shaped folds. It is then gripped by pairs of bars 48, 48 and 49, 49 which are moved towards one another so that the material 101 between them is bent and shaped between the bars 48, 49 to form transverse sharp corrugations 50. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1959b,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Method and means for producing constructional sheet material},
howpublished = {UK Patent GB815522},
year = {1959}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1960), "Arrangement for the mechanical and continuous production of developable herring-bone structures", US Patent 2950656. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1960,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Arrangement for the mechanical and continuous production of developable herring-bone structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 2950656},
year = {1960},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2950656.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1964), "Method and means for the formation of herring-bone structures", US Patent 3135174. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1964,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Method and means for the formation of herring-bone structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 3135174},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3135174.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1964), "Process and apparatus for forming transverse corrugations of all forms in a sheet or band of malleable material", US Patent 3150576. September, 1964. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1964b,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Process and apparatus for forming transverse corrugations of all forms in a sheet or band of malleable material},
howpublished = {US Patent 3150576},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3150576.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1967), "Sandwich structure with novel core element", US Patent 3313080. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1967,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Sandwich structure with novel core element},
howpublished = {US Patent 3313080},
year = {1967},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3313080.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1967), "Shape, constitution and processes for manufacturing materials derived from developable chevroned configurations", US Patent 3351441. November, 1967. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1967b,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Shape, constitution and processes for manufacturing materials derived from developable chevroned configurations},
howpublished = {US Patent 3351441},
year = {1967},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3351441.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1968), "Process and devices for chevroning pliable sheet material", US Patent 3397261. August, 1968. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1968,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Process and devices for chevroning pliable sheet material},
howpublished = {US Patent 3397261},
year = {1968},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3397261.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1969), "Method for forming herringbone configurations for sandwich structure", US Patent 3433692. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1969,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Method for forming herringbone configurations for sandwich structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3433692},
year = {1969},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3433692.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1976), "Sheet with alternate protrusions and recesses", US Patent 3992162. November, 1976. |
| Abstract: A sheet of material having a succession of spaced alternate protrusions and recesses, the walls of each such protrusion and recess being composed exclusively of non-rectangular elementary surfaces joining each other in an undulatory manner at the ridges of said protrusions and recesses along a single line having a plurality of points at which it changes direction to form a plurality of undulations and at each of which points border lines of at least four of said elementary surfaces converge, said surfaces being ruled in a direction extending from one ridge line to another, the sum of the angles formed on said surfaces between said border lines at each of said points being equal to 360°. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1976,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Sheet with alternate protrusions and recesses},
howpublished = {US Patent 3992162},
year = {1976},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3992162.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1977), "Machine for manufacturing herringbone-pleated structures", US Patent 4012932. |
| Abstract: A machine for manufacturing herringbone-pleated structures of a type particularly suitable for use in cylindrical or flat filter elements. The machine includes consecutive feeding forming and bunching components by which a continuous band of flat sheet material, which may be pre-pleated longitudinally, is fed between a pair of endless forming assemblies which cooperate to form continuously a roughed-out shape of the final herringbone-pleated structure and which also advance to a bunching means positioned downstream from the forming assemblies. The bunching means operates to tighten up the folds of the roughed-out shape both longitudinally and transversely to provide the final structure. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1977,
author = {Lucien Victor Gewiss},
title = {Machine for manufacturing herringbone-pleated structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 4012932},
year = {1977},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4012932.html}
}
|
| Giampieri A, Perego U and Borsari R (2011), "A constitutive model for the mechanical response of the folding of creased paperboard", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 48(16-17), pp. 2275 - 2287. |
| Abstract: Paperboard is a widely used material in industrial processes, in particular for packaging purposes. Packages are obtained through a forming process, in which a flat laminated sheet is converted into the final 3-D solid. In the package forming process, it is common practice to score the paperboard laminate with crease lines, in order to obtain folds with sharp edges and to minimize the initiation and propagation of flaws during the subsequent folding procedures. In this work, a constitutive model for the mechanical response of crease lines is proposed and validated on the basis of experimental tests available in the literature. The model has been implemented in an interface finite element to be placed between adjacent shell elements and is intended for large-scale computations of package forming processes. For this reason, the material model has been developed at the macroscopic scale in terms of generalized variables, aiming at computational effectiveness. |
BibTeX:
@article{giampieri2011,
author = {A. Giampieri and U. Perego and R. Borsari},
title = {A constitutive model for the mechanical response of the folding of creased paperboard},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2011},
volume = {48},
number = {16-17},
pages = {2275 - 2287},
doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2011.04.002}
}
|
| Gibson LJ and Ashby MF (1999), "Cellular Solids, Structure and Properties" Cambridge University Press. |
BibTeX:
@book{gibson1999,
author = {Lorna J. Gibson and Michael F. Ashby},
title = {Cellular Solids, Structure and Properties},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
year = {1999},
edition = {Second},
doi = {10.2277/0521499119}
}
|
| Girot P (1964), "Connecting element for expansion joints", US Patent 3118523. |
BibTeX:
@misc{girot1964,
author = {P. Girot},
title = {Connecting element for expansion joints},
howpublished = {US Patent 3118523},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3118523.html}
}
|
| Gitlin B, Kveton A and Lalvani H (2003), "Method of bending sheet metal to form three-dimensional structures", US Patent 6640605. |
| Abstract: A method for bending sheet metal includes introducing to the sheet metal thinned regions which are positioned either along or immediately adjacent to a bending line. These thinned regions allow the metal to be easily bent along the bending line using conventional hand tools or non-specialized machines. The thinned regions may be shaped as slots having a specific width, length, end shape, spacing from each adjacent slot, and depth into the metal sheet. According to one embodiment of the invention, each slot is cut through the entire thickness of the metal sheet. Other related embodiments require that the slots be only partially cut or etched thereby having a depth that is less than the thickness of the metal sheet. The thinned regions may be any appropriate shape as controlled by the shape of the bend, the type of metal, the thickness of the metal, the ductility of the metal, the angle of the bend, and the application of the metal (e.g., load bearing, etc). According to a second embodiment, two generally parallel sets of thinned regions are formed adjacent and generally parallel to the bending line. In a preferred application, the two sets of thinned regions are slots (cutting through the metal) and are staggered or offset with respect to each other. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gitlin2003,
author = {B. Gitlin and A. Kveton and H. Lalvani},
title = {Method of bending sheet metal to form three-dimensional structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 6640605},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6640605.html}
}
|
| Gjerde E (2005--2008), "Origami Tessellations, geometric design, art, and related topics.", Website: www.origamitesselations.com. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gjerde2008,
author = {E. Gjerde},
title = {Origami Tessellations, geometric design, art, and related topics.},
howpublished = {Website: www.origamitesselations.com},
year = {2005--2008},
url = {www.origamitesselations.com}
}
|
| Gjerde E (2008), "Origami Tessellations. Awe-Inspiring Geometric Designs" AK Peters. |
BibTeX:
@book{gjerde2008b,
author = {Eric Gjerde},
title = {Origami Tessellations. Awe-Inspiring Geometric Designs},
publisher = {AK Peters},
year = {2008},
url = {http://www.akpeters.com/product.asp?ProdCode=4513}
}
|
| Gonella S and Ruzzene M (2008), "Homogenization and equivalent in-plane properties of two-dimensional periodic lattices", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 45(10), pp. 2897-2915. |
| Abstract: The equivalent in-plane properties for hexagonal and re-entrant (auxetic) lattices are investigated through the analysis of partial differential equations associated with their homogenized continuum models. The adopted homogenization technique interprets the discrete lattice equations according to a finite differences formalism, and it is applied in conjunction with the finite element description of the lattice unit cell. It therefore allows handling of structures with different levels of complexity and internal geometry within a general and compact framework, which can be easily implemented. The estimation of the mechanical properties is carried out through a comparison between the derived differential equations and appropriate elasticity models. Equivalent Young’s moduli, Poisson’s ratios and relative density are estimated and compared with analytical formulae available in the literature. In-plane wave propagation characteristics of honeycombs are also investigated to evaluate phase velocity variation in terms of frequency and direction of propagation. Comparisons are performed with the values obtained through the application of Bloch theorem for two-dimensional periodic structures, to show the accuracy of the technique and highlight limitations introduced by the long wavelength approximation associated with the homogenization technique. |
BibTeX:
@article{gonella2008,
author = {S. Gonella and M. Ruzzene},
title = {Homogenization and equivalent in-plane properties of two-dimensional periodic lattices},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2008},
volume = {45},
number = {10},
pages = {2897-2915},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.01.002}
}
|
| Gould J (2006), "A mould", WO Patent WO2006048652. |
| Abstract: A mould is disclosed comprising: at least one malleable mould member for defining a mould surface; and a plurality of actuators for forming said mould member into a pre-determined shape |
BibTeX:
@misc{gould2006,
author = {J. Gould},
title = {A mould},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO2006048652},
year = {2006}
}
|
| Grünbaum B and Shephard GC (1986), "Tilings and Patterns: An Introduction" W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{grunbaum1986,
author = {B. Grünbaum and G. C. Shephard},
title = {Tilings and Patterns: An Introduction},
publisher = {W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd},
year = {1986}
}
|
| Graham P (1961), "Flexible building panel form", US Patent 2971237. |
BibTeX:
@misc{graham1961,
author = {P. Graham},
title = {Flexible building panel form},
howpublished = {US Patent 2971237},
year = {1961},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2971237.html}
}
|
| Graham P (1964), "Flexible panel form for thin shells", US Patent 3161938. |
BibTeX:
@misc{graham1964,
author = {P. Graham},
title = {Flexible panel form for thin shells},
howpublished = {US Patent 3161938},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3161938.html}
}
|
| Graham P (1965), "Flexible panel form for thin shells", US Patent 3224726. |
BibTeX:
@misc{graham1965,
author = {P. Graham},
title = {Flexible panel form for thin shells},
howpublished = {US Patent 3224726},
year = {1965},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3224726.html}
}
|
| Graham P (1969), "Flexible Forms for Building Construction", US Patent 3467354. |
BibTeX:
@misc{graham1969,
author = {Graham, Phillip},
title = {Flexible Forms for Building Construction},
howpublished = {US Patent 3467354},
year = {1969},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3467354.html}
}
|
| Graham P (1971), "Adjustable Panel Form for Thin Shells", US Patent 3618886. |
| Abstract: This invention pertains to a low cost adjustable form that can be adjusted for forming various types of two-way curved, precast, reinforced thin shell cementitious and plastic panels for small spanned building shells having uniform scalloplike, corrugated shells like the shells shown in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,154,888 and to the method of making the same. The form can be adjusted so as to mold different original types of panels, that differ by having different curvature, and/or different size. The form has a base with an adjustable template frame. A thin reinforced base coating is mounted within the template frame. An elastic edge form that is like a gasket, is secured to the template frame with metallic fasteners. The elastic edge form molds a keying groove in the panel edging. The fasteners position reinforcing and clevis connectors that are attached to the reinforcing, to allow like panels to be easily joined with pins at erection, even during inclement weather, the keying grooves allowing the panels to be keyed together with grout when the weather is suitable. |
BibTeX:
@misc{graham1971,
author = {P. Graham},
title = {Adjustable Panel Form for Thin Shells},
howpublished = {US Patent 3618886},
year = {1971},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3618886.html}
}
|
| Greenberg HC, Gong ML, Magleby SP and Howell LL (2011), "Identifying links between origami and compliant mechanisms", Journal of Mechanical Sciences. Vol. 2, pp. 217-225. |
| Abstract: Origami is the art of folding paper. In the context of engineering, orimimetics is the application of folding to solve problems. Kinetic origami behavior can be modeled with the pseudo-rigid-body model since the origami are compliant mechanisms. These compliant mechanisms, when having a flat initial state and motion emerging out of the fabrication plane, are classified as lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs). To demonstrate the feasibility of identifying links between origami and compliant mechanism analysis and design methods, four flat folding paper mechanisms are presented with their corresponding kinematic and graph models. Principles from graph theory are used to abstract the mechanisms to show them as coupled, or inter-connected, mechanisms. It is anticipated that this work lays a foundation for exploring methods for LEM synthesis based on the analogy between flat-folding origami models and linkage assembly. |
BibTeX:
@article{greenberg2011,
author = {H. C. Greenberg and M. L. Gong and S. P. Magleby and L. L. Howell},
title = {Identifying links between origami and compliant mechanisms},
journal = {Journal of Mechanical Sciences},
year = {2011},
volume = {2},
pages = {217-225},
doi = {10.5194/ms-2-217-2011}
}
|
| Grima JN, Alderson A and Evans KE (2005), "Auxetic behaviour from rotating rigid units", Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics. Vol. 242(3), pp. 561 - 575. |
| Abstract: Auxetic materials exhibit the unexpected feature of becoming fatter when stretched and narrower when compressed, in other words, they exhibit a negative Poisson's ratio. This counter-intuitive behaviour imparts many beneficial effects on the material's macroscopic properties that make auxetics superior to conventional materials in many commercial applications. Recent research suggests that auxetic be-haviour generally results from a cooperative effect between the material's internal structure (geometry setup) and the deformation mechanism it undergoes when submitted to a stress. Auxetic behaviour is also known to be scale-independent, and thus, the same geometry/deformation mechanism may operate at the macro-, micro- and nano- (molecular) level. A considerable amount of research has been focused on the re-entrant honeycomb structure which exhibits auxetic behaviour if deformed through hinging at the joints or flexure of the ribs, and it was proposed that this re-entrant geometry plays an impor- tant role in generating auxetic behaviour in various forms of materials ranging from nanostructured polymers to foams. This paper discusses an alternative mode of deformation involving rotating rigid units which also results in negative Poisson's ratios. In its most ideal form, this mechanism may be construc- ted in two dimensions using rigid polygons connected together through hinges at their vertices. On application of uniaxial loads, these rigid polygons rotate with respect to each other to form a more open structure hence giving rise to a negative Poisson's ratio. This paper also discusses the role that rotating rigid units are thought to have in various classes of materials to give rise to negative Poisson's ratios. |
BibTeX:
@article{grima2005,
author = {J. N. Grima and A. Alderson and K. E. Evans},
title = {Auxetic behaviour from rotating rigid units},
journal = {Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics},
year = {2005},
volume = {242},
number = {3},
pages = {561 - 575},
doi = {10.1002/pssb.200460376}
}
|
| Grima JN and Evans KE (2000), "Auxetic behavior from rotating squares", Journal of Materials Science Letters. Vol. 19(17), pp. 1563-1565. |
BibTeX:
@article{grima2000,
author = {J. N. Grima and K. E. Evans},
title = {Auxetic behavior from rotating squares},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science Letters},
year = {2000},
volume = {19},
number = {17},
pages = {1563-1565},
doi = {10.1023/A:1006781224002}
}
|
| Grima JN and Evans KE (2006), "Auxetic behavior from rotating triangles", Journal of Materials Science. Vol. 41(10), pp. 3193-3196. |
BibTeX:
@article{grima2006,
author = {Joseph N. Grima and Kenneth E. Evans},
title = {Auxetic behavior from rotating triangles},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science},
year = {2006},
volume = {41},
number = {10},
pages = {3193-3196},
doi = {10.1007/s10853-006-6339-8}
}
|
| Guest S and Pellegrino S (2006), "Analytical models for bistable cylindrical shells", Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. Vol. 462(2067), pp. 839-854. |
| Abstract: Thin cylindrical shell structures can show interesting bistable behaviour. If made unstressed from isotropic materials they are only stable in the initial configuration, but if made from fibre-reinforced composites they may also have a second, stable configuration. If the layup of the composite is antisymmetric, this alternative stable configuration forms a tight coil; if the layup is symmetric the alternative stable configuration is helical. A simple two-parameter model for these structure is presented that is able to distinguish between these different behaviours. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest2006,
author = {S.D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Analytical models for bistable cylindrical shells},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
year = {2006},
volume = {462},
number = {2067},
pages = {839-854},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.2005.1598}
}
|
| Guest SD (2006), "The stiffness of prestressed frameworks: A unifying approach", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 43(3-4), pp. 842-854. |
| Abstract: A simple derivation of the tangent stiffness matrix for a prestressed pin-jointed structure is given, and is used to compare the diverse formulations that can be found in the literature for finding the structural response of prestressed structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest2006b,
author = {S. D. Guest},
title = {The stiffness of prestressed frameworks: A unifying approach},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2006},
volume = {43},
number = {3--4},
pages = {842--854},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.03.008}
}
|
| Guest SD and Hutchinson JW (2003), "On the determinacy of repetitive structures", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. Vol. 51(3), pp. 383-391. |
| Abstract: This paper shows that repetitive, infinite structures cannot be simultaneously statically, and kinematically, determinate. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest2003,
author = {S. D. Guest and J. W. Hutchinson},
title = {On the determinacy of repetitive structures},
journal = {Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids},
year = {2003},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {383-391},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5096(02)00107-2}
}
|
| Guest SD and Pellegrino S (1992), "Inextensional Wrapping of Flat Membranes.", In First International Conference on Structural Morphology. Montpellier, 7-11 September, 1992. , pp. 203-215. |
| Abstract: In this paper we are concerned with the wrapping of a flat, thin membrane around a central hub. The folding pattern consists of a series of hill and valley folds, as in a recent proposal by Temple and Oswald for the design of a solar sail. For launch their sail is wrapped around the circular body of the spacecraft, about 4 m in diameter; once in orbit it is deployed to a 276 m diameter disk which can collect enough solar pressure to sail to Mars. The paper begins with a brief survey of related work: it turns out that, since the early 1960's, several people have thought about folding thin sheets in this way, and yet no complete solution or even explanation is available. We present a simple description of the folding technique. Based on the simplifying assumption that the membrane to be folded has zero thickness, we identify some key properties of the folding pattern and hence show how to draw the fold pattern. Then we present a simple way of computing the correct fold pattern for thin membranes. We discuss some alternative fold patterns, including irregular hubs and other variants. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{guest1992,
author = {S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
editor = {R. Motro and T. Wester},
title = {Inextensional Wrapping of Flat Membranes.},
booktitle = {First International Conference on Structural Morphology},
year = {1992},
pages = {203-215}
}
|
| Guest SD and Pellegrino S (1994), "The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part I: Geometric Considerations", ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 61(4), pp. 773-777. |
| Abstract: This study was inspired by a model of a triangulated cylindrical shell made by C. R. Calladine during an investigation of the mechanics of biological structures. The model consisted of identical triangular panels on a helical strip and had a small-displacement internal inextensional mechanism. It is shown that many triangulated cylinders broadly similar to Calladine's model can be folded down to a compact stack of plates: only small strains, whose magnitude can be made arbitrarily small by the choice of suitable design parameters, are imposed during folding. A general geometric formulation of the problem is presented and then, assuming that the folding process is uniform, the folding properties of any triangulated cylinder of this generic type are discussed. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest1994a,
author = {S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part I: Geometric Considerations},
journal = {ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {1994},
volume = {61},
number = {4},
pages = {773-777},
doi = {10.1115/1.2901553}
}
|
| Guest SD and Pellegrino S (1994), "The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part II: The Folding Process", ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 61(4), pp. 778-783. |
| Abstract: In the first paper of this series we have introduced a class of foldable triangulated cylinders. In this paper we consider three particular examples of these cylinders and analyse computationally the way they fold. We show that this process is nonuniform and that it consists of two phases. The first unsteady phase involves the gradual buildup of strain energy in a “shape transition region.” In the second phase the transition region moves toward the bottom of the cylinder under almost zero force. Although the behavior of the three example cylinders is qualitatively similar, the peak force on the cylinder, as well as the peak strain, have different magnitudes, in agreement with a result in our first paper. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest1994b,
author = {S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part II: The Folding Process},
journal = {ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {1994},
volume = {61},
number = {4},
pages = {778-783},
doi = {10.1115/1.2901554}
}
|
| Guest SD and Pellegrino S (1996), "The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part III: Experiments", ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 63(1), pp. 77-83. |
| Abstract: This paper describes an experimental investigation of a type of foldable cylindrical structure, first presented in two earlier papers. Three cylinders of this type were designed and manufactured, and were then tested to find the force required to fold them. The results from these tests show some discrepancies with an earlier computational simulation, which was based on a pin-jointed truss model of the cylinders. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are explored, and are then verified by new simulations using computational models that include the effect of hinge stiffness, and the effect of geometric imperfections. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest1996,
author = {S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part III: Experiments},
journal = {ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {1996},
volume = {63},
number = {1},
pages = {77-83},
doi = {10.1115/1.2787212}
}
|
| Guldentops L, Mollaert M, Adriaenssens S, de Laet null L and de Temmerman null N (2009), "Textile formwork for concrete shells", In Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009. Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain, 28 September -- 2 October, 2009. , pp. 1743-1754. |
| Abstract: Fabric formwork is a new application for textile membranes that provides numerous advantages and new opportunities for architecture and engineering compared to well known traditional formworks. The installation of fabric formwork requires less manual labor and has reduced material, storage, and transportation costs. But the most significant advantage of fabric moulds is the form freedom and structural performance they offer to shell design. This paper presents the state of the art of the preceeded research on fabric formed shells. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{guldentops2009,
author = {L. Guldentops and M. Mollaert and S. Adriaenssens and L. de Laet and N. de Temmerman},
editor = {A. Domingo and C. Lazaro},
title = {Textile formwork for concrete shells},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009},
year = {2009},
pages = {1743--1754},
url = {http://dspace.upv.es/manakin/handle/10251/6791}
}
|
| Gupta S, Bourne D, Kim HK and Krishnan SS (1998), "Automated Process Planning for Robotic Sheet Metal Bending Operations", Journal of Manufacturing Systems., September, 1998. (5) |
| Abstract: In this paper, we describe a generative process planning system for robotic sheet metal bending press-brakes. This process planning system employs a distributed planning architecture. Currently, our system consists of a central operation planner and three specialized domain speci c planners: tooling, grasping, and moving. The central operation planner proposes various alternative partial sequences and each specialized planner evaluates them based on its objective function. The central operation planner uses state-space search techniques to optimize the operation sequence. Once a CAD design is given for a new part, the system automatically determines: the operation sequence, the tools and robot grippers needed, the tool layout, the grasp positions, the gage and the robot motion plans for making the part. The distributed architecture allows us to develop an open-architecture environment for doing generative process planning and encapsulate the specialized knowledge in specialized planners. |
BibTeX:
@article{gupta1998,
author = {Satyandra Gupta and David Bourne and Harry K.H. Kim and S S Krishnan},
title = {Automated Process Planning for Robotic Sheet Metal Bending Operations},
journal = {Journal of Manufacturing Systems},
year = {1998},
number = {5},
url = {http://www.ri.cmu.edu/pubs/pub_1134.html}
}
|
| Guven J and Müller MM (2008), "How paper folds: bending with local constraints", Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. Vol. 41(5) |
BibTeX:
@article{guven2008,
author = {Jemal Guven and Martin Michael Müller},
title = {How paper folds: bending with local constraints},
journal = {Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical},
year = {2008},
volume = {41},
number = {5},
doi = {10.1088/1751-8113/41/5/055203}
}
|
| Haas F and Wootton RJ (1996), "Two Basic Mechanisms in Insect Wing Folding", Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Vol. 263(1377), pp. 1651-1658. |
| Abstract: Detailed comparison of patterns of folding in insect wings has shown that all those which fold transversely can be referred to two basic mechanisms, each consisting of four panels rotating hingewise about four folding lines, intersecting at a single point. The mechanisms, which have one degree of freedom, are in effect lever systems, whose velocity ratios change non-linearly as they operate. They are designated as `Internal' (INT) and `External' (EXT), and further specified by a plus or minus sign, derived from the convex or concave orientation of the folding lines. There are hence four possible combinations: INT-, INT+, EXT- and EXT+. The two types are kinematically distinct. As INT unfolds, the effector panels move slowly at first and accelerate towards the end of the movement, whereas in EXT the effector panels move fast initially, then decelerate rapidly to their their final position. Furthermore INT operates reversibly, whereas EXT usually needs to be closed elastically, or by an extraneous force. The principles of the two mechanisms are applicable to many other folding structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{haas1996,
author = {F. Haas and R. J. Wootton},
title = {Two Basic Mechanisms in Insect Wing Folding},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
year = {1996},
volume = {263},
number = {1377},
pages = {1651-1658},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.1996.0241}
}
|
| Haasis M and Weinand Y (2008), "ORIGAMI - Folded Plate Structures, Engineering", In 10th World Conference on Timber Engineering. Miyazaki, Japan, 2-5 June, 2008. |
| Abstract: In conjunction with Hans-Ulrich Buri’s research, this thesis project addresses the engineering part of the folded Origami structures. The material employed for this type of structure is not necessarily defined. Therefore metal, concrete and timber realisations are widely spread. A relatively new product on the market of derived timber products is cross glued timber panels. This project employs this material to design the folded structures. The main goal is to determine appropriate details for the folded joints and establish a static model to calculate real scale structures. Therefore experiments with specially developed joints are tested in the laboratory to enter the results obtained into the numerical static model. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{haasis2008,
author = {Marcel Haasis and Yves Weinand},
title = {ORIGAMI - Folded Plate Structures, Engineering},
booktitle = {10th World Conference on Timber Engineering},
year = {2008},
url = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/118686}
}
|
| Hachenberg D, Mudra C and Nguyen M (2003), "Folded structures --- an alternative sandwich core material for future aircraft concepts.", In Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrt Kongress. Munich, Germany, 17--20 November, 2003. |
| Abstract: Folded structures are seen as a potential alternative structural material for replacing honeycomb sandwich structures. This paper presents an overview of research conducted to determine the mechanical properties of folded structures. Equations identifying the folding geometry of plane and curved structures are presented, as well as extensive numerical analyses of their predicted mechanical behaviour. Furthermore, the impact behaviour of these materials has been characterized using explicit finite element techniques. Preliminary results of basic mechanical predictions to that of experimental data are also shown. |
BibTeX:
@conference{hachenberg2003,
author = {D. Hachenberg and C. Mudra and M. Nguyen},
title = {Folded structures --- an alternative sandwich core material for future aircraft concepts.},
booktitle = {Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrt Kongress},
year = {2003}
}
|
| Hagmann F (1968), "Expansible linkage for a steam generator", US Patent 3407788. |
| Abstract: The expansible linkage between the walls of a steam generator absorbs the variable heat expansion of the walls during operation of the generator. The congruent rhomboids of the linkage allow the linkage to elongate in two perpendicular directions upon heating to absorb the differential heat expansion transferred by the walls. The thickness of the sheet from which the linkage is made is substantially that of the tube walls in the generator walls. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hagmann1968,
author = {F. Hagmann},
title = {Expansible linkage for a steam generator},
howpublished = {US Patent 3407788},
year = {1968},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3407788.html}
}
|
| Hale JR (1970), "Anticlastic cellular core structure having biaxial rectilinear truss patterns", US Patent 3525663. |
| Abstract: Anticlastic unitary structral membranes of essentially paraboloidal node form constructed of plastic, metal or other deformable material, have oppositely directed nodes which define opposite parallel bearing surfaces to which face sheets may be secured to form a structural sandwich. A pair of such membranes can be secured together, with or without inclusion therebetween of a compression material. Thee membranes can be made by heating and deforming a sheet between oppositely directed parallel pins or hollow cylinders in conjunction with pins. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hale1970,
author = {J. R. Hale},
title = {Anticlastic cellular core structure having biaxial rectilinear truss patterns},
howpublished = {US Patent 3525663},
year = {1970},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3485596.html}
}
|
| Halloran E (2009), "Concepts and Modeling of a Tessellated Molecule Surface", In Origami 4, Fourth International Conference on Origami in Science, Mathematics, and Education (4OSME). , pp. 305-314. A K Peters.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{halloran2009,
author = {E. Halloran},
editor = {R. J. Lang},
title = {Concepts and Modeling of a Tessellated Molecule Surface},
booktitle = {Origami 4, Fourth International Conference on Origami in Science, Mathematics, and Education (4OSME)},
publisher = {A K Peters},
year = {2009},
pages = {305--314}
}
|
| Halpin JC (1992), "Primer on Composite Material Analysis - Second Edition, Revised" Technomic Publishing Co., Inc..
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{halpin1992,
author = {J. C. Halpin},
editor = {K. M. Finlayson},
title = {Primer on Composite Material Analysis - Second Edition, Revised},
publisher = {Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.},
year = {1992},
edition = {Second}
}
|
| Han J, Yamazaki K and Nishiyama S (2004), "Optimization of the crushing characteristics of triangulated aluminum beverage cans", Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. Vol. 28, pp. 47-54. |
| Abstract: In this study, a cylindrical shell body of the aluminum cans is triangulated and optimized for being folded down easily and safely for recycling. The triangulated cylindrical shell is constructed by a family of triangular surfaces based on one set of helical strips and circles lying on a cylindrical side surface. The intersections of helical strips and circles are used as the vertexes of the triangular surfaces. By changing the helical angle of the strips, the number of the strips, and the number of the circles, various triangulated cylindrical shells with different crushing characteristics can be developed. On the basis of the numerical simulation, the minimization problem of the crushing force of the triangulated cylindrical shells is solved using the crashworthiness maximization technique for tubular structures that combines the techniques of design of experiment, response surface approximation as well as usual mathematical programming. |
BibTeX:
@article{han2004,
author = {Han, J. and Yamazaki, K. and Nishiyama, S.},
title = {Optimization of the crushing characteristics of triangulated aluminum beverage cans},
journal = {Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization},
year = {2004},
volume = {28},
pages = {47-54},
note = {10.1007/s00158-004-0418-8},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-004-0418-8}
}
|
| Hanaor A and Levy R (2001), "Evaluation of Deployable Structures for Space Enclosures", International Journal of Space Structures. Vol. 16(4), pp. 211-229. |
| Abstract: The paper is a critical review of different structural systems that have been proposed to date for the purpose for deployable space enclosure. The structual systems are classified by their morphological and kinematic characteristics, and comparatively evaluated in terms of their structural efficiency, technical complexity and deployment/stowage efficiences. Although the main focus is on kinematically deployable structures, some retractable and dismountable configurations are also reviewed. The paper includes an extended list of references. |
BibTeX:
@article{hanaor2001,
author = {A. Hanaor and R. Levy},
title = {Evaluation of Deployable Structures for Space Enclosures},
journal = {International Journal of Space Structures},
year = {2001},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {211--229}
}
|
| Hansen OA (1953), "Stiffened Honeycomb Core", US Patent 2654686. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hansen1953,
author = {O. A. Hansen},
title = {Stiffened Honeycomb Core},
howpublished = {US Patent 2654686},
year = {1953},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2654686.html}
}
|
| Harrop J and Abdul-Wahab HMS (1966), "An experimental study of the rigidity of perforated plates", Nuclear Engineering and Design. Vol. 4(5), pp. 480-489. |
| Abstract: An experimental study of the effective rigidity of perforated flat plates is described, which forms part of a general study of perforated plates with particular reference to concrete reactor pressure vessels. Consideration is given to circular perforations on an equilateral triangular grid pattern, the perforation being unstiffened. The experimental results are compared with previous theories and with a new analytical approach based on a “thick cylinder” analogy. |
BibTeX:
@article{harrop1966,
author = {J. Harrop and H. M. S. Abdul-Wahab},
title = {An experimental study of the rigidity of perforated plates},
journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Design},
year = {1966},
volume = {4},
number = {5},
pages = {480-489},
doi = {10.1016/0029-5493(66)90004-5}
}
|
| Haselbauer PJ (1977), "Structural Cores", US Patent 4020205. |
| Abstract: Structural cores are quasi-isotropic load-carrying constructional elements in the form of parallel rows of polyhedrons disposed in alternating sequence. These have been made from interwoven fibrous filaments, coated with plastic. Such structural cores are made herein from a continuous ribbon. |
BibTeX:
@misc{haselbauer1977,
author = {P. J. Haselbauer},
title = {Structural Cores},
howpublished = {US Patent 4020205},
year = {1977},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4020205.html}
}
|
| Hassani B and Hinton E (1998), "A review of homogenization and topology optimization I—homogenization theory for media with periodic structure", Computers & Structures. Vol. 69(6), pp. 707-717. |
| Abstract: This is the first part of a three-paper review of homogenization and topology optimization, viewed from an engineering standpoint and with the ultimate aim of clarifying the ideas so that interested researchers can easily implement the concepts described. In the first paper we focus on the theory of the homogenization method where we are concerned with the main concepts and derivation of the equations for computation of effective constitutive parameters of complex materials with a periodic micro structure. Such materials are described by the base cell, which is the smallest repetitive unit of material, and the evaluation of the effective constitutive parameters may be carried out by analysing the base cell alone. For simple microstructures this may be achieved analytically, whereas for more complicated systems numerical methods such as the finite element method must be employed. In the second paper, we consider numerical and analytical solutions of the homogenization equations. Topology optimization of structures is a rapidly growing research area, and as opposed to shape optimization allows the introduction of holes in structures, with consequent savings in weight and improved structural characteristics. The homogenization approach, with an emphasis on the optimality criteria method, will be the topic of the third paper in this review. |
BibTeX:
@article{hassani1998a,
author = {B. Hassani and E. Hinton},
title = {A review of homogenization and topology optimization I—homogenization theory for media with periodic structure},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1998},
volume = {69},
number = {6},
pages = {707-717},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00131-X}
}
|
| Hassani B and Hinton E (1998), "A review of homogenization and topology opimization II—analytical and numerical solution of homogenization equations", Computers & Structures. Vol. 69(6), pp. 719-738. |
| Abstract: This is the second part of a three-paper review of homogenization and topology optimization. In the first paper, we focused on the theory and derivation of the homogenization equations. In this paper, motives for using the homogenization theory for topological structural optimization are briefly explained. Different material models are described and the analytical solution of the homogenization equations for the so called “rank laminate composites” is presented. The finite element formulation is explained for the material model, based on a miscrostructure consisting of an isotropic material with rectangular voids. Using the periodicity assumption, the boundary conditions are derived and the homogenization equations are solved, and the results to be used in topology optimization are presented. The third paper deals with the use of homogenization for structural topology optimization by using optimality criteria methods. |
BibTeX:
@article{hassani1998b,
author = {B. Hassani and E. Hinton},
title = {A review of homogenization and topology opimization II—analytical and numerical solution of homogenization equations},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1998},
volume = {69},
number = {6},
pages = {719-738},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00132-1}
}
|
| Hatcher A (2003), "Algebraic Topology" Cambridge University Press. |
BibTeX:
@book{hatcher2003,
author = {A. Hatcher},
title = {Algebraic Topology},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/AT/ATpage.html}
}
|
| Hawes AH (1952), "Shuttering for use in molding arched concrete roof structures", US Patent 2616148. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hawes1952,
author = {A. H. Hawes},
title = {Shuttering for use in molding arched concrete roof structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 2616148},
year = {1952},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2616148.html}
}
|
| Hawes AH (1952), "Improvements in or relating to shuttering for use in the erection of concrete and like structures", GB668372. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hawes1952uk,
author = {A. H. Hawes},
title = {Improvements in or relating to shuttering for use in the erection of concrete and like structures},
howpublished = {GB668372},
year = {1952},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=GB&NR=668372A&KC=A&FT=D&date=19520319&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP}
}
|
| Hawes AH (1957), "Scaffolding and other structural elements", US Patent 2793720. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hawes1957,
author = {A. H. Hawes},
title = {Scaffolding and other structural elements},
howpublished = {US Patent 2793720},
year = {1957},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2793720.html}
}
|
| Hawkes E, An B, Benbernou NM, Tanaka H, Kim S, Demaine ED, Rus D and Wood RJ (2010), "Programmable matter by folding", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 107(28), pp. 12441-12445. |
| Abstract: Programmable matter is a material whose properties can be programmed to achieve specific shapes or stiffnesses upon command. This concept requires constituent elements to interact and rearrange intelligently in order to meet the goal. This paper considers achieving programmable sheets that can form themselves in different shapes autonomously by folding. Past approaches to creating transforming machines have been limited by the small feature sizes, the large number of components, and the associated complexity of communication among the units. We seek to mitigate these difficulties through the unique concept of self-folding origami with universal crease patterns. This approach exploits a single sheet composed of interconnected triangular sections. The sheet is able to fold into a set of predetermined shapes using embedded actuation. To implement this self-folding origami concept, we have developed a scalable end-to-end planning and fabrication process. Given a set of desired objects, the system computes an optimized design for a single sheet and multiple controllers to achieve each of the desired objects. The material, called programmable matter by folding, is an example of a system capable of achieving multiple shapes for multiple functions. |
BibTeX:
@article{hawkes2010,
author = {Hawkes, E. and An, B. and Benbernou, N. M. and Tanaka, H. and Kim, S. and Demaine, E. D. and Rus, D. and Wood, R. J.},
title = {Programmable matter by folding},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
year = {2010},
volume = {107},
number = {28},
pages = {12441-12445},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/107/28/12441.abstract},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0914069107}
}
|
| Head F (1908), "Form for Stack Construction", US Patent US0877768. |
BibTeX:
@misc{head1908,
author = {F. Head},
title = {Form for Stack Construction},
howpublished = {US Patent US0877768},
year = {1908},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/0877768.pdf}
}
|
| Heimbs S (2009), "Virtual testing of sandwich core structures using dynamic finite element simulations", Computational Materials Science. |
| Abstract: Virtual testing using dynamic finite element simulations is an efficient way to investigate the mechanical behaviour of small- and large-scale structures reducing time- and cost-expensive prototype tests. Furthermore, numerical models allow for efficient parameter studies or optimisations. One example, which is the focus of this paper, is the configurational design of cellular sandwich core structures. From classical honeycomb cores to innovative folded core structures, a relatively large design space is provided allowing for tailoring of the cellular core geometry with respect to the desired properties. The method of determining the effective mechanical properties of such cellular sandwich core structures of different geometries using dynamic compression, tensile and shear test simulations is discussed covering a number of important modelling aspects: the cell wall material modelling, the influence of mesh size and number of unit cells, the inclusion of imperfections, etc. A comparison of numerical and experimental results is given for Nomex® honeycomb cores and Kevlar® or carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) foldcore structures. A good correlation with respect to cell wall deformation mechanisms and stress–strain data was obtained. Therefore, these models not only allow for a complete mechanical characterisation of cellular core structures but also for a detailed investigation of cell wall deformation patterns and failure modes to get a better understanding of the structural behaviour, which can be difficult using solely experimental observations. To show that this efficient virtual testing method is suitable for the development of cellular core geometries for specific requirements, an optimisation study of a CFRP foldcore geometry with respect to its compressive behaviour was performed. |
BibTeX:
@article{heimbs2009,
author = {S. Heimbs},
title = {Virtual testing of sandwich core structures using dynamic finite element simulations},
journal = {Computational Materials Science},
year = {2009},
doi = {10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.09.017}
}
|
| Heimbs S, Cichosz J, Klaus M, Kilchert S and Johnson A (2010), "Sandwich structures with textile-reinforced composite foldcores under impact loads", Composite Structures. Vol. 92(6), pp. 1485-1497. |
| Abstract: The mechanical behaviour of composite sandwich structures with textile-reinforced composite foldcores, which are produced by folding prepreg sheets to three-dimensional zigzag structures, is evaluated under compression, shear and impact loads. While foldcores made of woven aramid fibres are characterised by a rather ductile behaviour, carbon foldcores with their brittle nature absorb energy by crushing, showing extremely high weight-specific stiffness and strength properties. The impact damage under low and high velocity impact loads tends to be very localised. In addition to regular single-core sandwich structures, a dual-core configuration with two foldcores is also investigated, showing the potential of a two-phase energy absorption behaviour. In addition to experimental testing, finite element models for impact simulations with LS-DYNA have been developed. Despite the high degree of complexity of the models due to the various skin and core failure modes that have to be covered, the results correlate well with test data, allowing for efficient parameter studies or detailed evaluations of damage patterns and energy absorption mechanisms. |
BibTeX:
@article{heimbs2010,
author = {S. Heimbs and J. Cichosz and M. Klaus and S. Kilchert and A.F. Johnson},
title = {Sandwich structures with textile-reinforced composite foldcores under impact loads},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2010},
volume = {92},
number = {6},
pages = {1485-1497},
doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.11.001}
}
|
| Heimbs S, Mehrens T, Middendorf P, Maier M and Schumacher A (2007), "Numerical Determination of the Nonlinear Effective Mechanical Properties of Folded Core Structures for Aircraft Sandwich Panels", In 6th European LS-DYNA Users’ Conference. Gothenburg, Sweden, 29--30 May, 2007. |
| Abstract: Folded core structures are the focus of numerous research projects with regard to advanced aircraft sandwich panels. Impact or crash simulations with such types of cellular structures require knowledge of the homogenized mechanical properties, since a detailed cell wall modeling approach is impracticable for large sandwich structures. One way to determine these nonlinear effective mechanical properties is extensive experimental testing under compressive, tensile and shear loading. Another way is to use detailed finite element models of the cellular core in combination with virtual material testing. In this case, a variation of geometric or constitutive parameters can easily be performed in order to optimize the structure’s mechanical properties. This paper describes the development of such detailed folded core models in LS-DYNA. The parameter identification of the cell wall material and the validation of the models were performed by means of an optimization with LS-OPT with regard to basic experimental data of the core manufacturer. Merits and limits of this approach are discussed. The application of the folded core material model for drop test simulations of a sandwich fuselage barrel is briefly addressed. |
BibTeX:
@conference{heimbs2007b,
author = {S. Heimbs and T. Mehrens and P. Middendorf and M. Maier and A. Schumacher},
title = {Numerical Determination of the Nonlinear Effective Mechanical Properties of Folded Core Structures for Aircraft Sandwich Panels},
booktitle = {6th European LS-DYNA Users’ Conference},
year = {2007}
}
|
| Heimbs S, Middendorf P, Hampf C, Hähnel F and Wolf K (2008), "Aircraft Sandwich Structures with Folded Core Under Impact Load", In 8th International Conference on Sandwich Structures (ICSS8). , pp. 369-380. |
| Abstract: Folded structures made of composite materials have gained interest in the aerospace industry as a promising sandwich core structure. In this paper the mechanical behaviour of such a sandwich structure with a folded core made of carbon fibre-reinforced plastic under low velocity impact loads is investigated experimentally and numerically. At first the core properties under compressive and transverse shear loads are characterised building a basis for the validation of the simulation models. Low velocity impact tests under various energy levels are described with respect to the evaluated damage of face and core and are finally simulated with LS-DYNA. These simulations were used to investigate the influence of different parameters on the impact behaviour numerically. |
BibTeX:
@conference{heimbs2008,
author = {S. Heimbs and P. Middendorf and C. Hampf and F. Hähnel and K. Wolf},
editor = {A. J. M. Ferreira},
title = {Aircraft Sandwich Structures with Folded Core Under Impact Load},
booktitle = {8th International Conference on Sandwich Structures (ICSS8)},
year = {2008},
pages = {369-380}
}
|
| Heimbs S, Middendorf P, Kilchert S, Johnson AF and Maier M (2007), "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Composite Folded Sandwich Core Structures Under Compression", Journal Applied Composite Materials. Vol. 14(5-6), pp. 363-377. |
| Abstract: The characterisation of the mechanical behaviour of folded core structures for advanced sandwich composites under flatwise compression load using a virtual testing approach is presented. In this context dynamic compression test simulations with the explicit solvers PAM-CRASH and LS-DYNA are compared to experimental data of two different folded core structures made of aramid paper and carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP). The focus of the investigations is the constitutive modelling of the cell wall material, the consideration of imperfections and the representation of cell wall buckling, folding or crushing phenomena. The consistency of the numerical results shows that this can be a promising and efficient approach for the determination of the effective mechanical properties and a cell geometry optimisation of folded core structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{heimbs2007,
author = {S. Heimbs and P. Middendorf and S. Kilchert and A. F. Johnson and M. Maier},
title = {Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Composite Folded Sandwich Core Structures Under Compression},
journal = {Journal Applied Composite Materials},
year = {2007},
volume = {14},
number = {5-6},
pages = {363-377},
doi = {10.1007/s10443-008-9051-9}
}
|
| van Hennik P and Wagemans L (2004), "Revival of pneumatic formwork for the construction of monolithic (irregular) shells", In International Symposium Shell and Spatial Structures from Models to Realization, IASS 2004. Montpellier, France, September 20-24, 2004. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hennik2004,
author = {P.C. van Hennik and L.A.G. Wagemans},
editor = {R. Motro},
title = {Revival of pneumatic formwork for the construction of monolithic (irregular) shells},
booktitle = {International Symposium Shell and Spatial Structures from Models to Realization, IASS 2004},
year = {2004},
url = {http://www.eoxia.com/lmgc/pdf/PO030.pdf}
}
|
| Hernandez V, Roman J, Tomas A and Vidal V (2007), "A Survey of Software for Sparse Eigenvalue Problems" (STR-6) |
BibTeX:
@techreport{hernandez2005,
author = {V. Hernandez and J.E. Roman and A. Tomas and V Vidal},
title = {A Survey of Software for Sparse Eigenvalue Problems},
year = {2007},
number = {STR-6},
url = {http://www.grycap.upv.es/slepc}
}
|
| HEXCEL (1999), "HexWeb™ Honeycomb; Attributes and Properties A comprehensive guide to standard Hexcel honeycomb materials, configurations, and mechanical properties" |
BibTeX:
@manual{hexcel1999,
author = {HEXCEL},
title = {HexWeb™ Honeycomb; Attributes and Properties A comprehensive guide to standard Hexcel honeycomb materials, configurations, and mechanical properties},
year = {1999},
url = {http://www.hexcel.com/Products/Downloads/Brochures/}
}
|
| Hilbert D and Cohn-Vossen S (1952), "Geometry and the Imagination" AMS Chelsea Publishing.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{hilbert1952,
author = {D. Hilbert and S. Cohn-Vossen},
title = {Geometry and the Imagination},
publisher = {AMS Chelsea Publishing},
year = {1952},
edition = {Second},
note = {Translated by P.Nemenyi}
}
|
| Hine PJ, Duckett RA and Ward IM (1997), "Negative Poisson's ratios in angle-ply laminates", Journal of Materials Science Letters. Vol. 16(7), pp. 541-544. |
BibTeX:
@article{hine1997,
author = {P. J. Hine and R. A. Duckett and I. M. Ward},
title = {Negative Poisson's ratios in angle-ply laminates},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science Letters},
year = {1997},
volume = {16},
number = {7},
pages = {541-544},
doi = {10.1023/A:1018505503088}
}
|
| Hirai S, Wakamatsu H and Iwata K (1994), "Modeling of deformable thin parts for their manipulation", In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. San Diego, CA, USA, 8-13 May, 1994. , pp. 2955–2960. |
| Abstract: Various deformable parts such as cords, leather products, and sheet metals are manipulated and are handled in many manufacturing processes. Deformation of these parts is often utilized in order to manipulate them successfully while the manipulation sometimes fails because of unexpected deformation of the parts. Modeling of deformable objects is thus required so that the shape of the soft parts can be analyzed and evaluated on a computer. In this paper, we develop an analytical method to model the shape of a deformable object. Especially, we deal with deformation of a bendable thin object. The process of manipulating a deformable object is analyzed with regard to how the object interacts with other objects around it. The model of a bendable thin object is formulated according to the principle that the potential energy of the object reaches the minimum at its stable shape. An algorithm to compute the deformed shape of the object is developed by applying a nonlinear programming technique. Finally, a simple experiment is done to demonstrate the validity of the modeling method proposed in this paper |
BibTeX:
@conference{hirai1994,
author = {S. Hirai and H. Wakamatsu and K. Iwata},
title = {Modeling of deformable thin parts for their manipulation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation},
year = {1994},
pages = {2955–2960},
url = {http://www6.mapse.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/Staffs/wakamatu/PDFs/ICRA94.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ROBOT.1994.350890}
}
|
| Hoberman C (1993), "Curved pleated sheet structures", US Patent 5234727. |
| Abstract: Self-supporting structures of diverse shapes are disclosed that may be collapsed down to compact bundles. Structures of this type are comprised of units which are comprised of two strips having non-parallel pleat lines. By pleating these strips according to a special pleat pattern, these structures may collapse down and expand out in a smooth manner. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hoberman1993,
author = {C. Hoberman},
title = {Curved pleated sheet structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 5234727},
year = {1993},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5234727.html}
}
|
| Hoberman C (2007), "Folding Structures made of thick-hinged Sheets", US Patent application 20070012348. |
| Abstract: A linkage comprised of at least four links is provided. Each of the links has a polygonal profile with each link having at least two hinged axes that do not intersect one another. Each link is connected to at least two other links by the non-intersecting axes such that the linkage can smoothly transform from an extended surface into a compact bundle. The linkage can be constructed into the form of a foldable chair, a foldable table or a foldable wall. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hoberman2007,
author = {C. Hoberman},
title = {Folding Structures made of thick-hinged Sheets},
howpublished = {US Patent application 20070012348},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20070012348.html}
}
|
| Hoberman CS (1988), "Reversibly Expandable Three-Dimensional Structure", US Patent 4780344. |
| Abstract: A reversibly expandable three-dimensional structure made up of a grid of elements each comprising an essentially planar four sided central zone and a pair of substantially triangular flaps hingedly connected to two opposite sides of said central zone, the elements being hingedly joined to one another central zone to central zone and flap to flap. By including some elements wherein the central zones are tapered the expanded structure will be curved. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hoberman1988,
author = {C. S. Hoberman},
title = {Reversibly Expandable Three-Dimensional Structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 4780344},
year = {1988},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4780344.html}
}
|
| Hochfeld H (1959), "Process and Machine for Pleating Pliable Structures", US Patent 2901951. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hochfeld1959,
author = {Henfry Hochfeld},
title = {Process and Machine for Pleating Pliable Structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 2901951},
year = {1959},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2901951.html}
}
|
| Hoffman JL (1961), "Adjustable Form", US Patent US2995797. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hoffman1961,
author = {J. L. Hoffman},
title = {Adjustable Form},
howpublished = {US Patent US2995797},
year = {1961},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2995797.html}
}
|
| Hohe J and Becker W (2000), "A refined analysis of the effective elasticity tensor for general cellular sandwich cores", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 38(21), pp. 3689-3717. |
| Abstract: The aim of the present study is the determination of the components of the effective elasticity tensor for two-dimensional cellular sandwich cores in consideration of core face sheet constraints. The microstructure is homogenized by means of a strain-energy based RVE concept assuming that strain states, which are equivalent on the macroscopic level, lead to equal strain energy in a representative volume element whether the real microstructure or the quasi-homogeneous “effective” medium is considered. The strain energy can be evaluated analytically if the cellular structure is decomposed into the individual cell wall elements, and assumptions are made for the displacement field of each cell wall. The displacement field of the core is approximated by a weighted superposition of the displacement field of the unconstrained core and an extension of the displacements of the face sheets into the core region. Since the approach is based on a kinematically admissible strain field in conjunction with the principle of minimum strain energy, the results provide rigorous Voigt type bounds for the effective normal and shear moduli. In general, a good agreement of the analytical results and the results of a finite element analysis is observed. |
BibTeX:
@article{hohe2000,
author = {Jörg Hohe and Wilfried Becker},
title = {A refined analysis of the effective elasticity tensor for general cellular sandwich cores},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2000},
volume = {38},
number = {21},
pages = {3689-3717},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7683(00)00246-8}
}
|
| Hohe J and Becker W (2001), "An energetic homogenisation procedure for the elastic properties of general cellular sandwich cores", Composites Part B: Engineering. Vol. 32(3), pp. 185-197. |
| Abstract: The present study provides a general procedure for the determination of the effective elastic properties of two-dimensional cellular sandwich cores with arbitrary cell topology and geometry. The scheme uses a strain energy-based representative volume element procedure assuming that macroscopically equivalent strain states have to cause the same strain energy in a representative volume element whether the real microstructure or the “effective” homogenised medium is considered. The strain energy can be evaluated either by analytical or pure numerical methods. Both approaches agree well in a number of examples considering different sandwich core geometries. |
BibTeX:
@article{hohe2001,
author = {J. Hohe and W. Becker},
title = {An energetic homogenisation procedure for the elastic properties of general cellular sandwich cores},
journal = {Composites Part B: Engineering},
year = {2001},
volume = {32},
number = {3},
pages = {185-197},
doi = {10.1016/S1359-8368(00)00055-X}
}
|
| Hohe J and Becker W (2002), "Effective stress-strain relations for two-dimensional cellular sandwich cores: Homogenization, material models, and properties", Applied Mechanics Reviews. Vol. 55(1), pp. 61. |
| Abstract: The theory of sandwich construction has been an active field of research for more than five decades. Aim of the present article is to review the work dedicated to the theoretical determination of the effective stress-strain material behavior of two-dimensional cellular materials with large-scale cells used as core material of structural sandwich panels. Both, the applied homogenization schemes and the applied material models are considered. Explicit expressions for the linear properties of a variety of basic cell geometries are presented, as well as schemes for the analysis of more general cases. In addition, the incorporation of specific effects such as cell wall imperfections or core face sheet constraints and the analysis of nonlinear elastic and elastic-plastic effective material response are reviewed. This review article includes 148 references. |
BibTeX:
@article{hohe2002,
author = {Jörg Hohe and Wilfried Becker},
title = {Effective stress-strain relations for two-dimensional cellular sandwich cores: Homogenization, material models, and properties},
journal = {Applied Mechanics Reviews},
year = {2002},
volume = {55},
number = {1},
pages = {61},
doi = {10.1115/1.1425394}
}
|
| Holland KM (1966), "Formable honeycomb", US Patent 3227600. |
BibTeX:
@misc{holland1966,
author = {K. M. Holland},
title = {Formable honeycomb},
howpublished = {US Patent 3227600},
year = {1966},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3227600.html}
}
|
| Horn BKP (1983), "The Curve of Least Energy", ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. Vol. 9(4), pp. 441-460. |
| Abstract: The curve which has the smallest integral of the square of curvature while passing through two given points with given orientation is searched for. This is the true shape of a spline used in lofting. In computer-aided design, curves have been sought which maximize "smoothness." The curve discussed is the one arising in this way from a commonly used measure of smoothness. The human visual system may use such a curve when it constructs a subjective contour. |
BibTeX:
@article{horn1983,
author = {B. K. P. Horn},
title = {The Curve of Least Energy},
journal = {ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software},
year = {1983},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {441--460},
doi = {10.1145/356056.356061}
}
|
| Horvay G (1952), "Bending of Honeycombs and of Perforated Plates", AMSE Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 19(1), pp. 122.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@article{horvay1952,
author = {G. Horvay},
title = {Bending of Honeycombs and of Perforated Plates},
journal = {AMSE Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {1952},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {122}
}
|
| Huffman DA (1976), "Curvatures and Creases: A Primer on Paper", IEEE Transactions on Computers. Vol. C-25(10), pp. 1010-1019. |
| Abstract: This paper represents fundamental results about how zero-cruvature (paper) surfaces behave near creases and apices of cones. These entities are natural generalizations of the edges and vertices of piecewise-planar surfaces. Consequently, paper surfaces may furnish a richer and yet still tractable class of surfaces for computer-aided design and computer graphics applications than do polyhedral surfaces. Major portions of this paper are dedicated to exploring issues of curvature definition, convexity, and concavity, and interrelationships amoong angles associated with creases and generalized vertices and the orientations of associated surfaces in their vicinities. An electrial network representation is suggested in which there flow currents that are analogous to curvature components on the surface. |
BibTeX:
@article{huffman1976,
author = {D. A. Huffman},
title = {Curvatures and Creases: A Primer on Paper},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Computers},
year = {1976},
volume = {C-25},
number = {10},
pages = {1010-1019},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=1674542},
doi = {10.1109/TC.1976.1674542}
}
|
| Hughes TJR (2000), "The Final Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis" Dover Publications.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{hughes2000,
author = {Thomas J. R. Hughes},
title = {The Final Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis},
publisher = {Dover Publications},
year = {2000}
}
|
| Huijben F, van Herwijnen null F and Nijsse R (2009), "Vacuumatics 3D-Formwork Systems: Customised Free-Form Solidification", In International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, STRUCTURAL MEMBRANES. |
| Abstract: The form flexibility and adaptability of vacuumatics enables them to be effectively applied as fully flexible and adaptable formwork systems to create geometrically complex shapes and customised surface textures in concrete. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{huijben2009,
author = {F. Huijben and F. van Herwijnen and R. Nijsse},
editor = {E. Oñate and B. Kröplin},
title = {Vacuumatics 3D-Formwork Systems: Customised Free-Form Solidification},
booktitle = {International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, STRUCTURAL MEMBRANES},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Hull RH (1967), "Cellular honeycomb product and method", US Patent 3342666. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hull1967,
author = {R. H. Hull},
title = {Cellular honeycomb product and method},
howpublished = {US Patent 3342666},
year = {1967},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3342666.html}
}
|
| Hull RH (1989), "Formable honeycomb panel", US Patent 4859517. |
| Abstract: A formable honeycomb panel is disclosed that comprises a core layer and two skin panels of sheet material bonded to opposite sides of the core layer. At least one of the skin panels is porous and has an effective stiffness that is substantially less than the stiffness of a solid sheet of material of the same thickness. The stiffness of the porous skin panel is sufficiently low so that bending of the honeycomb panel is accommodated primarily by deformation of the porous skin panel before the core layer collapses or the adhesive bonds between the core layer and the skin panels fail. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hull1989,
author = {R. H. Hull},
title = {Formable honeycomb panel},
howpublished = {US Patent 4859517},
year = {1989},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4859517.html}
}
|
| Hull T (1994), "On the Mathematics of Flat Origamis", Congressus Numerantium. Vol. 100, pp. 215-224.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@article{hull1994,
author = {T. Hull},
title = {On the Mathematics of Flat Origamis},
journal = {Congressus Numerantium},
year = {1994},
volume = {100},
pages = {215--224}
}
|
| Hull T (2002), "The Combinatorics of Flat Folds: A Survey", In Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME). , pp. 29-38. A K Peters. |
| Abstract: We survey results on the foldability of flat origami models. The main topics are the question of when a given crease pattern can fold flat, the combinatorics of mountain and valley creases, and counting how many ways a given crease pattern can be folded. In particular, we explore generalizations of Maekawa’s and Kawasaki’s Theorems, develop a necessary and sufficient condition for a given assignment of mountains and valleys to fold up in a special case of single vertex folds, and describe recursive formulas to enumerate the number of ways that single vertex in a crease pattern can be folded. |
BibTeX:
@incollection{hull2002,
author = {T. Hull},
editor = {T. Hull},
title = {The Combinatorics of Flat Folds: A Survey},
booktitle = {Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME)},
publisher = {A K Peters},
year = {2002},
pages = {29--38},
url = {http://www.merrimack.edu/~thull/papers/flatsurvey.pdf}
}
|
| Hull T (2003), "Counting Mountain-Valley Assignments for Flat Folds", Ars Combinatoria., April, 2003. Vol. LXVII, pp. 175-187. |
| Abstract: We develop a combinatorial model of paperfolding for the purposes of enumeration. A planar embedding of a graph is called a crease pattern if it represents the crease lines needed to fold a piece of paper into something. A flat fold is a crease pattern which lies flat when folded, i.e. can be pressed in a book without crumpling. Given a crease pattern C =(V,E),a mountain-valley (MV) assignment is a function f : E →M,V which indicates which crease lines are convex and which are concave, respectively. A MV assignment is valid if it doesn’t force the paper to self-intersect when folded. We examine the problem of counting the number of valid MV assignments for a given crease pattern. In particular we develop recursive functions that count the number of valid MV assignments for flat vertex folds, crease patterns with only one vertex in the interior of the paper. We also provide examples, especially those of Justin, that illustrate the difficulty of the general multivertex case. |
BibTeX:
@article{hull2003,
author = {T. Hull},
title = {Counting Mountain-Valley Assignments for Flat Folds},
journal = {Ars Combinatoria},
year = {2003},
volume = {LXVII},
pages = {175-187},
url = {http://www.merrimack.edu/~thull/papers/countingfolds.pdf}
}
|
| Hull T (2010), "Maekawa and Kawasaki Revisited and Extended", Lecture Notes. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hull2010,
author = {Thomas Hull},
title = {Maekawa and Kawasaki Revisited and Extended},
howpublished = {Lecture Notes},
year = {2010},
url = {http://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.849/fall10/lectures/}
}
|
| Hulsey WJ (1967), "Cellular structure", US Patent 3340023. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hulsey1967,
author = {W. J. Hulsey},
title = {Cellular structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3340023},
year = {1967},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3340023.html}
}
|
| Hunt GW and Ario I (2005), "Twist buckling and the foldable cylinder: an exercise in origami", International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics. Vol. 40(6), pp. 833-843. |
| Abstract: Basic mechanisms for the buckling of a thin cylindrical shell under torsional loading are reviewed from a post-buckling perspective. Deflections are considered so far into the large-deflection range that the shell is allowed to fold to a flat two-dimensional form, in a mechanism reminiscent of a deployable structure. Critical and initial post-buckling effects are explored through concepts of energy minimization and hidden symmetries. For comparisons with the final large-deflection folded shape, a truss element program is employed. It is shown that, as buckling develops, the mode shape must change to accommodate both the symmetry-breaking aspects of the predominately inwards deflection, and the rotation of peak and valley lines of the buckle pattern necessary to accommodate the geometry of the final folded shape. |
BibTeX:
@article{hunt2005,
author = {Giles W. Hunt and Ichiro Ario},
title = {Twist buckling and the foldable cylinder: an exercise in origami},
journal = {International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics},
year = {2005},
volume = {40},
number = {6},
pages = {833-843},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2004.08.011}
}
|
| Iatrou C (1994), "A structure and methods of forming same", WO Patent WO9413910. |
| Abstract: A structure formed from a sheet of a material (25), the sheet being generally rectilinear in shape, and wherein the sheet comprises a plurality of folds (5, 7) so as to enable it to be expanded or compressed in a linear direction between its mutually opposite ends (9, 11) and wherein, when in an expanded position, the sheet (25) co-operates with an underlying surface so as to form a self-supporting enclosure having an opening generally in the region underlying each of its said mutually opposite ends, and wherein the sheet may be compressed linearly between its said mutually opposite ends (9, 11) so as to form a compact article. |
BibTeX:
@misc{iatrou1994,
author = {C. Iatrou},
title = {A structure and methods of forming same},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO9413910},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Ichikawa H (1987), "Reinforced Composite Corrugated Body and Manufacture thereof", JP Patent 62152736.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{ichikawa1987,
author = {H. Ichikawa},
title = {Reinforced Composite Corrugated Body and Manufacture thereof},
howpublished = {JP Patent 62152736},
year = {1987}
}
|
| Ichikawa H (1995), "Method of production of reinforced composite corrugated body and method of formation of corrugating rollers for use therein", US Patent 5443779. |
| Abstract: The strength and workability of a reinforced composite corrugated body are improved. A corrugated body is produced such that corrugate lines provided with vertically spaced ridges and grooves formed alternately in a sheet material are formed in a smooth meandering waveform in a horizontal direction. The corrugate lines are formed by corrugating rollers to have a substantial amplitude ratio H/L higher than or equal to 0.4 but lower than or equal to 1.4, a substantial meandering ratio D/N lower than or equal to 0.35, a substantial meandering overlapping ratio higher than or equal to 0.5 and a width narrowing ratio i in the advancing direction of the corrugate lines lower than or equal to 8% plus a stretch strain ratio of the sheet material. Sectional shapes of crest and bottom portions of the corrugate lines are formed to be curved or chamfered with a small width. A flat liner is adhered to at least one of the opposite faces of the resultant corrugated body. |
BibTeX:
@misc{ichikawa1995,
author = {H. Ichikawa},
title = {Method of production of reinforced composite corrugated body and method of formation of corrugating rollers for use therein},
howpublished = {US Patent 5443779},
year = {1995},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5443779.html}
}
|
| Iffland JSB (1979), "Folded Plate Structures", ASCE Journal of the Structural Division. Vol. 105(1), pp. 111-123.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@article{iffland1979,
author = {Jerome S. B. Iffland},
title = {Folded Plate Structures},
journal = {ASCE Journal of the Structural Division},
year = {1979},
volume = {105},
number = {1},
pages = {111--123}
}
|
| Igusa T (1993), "Critical Configurations Of Systems Subjected To Wide-Band Input", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 168(3), pp. 525-541. |
BibTeX:
@article{igusa1993,
author = {T. Igusa},
title = {Critical Configurations Of Systems Subjected To Wide-Band Input},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {1993},
volume = {168},
number = {3},
pages = {525-541},
doi = {10.1006/jsvi.1993.1389}
}
|
| InteSpring (2011), "", Company website. Last retrieved on 30 August 2011. |
BibTeX:
@misc{intespring2011,
author = {InteSpring},
howpublished = {Company website. Last retrieved on 30 August 2011},
year = {2011},
note = {http://www.intespring.nl/},
url = {http://www.intespring.nl/news/start-of-the-xarm-project?lang=en}
}
|
| Iqbal K and Pellegrino S (2000), "Bi-stable composite shells", In Proc. 41st AIAAASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@conference{iqbal2000,
author = {K. Iqbal and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Bi-stable composite shells},
booktitle = {Proc. 41st AIAAASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference},
year = {2000}
}
|
| Ishinabe M, Nishimura Y, Imazu K, Kobayashi S and Matsubayashi H (1992), "Packing can", US Patent 5100017. |
| Abstract: Disclosed is a packing can having a circumferential polyhedral wall formed on a can barrel, in which as compared with boundary ridgelines of structural unit faces of the polyhedral wall and crossing points of these boundary ridgelines, the structural unit faces are convex to the interior of the can and the structural unit faces are arranged so that adjacent rows of structural unit faces have a phase difference in the axial direction of the can. This packing can has a very high strength against deformation by application of the external pressure. Furthermore, in preparing this packing can, damage of a coating layer formed on a metal sheet used as the can barrel blank can be effectively prevented. |
BibTeX:
@misc{ishinabe1992,
author = {M. Ishinabe and Y. Nishimura and K. Imazu and S. Kobayashi and H. Matsubayashi},
title = {Packing can},
howpublished = {US Patent 5100017},
year = {1992},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5100017.html}
}
|
| Jackson LR (1964), "Insulating Structure", US Patent 3151712. |
BibTeX:
@misc{jackson1964,
author = {L. R. Jackson},
title = {Insulating Structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3151712},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3151712.html}
}
|
| Jackson WT (1976), "Flexible honeycomb structure", US Patent 3991245. |
| Abstract: A flexible honeycomb structure formable into a non-planar contour comprising a cellular web of thin sheet material is disclosed. The cells in the web each have a cross section comprising three substantially congruent segments equally angularly disposed about a common center. Each such segment includes a non-linear portion intermediate to its ends, and is preferably in the shape of four contiguous sides of a hexagonal configuration for easy nesting of the cells. The present invention also provides alternate methods for forming the flexible honeycomb structure. |
BibTeX:
@misc{jackson1976,
author = {W. T. Jackson},
title = {Flexible honeycomb structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3991245},
year = {1976},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3991245.html}
}
|
| Jaruzel K (1996), "Formwork for surfaces varying in curvature", US Patent 5492303. |
| Abstract: Formwork for surfaces varying in curvature has a face sheet adjustable with respect to its curvature, girders supporting the face sheet and applied to the girders, in spaced relationship to the face sheet, there is a boom system which is composed of individual boom members bridging the girders and is suitably attached to the girders at the outsides thereof averted from the face sheet. Adjustment of the curvature of the face sheet is carried out by altering the effective length of the boom members between the girders. The mutually opposed formwork elements are adapted to be braced together by means of formwork anchor ties. A crosspiece in the form of a boom member is applied to a formwork element at at least two girders and simultaneously serves as an abutment for the formwork anchor tie, the latter therefore being arranged between and having its reaction forces transferred to the two girders. The crosspiece is likewise changeable in its effective length by its fastening location being adjustable in the longitudinal direction in which the crosspiece extends and transversely to the orientation of the girder, so that the crosspiece is available as an adjustable boom member in altering the curvature of the face sheet, as well as sustaining the tension forces. |
BibTeX:
@misc{jaruzel1996,
author = {Jaruzel, Kurt},
title = {Formwork for surfaces varying in curvature},
howpublished = {US Patent 5492303},
year = {1996},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5492303.html}
}
|
| Jensen F and Pellegrino S (2005), "Expandable 'BLOB' Structures", Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures. Vol. 46(149), pp. 151-158. |
| Abstract: This paper presents a methodology for designing single-degree-of-freedom expandable “free-form” structures composed of rigid blocks connected through simple cylindrical joints. The underlying idea is to interconnect two or more individually expandable plate structures. Using a two-dimensionally expanding sphere as a first example, the conditions that must be satisfied to preserve the internal mobility when connecting identical expandable plate structures are explained. These conditions are then extended to plate structures that are not identical and it is shown that a wide range of expandable free-form or “blob” structures can be designed through this approach. |
BibTeX:
@article{jensen2005,
author = {F. Jensen and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Expandable 'BLOB' Structures},
journal = {Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures},
year = {2005},
volume = {46},
number = {149},
pages = {151-158}
}
|
| Johnson W and Yu TX (1980), "The angle of fold and the plastic work done in the folding of developable flat sheets of metal", Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. Vol. 22(5), pp. 233-241. |
| Abstract: Under the condition of inextensibility, an initially flat sheet of metal can be folded along straight lines or a curved line to produce various surfaces. The angle of fold and the plastic work done in folding along a line are examined for a series of cases, such as folding-up into a prism and a frustrum, folding on a cylinder along a circular arc, and more generally, folding on a developed surface along an arbitrary curved line. Some numerical results are given. |
BibTeX:
@article{johnson1980,
author = {W. Johnson and T. X. Yu},
title = {The angle of fold and the plastic work done in the folding of developable flat sheets of metal},
journal = {Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science},
year = {1980},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {233--241},
doi = {10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1980_022_045_02}
}
|
| Joshi SP and Cowan DL (2007), "Transformable skin", US Patent Application 20070138341. |
| Abstract: A transformable skin. The transformable skin includes a first mechanism for enabling a first type of deformation of the skin. A second mechanism resists a second type of deformation that is different than the first type of deformation in direction or form. In a more specific embodiment, the first mechanism and the second mechanism are interconnected. The first type of deformation is strain deformation along a first path that is inline with a first axis of the skin. In the specific embodiment, the second type of deformation includes shear deformation and strain deformation that is inline with a second axis that is approximately perpendicular to the first axis. The first mechanism includes a plural partially planar spring structures arranged parallel to each other. The plural partially planar spring structures are resistant to bending and are interconnected via rigid connecting structures. The spring structures are partially planar, and the connecting structures are covered with an elastomeric material. |
BibTeX:
@misc{yoshi2007,
author = {S. P. Joshi and D. L. Cowan},
title = {Transformable skin},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20070138341},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2007/0138341.html}
}
|
| Ju J and Summers JD (2011), "Compliant hexagonal periodic lattice structures having both high shear strength and high shear strain", Materials & Design. Vol. 32(2), pp. 512 - 524. |
| Abstract: Cellular structures having negative Poisson's ratios can be designed to have high shear flexure properties. In this paper, the elastic limits of hexagonal honeycombs including the ones having negative Poisson's ratios (NPR) are explored with various cell geometries under simple shear loading. While designing a shear modulus, e.g., of 10 MPa, of hexagonal honeycombs, corresponding meso-structures are designed with three constituent materials; an aluminum alloy (7075-T6), a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), and a high strength steel (ANSI 4340). The in-plane linear elastic honeycomb model is employed to achieve the shear moduli of the hexagonal honeycombs made of the three constituent materials. The shear strengths, ()12 and shear yield strains, ()12 of hexagonal honeycombs are obtained from finite element analysis using ABAQUS. The titanium alloy honeycombs show a good shear flexure property having both high ()12 and ()12 when it is designed to the target . The re-entrant geometry makes honeycombs flexible associated with a high effective bending length. |
BibTeX:
@article{ju2011,
author = {Jaehyung Ju and Joshua D. Summers},
title = {Compliant hexagonal periodic lattice structures having both high shear strength and high shear strain},
journal = {Materials & Design},
year = {2011},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {512 - 524},
doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2010.08.029}
}
|
| Jung E, Schirdewan J and Gernhardt C (1989), "Schalung für grossformatige gekrümmte Stahlbetonfertigteile", DE Patent DE8815339. |
BibTeX:
@misc{jung1989,
author = {E. Jung and J. Schirdewan and C. Gernhardt},
title = {Schalung für grossformatige gekrümmte Stahlbetonfertigteile},
howpublished = {DE Patent DE8815339},
year = {1989},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19890323&CC=DE&NR=8815339U1&KC=U1}
}
|
| Junkers H (1920), "Corrugated sheet metal", US Patent 1517633. |
BibTeX:
@misc{junkers1920,
author = {Hugo Junkers},
title = {Corrugated sheet metal},
howpublished = {US Patent 1517633},
year = {1920},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1517633.html}
}
|
| Junkers H (1929), "Corrugated sheet-metal shape", US Patent US1704326. |
BibTeX:
@misc{junkers1929,
author = {Hugo Junkers},
title = {Corrugated sheet-metal shape},
howpublished = {US Patent US1704326},
year = {1929},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1704326.html}
}
|
| Justin J (1994), "Towards a Mathematical Theory of Origami", In Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{justin1994,
author = {J. Justin},
editor = {Koryo Miura},
title = {Towards a Mathematical Theory of Origami},
booktitle = {Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Künstler A and Trautz M (2011), "Wandelbare Faltungen aus biegesteifen Faltelementen (Transl: Deployable folding patterns using stiff plate elements)", Bautechnik. Vol. 88(2), pp. 86-93. |
| Abstract: Deployable folding patterns unify the structural advances of folded plate systems with the deployability of the whole structure. The essential requirement for the structural usability is the load bearing capacity of the plate elements and therefore its bending stiffness resulting in bending resistant materials of finite thickness. Therefore only the flexible connection between the plate elements must induce the movability. The degree of freedom of the connections is determined by the matter and configuration of the folding pattern and the dimensions of the folding elements. In the following the most important aspects of typical interrelated dependencies within kinetics, structure, folding systems and construction regarding deployable folding patterns will be described. |
BibTeX:
@article{kuenstler2011,
author = {A. Künstler and M. Trautz},
title = {Wandelbare Faltungen aus biegesteifen Faltelementen (Transl: Deployable folding patterns using stiff plate elements)},
journal = {Bautechnik},
year = {2011},
volume = {88},
number = {2},
pages = {86-93},
doi = {10.1002/bate.201110008}
}
|
| Kalpakjian S and Schmid SR (2009), "Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials" Prentice Hall.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{kalpakjian2009,
author = {S. Kalpakjian and S. R. Schmid},
title = {Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials},
publisher = {Prentice Hall},
year = {2009},
edition = {5th}
}
|
| Kane NR (2000), "Mathematically optimized family of ultra low distortion bellow fold patterns", US Patent 6054194. |
| Abstract: An improved mathematically modeled family of bellow fold patterns, useful for making bellows from stiff but foldable materials, which forms a corner of a bellow consisting of a series of several single inversion fold patterns, each having a characteristic design angle which is mathematically computed to provide a desired initial wall angle for the bellow and to minimize wall tilting over a predetermined extension angle range, thereby allowing low cost bellows to be made which can extend long distances while using a minimal amount of stiff but foldable material. In addition, each characteristic design angle can be computed to provide exactly zero tilting of the bellow walls at one or more non-zero extension lengths specified by a designer, thus allowing, unlike all other prior art folds, a structurally stiff, long extending bellow to be formed in an extended state using fast production techniques such as vacuum forming, blow molding or injection molding, while also allowing the bellow to be free of distortion in the compressed state. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kane2000,
author = {N. R. Kane},
title = {Mathematically optimized family of ultra low distortion bellow fold patterns},
howpublished = {US Patent 6054194},
year = {2000},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6054194.html}
}
|
| Kangwai RD and Guest SD (1999), "Detection of finite mechanisms in symmetric structures", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 36(36), pp. 5507-5527. |
| Abstract: Using group representation theory, it is possible to block-diagonalise the equilibrium matrix of a symmetric structure. This analysis can identify the symmetry properties of any states of self-stress or mechanisms present in the structure. This paper will show that in some cases, this linear analysis, combined with symmetry arguments, can show that particular mechanisms of a symmetric structure must be finite. |
BibTeX:
@article{kangwai1999b,
author = {R. D. Kangwai and S. D. Guest},
title = {Detection of finite mechanisms in symmetric structures},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {1999},
volume = {36},
number = {36},
pages = {5507-5527},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7683(98)00234-0}
}
|
| Kangwai RD and Guest SD (2000), "Symmetry-adapted equilibrium matrices", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 37(11), pp. 1525-1548. |
| Abstract: A number of authors have previously used group representation theory to block-diagonalise the stiffness matrix of a symmetric structure. This paper describes how similar techniques can be used to block-diagonalise the equilibrium matrix of a symmetric structure. This is shown to provide useful insight into the static and kinematic response of such systems. In particular, it simplifies finding and classifying states of self-stress and mechanisms, as well as reducing the computational effort required for a Force Method analysis. |
BibTeX:
@article{kangwai2000,
author = {R. D Kangwai and S. D. Guest},
title = {Symmetry-adapted equilibrium matrices},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2000},
volume = {37},
number = {11},
pages = {1525-1548},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7683(98)00318-7}
}
|
| Kangwai RD, Guest SD and Pellegrino S (1999), "An introduction to the analysis of symmetric structures", Computers & Structures. Vol. 71(6), pp. 671-688. |
| Abstract: This paper aims to review and explain the techniques used to analyse symmetric structures subject to a general loading. After an extensive review of previous work in this field, the paper introduces the most general way of describing the full symmetry properties of a structure, based on group representation theory, and shows how this approach can be used to systematically simplify a structural analysis. A technique which is better known to structural engineers, known as the Fourier method, is also presented, but it is shown that this method is a special case of the group representation theory method. For both methods the techniques that are used to block-diagonalize the full stiffness matrix of a structure are presented, and it is also shown that substructuring techniques can be used so that the full stiffness matrix never needs to be generated. |
BibTeX:
@article{kangwai1999,
author = {R. D. Kangwai and S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {An introduction to the analysis of symmetric structures},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1999},
volume = {71},
number = {6},
pages = {671-688},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00234-X}
}
|
| Kawasaki T (1994), "R($)=$I$", In Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{kawasaki1994,
author = {Toshikazu Kawasaki},
editor = {Koryo Miura},
title = {R($)=$I$},
booktitle = {Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Kawasaki T and Yoshida M (1988), "Crystallographic flat origamis", Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University. Series A, Mathematics. Vol. 42(2), pp. 153-157. |
| Abstract: Origami is an art of paper-foldings. From a sheat of paper, they produce a bird, and animal a plane, a ship and etc. Origami is transmitted (especially in Japan) as a popular amusement, a traditional art and as a method of mathematical education. In recent years there are several mathematical studies on origami. In order to develop the mathematical theory further, the authors think that it is necessary to give a firm backgroud to origami. To begin with, we give in this paper a rigorous (and at the same time practical) definition of flat origamis and their foldings, where a flat origami is an origami of which finished work is flat. Since origamis which are invariant under some group actions are of special interest, we study their properties. We also give some examples of flat origamis with high symmetricity which are called crystallographic flat origamis. |
BibTeX:
@article{kawasaki1988,
author = {Toshikazu Kawasaki and Masaaki Yoshida},
title = {Crystallographic flat origamis},
journal = {Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University. Series A, Mathematics},
year = {1988},
volume = {42},
number = {2},
pages = {153-157},
doi = {10.2206/kyushumfs.42.153}
}
|
| Kayumov RA, Zakirov IM, Alekseev KP, Alekseev KA and Zinnurov RA (2007), "Determination of load-carrying capacity in panels with chevron-type cores", Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). Vol. 50(4), pp. 357-361. |
| Abstract: In this paper, the problem on creation of a mathematical model describing the behavior of a sandwich panel with chevron-type cores is considered. The model is meant for calculating the ultimate shearing compressive loads and its parameters are determined by the identification methods on the basis of experimental data. |
BibTeX:
@article{kayumov2007,
author = {R. A. Kayumov and I. M. Zakirov and K. P. Alekseev and K. A. Alekseev and R. A. Zinnurov},
title = {Determination of load-carrying capacity in panels with chevron-type cores},
journal = {Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)},
year = {2007},
volume = {50},
number = {4},
pages = {357-361},
doi = {10.3103/S1068799807040022}
}
|
| Kebadze E, Guest SD and Pellegrino S (2004), "Bistable prestressed shell structures", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 41(11-12), pp. 2801-2820. |
| Abstract: The paper investigates a cylindrical shell which has two stable configurations, due to a particular distribution of residual stresses induced by plastic bending. The basic mechanics of the bistability are explained, along with details of the plastic forming. A comprehensive analytical model is developed which predicts the residual stress distribution and bistable configurations of the shell. Good correlation has been found between experimental results and predictions from this model. |
BibTeX:
@article{kebadze2004,
author = {E. Kebadze and S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Bistable prestressed shell structures},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2004},
volume = {41},
number = {11-12},
pages = {2801-2820},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.01.028}
}
|
| Kehrle R (2005), "Method and apparatus for producing a composite structural panel with a folded material core", US Patent 6913570. |
| Abstract: A folded core structure is produced by embossing fold lines into a flat planar material web, initiating folds along the fold lines on the upper and lower surfaces of the material web, proceeding with the formation of the folds along the fold lines to deform the material web from its two-dimensional starting configuration to a three-dimensional folded configuration, and post-processing the folded material web to stabilize or fix the folded configuration thereof. A composite structural panel is produced by bonding a cover layer onto at least one surface of the folded core structure. An apparatus preferably includes embossing or creasing rolls to form the fold lines in the material web, air nozzles or folding rolls to initiate the folding process, bristle brush rolls to complete the folding process, and further folding rolls to enhance and fix the folded configuration, optionally in connection with heating, cooling, applying a coating onto, or impregnating a resin or binder into the material web. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kehrle2005,
author = {Rainer Kehrle},
title = {Method and apparatus for producing a composite structural panel with a folded material core},
howpublished = {US Patent 6913570},
year = {2005},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6913570.html}
}
|
| Keith DG (1977), "Cuspated sheet forming", US Patent 4025599. |
| Abstract: A continuous process of forming a sheet of thermoplastic material by sequentially pressing against one face of the hot sheet of material the cold tips of projections set in and extending normally from a first series of separately moveable combs and sequentially pressing against the second face of the material the cold tips of projections set in and extending normally from a second series of separately moveable combs so that the projections of the first series of combs interpenetrate with the projections of the second series of combs in such a manner that the projections of the first series are spaced from the projections of the second series by a distance greater than the thickness of the sheet; and the interpenetrated projections are substantially parallel during the act of interpenetration; and wherein the interpenetrated combs are moved along at the speed of the sheet until the sheet is set and the combs are then removed and recycled. |
BibTeX:
@misc{keith1977,
author = {Donald George Keith},
title = {Cuspated sheet forming},
howpublished = {US Patent 4025599},
year = {1977},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4025599.html}
}
|
| Kempe AB (1877), "How to draw a straight line; a lecture on linkages" London: Macmillan and Co.. |
BibTeX:
@book{kempe1877,
author = {Alfred Bray Kempe},
title = {How to draw a straight line; a lecture on linkages},
publisher = {London: Macmillan and Co.},
year = {1877},
url = {http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=math;idno=kemp009}
}
|
| Kergosien Y, Gotoda H and Kunii TL (1994), "Bending and creasing virtual paper", Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE. Vol. 14(1), pp. 40 - 48. |
| Abstract: We developed a mathematical model to simulate the bending and creasing behavior of paper-like sheets. This model permits interactive deformation of a surface remaining isometric to a plane rectangular sheet. It exhibits some important characteristics of paper behavior, such as the appearance of creases for some shapes of the boundary. Accurately simulating the detailed behavior of paper creases would involve several complex tasks, like employing mechanical shell modeling with possible boundary layer phenomena and studying the dynamics of buckling, or considering paper's plasticity. We do not discuss these difficult problems, instead simply analyzing the creasing phenomenon as a transition between two kinds of applicable surfaces |
BibTeX:
@article{kergosien1994,
author = {Y.L. Kergosien and H. Gotoda and T. L. Kunii},
title = {Bending and creasing virtual paper},
journal = {Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE},
year = {1994},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {40 - 48},
doi = {10.1109/38.250917}
}
|
| Khaliulin V, Dvoeglazov I and Inkin V (2002), "Isometric forming of relief plates using vacuum energy", Kuznechno-Shtampovochnoe Proizvodstvo (Obrabotka Metallov Davleniem). (1), pp. 17-24. |
| Abstract: New flow sheet, tool and equipment are created to manufacture the structures with the great depth of relief profile without material stretching. The thin-walled relief components are manufactured by isometric transformation of surface due to simultaneous bending along all marking lines of blank. The process is being executed with the help of transformable shape-forming unit using a vacuum energy. The formulas are given for computing the controlling sizes and tuning parameters of tool. An efficiency of proposed technology and equipment is supported by manufacturing 12Kh17N9M steel curvilinear component with the zeta-corrugated sheet structure. |
BibTeX:
@article{khaliulin2002,
author = {Khaliulin, V.I. and Dvoeglazov, I.V. and Inkin, V.A.},
title = {Isometric forming of relief plates using vacuum energy},
journal = {Kuznechno-Shtampovochnoe Proizvodstvo (Obrabotka Metallov Davleniem)},
year = {2002},
number = {1},
pages = {17-24}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI (2005), "A Technique for Synthesizing the Structures of Folded Cores of Sandwich Panels", Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). Vol. 48(1), pp. 7-12. |
| Abstract: We suggest a technique for synthesizing the light folded cores for aircraft structures, determine and systematize the variants of possible local transformations of base structures that make it possible to keep the folded structure unchanged and, at the same time, modify its architecture thereby improving its functional properties and adaptability to streamlined production. We establish also the general regularities that draw a distinction between the types of transformations and the geometrical properties of a structure modified and that make it possible to design cores with longitudinal and lateral curvature, well-developed surface of connection with the skin, and local increase in the structure density. Also given are some examples of transformations for a number of different row-arranged folded structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{khaliulin2005d,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin},
title = {A Technique for Synthesizing the Structures of Folded Cores of Sandwich Panels},
journal = {Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)},
year = {2005},
volume = {48},
number = {1},
pages = {7-12}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Batrakov VV (2005), "Technological Schemes of Zigzag Crimp Shaping", Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). Vol. 48(2), pp. 68-73. |
| Abstract: We present an analytical review of technological schemes for shaping folded cores of sandwich panels followed by evaluation of the possibility of their application to hard-sheet composite and hybrid materials taking into account geometric pattern parameters. We offer a classification scheme of methods for manufacturing folded structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{khaliulin2005c,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and V. V. Batrakov},
title = {Technological Schemes of Zigzag Crimp Shaping},
journal = {Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)},
year = {2005},
volume = {48},
number = {2},
pages = {68-73}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI, Batrakov VV, Dvoeglazov I and Menjashkin DG (2007), "Method for making parts with zigzag corrugated structure", Russian Patent RU2303501. |
| Abstract: FIELD: plastic working of metals, possibly manufacture of corrugated constructions with wrinkled structure from thin-sheet material. SUBSTANCE: method comprises steps of feeding continuous blank in the form of linear corrugation to shaping zone; jamming blank for forming in it two jammed zones in the form of mutually spaced saw-tooth lines or saw-tooth belts consisting of rectangular faces; forming on blank zigzag and saw-tooth lines according to marking out lines on development of zigzag corrugated structure. In order to realize it, between jammed zones part portion with zigzag corrugated structure in the form of two-row or three-row belt is formed. Said two-row belt includes two belts with faces in the form of parallelogram. Three-row belt includes two belts with faces in the form of parallelogram and arranged between them mean belt with rectangular faces.; At jamming, mean belt of three-row belt is shaped in such a way that to provide its profile similar to that of saw-tooth belts but shifted in cross direction. Shifting value is equal to amplitude of zigzag lines of corrugated structure. All operations are cyclically repeated. EFFECT: enlarged manufacturing possibilities of method. |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin2007,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and V. V. Batrakov and I.V. Dvoeglazov and D. G. Menjashkin},
title = {Method for making parts with zigzag corrugated structure},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2303501},
year = {2007}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI, Batravkov VV, Dvoeglazov IV and Menjashkin DG (2005), "Method of manufacture of a relief detail with a zigzag-shaped channeled structure (versions)", Russian Patent RU2264918. |
| Abstract: FIELD: methods of manufacture of the channeled constructions with a buckle structure made out of sheet materials. SUBSTANCE: the invention is pertaining to the methods of manufacture of the channeled constructions with a buckle structure made out of sheet materials. The method includes delivery of a blank in the area of the form-shaping and bending of a sheet blank on zigzag and saw-tooth lines according to the form of the cells of the zigzag structure. Manufacture of a relief detail is conducted a step-by-step in a cyclic mode, using which in the area of the form-shaping mold the combined buckle structure consisting of a zigzag corrugations and a triangular corrugations. Ribs of a triangular corrugation are oriented in a direction of delivery of a blank. A zigzag corrugation is conjugated with a triangular corrugation along the saw-tooth or zigzag lines oriented across a direction of the blank delivery. According to the first version during one cycle a relief detail is shaped, then the zigzag and triangular corrugations of the combined buckle structure are cyclically stretched up to a planar state and the blank is drawn into the area of the form-shaping by the given value for formation of a required length of the relief detail with the zigzag channeled structure. According to the second version to the form-shaping of the combined buckle structure may precede a local weakening of rigidity of the material along the zigzag line of the blank saliences and concaves from the different sides of the blank. The given engineering solution expands technological capabilities of manufacture of relief details. EFFECT: the invention ensures expansion of the technological capabilities of the relief details manufacture. |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin2005b,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and V. V. Batravkov and I. V. Dvoeglazov and D. G. Menjashkin},
title = {Method of manufacture of a relief detail with a zigzag-shaped channeled structure (versions)},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2264918},
year = {2005}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Desjatov V (1996), "Multilayer Panel", CCCP Patent SU1646196. |
| Abstract: Field: light fillers made of corrugated material; manufacture of flying vehicles and other industries. Substance: panel has skins 1 with zigzag filler 2 between them; filler 2 has alternating projections 3 and recesses 4. Triangular grooves 5 are provided at top of each projection 3 and in recess 4 which are filled with composite material 6 possessing adhesive properties. Effect: enhanced strenght and reliablity of panel due to increased area of contact between skins and filler. |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin1996,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and V.E. Desjatov},
title = {Multilayer Panel},
howpublished = {CCCP Patent SU1646196},
year = {1996}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Desyatov VE (1991), "Device for corrugation of sheet material", Soviet Union Patent SU1690903.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin1991,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and V. E. Desyatov},
title = {Device for corrugation of sheet material},
howpublished = {Soviet Union Patent SU1690903},
year = {1991}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Desyatov VE (1993), "Method of making a multilayer panel of curvilinear shape", Soviet Union Patent SU1830326.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin1993,
author = {Khaliulin, V. I. and Desyatov, V. E.},
title = {Method of making a multilayer panel of curvilinear shape},
howpublished = {Soviet Union Patent SU1830326},
year = {1993}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Dvoeglazov IV (1998), "Apparatus for corrugating sheet material", Russian Patent RU2118217. |
| Abstract: FIELD: equipment for corrugating sheet materials by bending, possibly manufacture of light fillers for laminate panels. SUBSTANCE: apparatus includes systems of upper 6 and lower 7 punches. Each system consists of identical flat shaping members in the form of parallelograms jointly connected one with another along their sides and forming corrugated surface. Mutual orientation of upper and lower systems of punches is provided by means of upper and lower stoppers in the form of multiple-link units having flat members 12,11 jointly connected one with another for forming corrugation. Said upper and lower stoppers are connected by means of cylindrical hinges with systems of upper 6 and lower 7 punches respectively. Elastic members 9,10 are secured to surface of said multiple-link units. Drive unit of punch systems is in the form of detachable vacuum-chamber formed by bag of gas-tight material with possibility of sealing said chamber at side of blank feed to working zone between upper and lower punch systems. At process of shaping- vacuumizing said vacuum chamber follows contour of upper 6 and lower 7 punches. Unit for lifting upper punch system is in the form of rectangular frame having cross pieces, cross and longitudinal guides, and it is jointly connected with system by means of sliding units and stationary units. One side of frame may perform reciprocation motion in plane of frame at shaping process according to change of position of front edge of upper punch system relative to table plane. Drive mechanism for lifting upper punch system together with stoppers provides possibility of lifting and rotating frame together with upper punch system relative to axis parallel to one of its sides. EFFECT: enhanced efficiency, high quality of articles, lowered material consumption and reduced price of main units. |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin1998,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and I. V. Dvoeglazov},
title = {Apparatus for corrugating sheet material},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2118217},
year = {1998}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Dvoeglazov IV (2001), "On technological problems of fabrication of relief designs by isometric transformation of thin sheet", Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics. Vol. 18(1), pp. 11-16. |
| Abstract: Some problems connected with production of new light-weight filler type are considered for sandwich layers. Constructively, the filler is the folded structure that can be developed on a plane. This feature makes it possible to produce the filler byisometric transformation of thin sheet through local bending without material stretching. The main difficulty is that the bending must be carried out along all lines of complex-shaped marking-out at a time. The problem of shaping can be solved by use of the original shaping device that can be transformed in operation. The herein-presented technology of production makes it possible to fabricate parts with deep relief using a wide gamut of different materials even as the thin-sheet metal alloys and paper. |
BibTeX:
@article{khaliulin2001,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and I. V. Dvoeglazov},
title = {On technological problems of fabrication of relief designs by isometric transformation of thin sheet},
journal = {Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics},
year = {2001},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {11-16}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI, Dvoeglazov IV, Menjashkin DG and Batrakov VV (2005), "Method of production of a filler with a zigzag corrugated structure", Russian Patent RU2256556. |
| Abstract: FIELD: building industry; aircraft industry; transport mechanical engineering; methods of production of corrugated constructions with a folded structure. SUBSTANCE: the invention is pertaining to the field of the methods of production of corrugated constructions with a folded structure used in the capacity of a filler of multilayered panels. The invention may be used in production of aircrafts, building industry and transport mechanical engineering. The invention provides, that the process of shaping a detail with a zigzag corrugated structure is preceded with a local slackening of a billet rigidity along the marking lines in the areas of a supposed bending by shaping of grooves along the zigzag lines of profile peaks determining a position of the peaks of the structure, and along the cuttings of the saw-type lines determining the peaks along these lines in the structure - on one side of the billet and along the zigzag lines of the pits of the structure - on the opposite side of the billet. On the all points of the lines intersection on the billet marking lines form pits. Slackening of rigidity of the billet may be conducted by a piercing of through holes of a small diameter along all the marking lines. After shaping of grooves and pits the billet may be given a slant relief according to the given zigzag corrugated structure. Then the shaping of the zigzag corrugated structure is realized by an additional pressure of the billet with the produced slant relief up to the structure with the given density of the relief. The method allows to receive with a high accuracy of a filler with the zigzag corrugated structure from the solid-sheet materials. EFFECT: the invention ensures production with a high accuracy of a filler with the zigzag corrugated structure from the solid-sheet materials. |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin2005a,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and I. V. Dvoeglazov and D. G. Menjashkin and V. V. Batrakov},
title = {Method of production of a filler with a zigzag corrugated structure},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2256556},
year = {2005}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Skripkin EA (1997), "Method for making zigzag corrugation (variants) and apparatus for performing the same", Russian Patent RU2100120.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin1997,
author = {Khaliulin, V. I. and E. A. Skripkin},
title = {Method for making zigzag corrugation (variants) and apparatus for performing the same},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2100120},
year = {1997}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI, Zakirov IM, Menjashkin DG and Batratkov VV (2003), "Apparatus for corrugating sheet material", RU Patent RU2205084. |
| Abstract: FIELD: equipment for corrugating sheet materials by bending. SUBSTANCE: apparatus includes housing mounted on base and having upper movable part and stationary lower part; mechanism for lifting upper part; gas- tight cloth. Systems of upper and lower punches are arranged inside housing; each system includes identical flat shaping members in the form of parallelograms jointly connected one with another at their sides. Drive unit of punch systems is in the form of two sealed chambers into which excess pressure may be supplied. Each chamber is formed by means of systems of respective punches joined by means of gas-tight elastic cloth along perimeter with respective part of housing. Cavity between punch systems is communicated with atmosphere and forms shaping zone. EFFECT: enhanced reliability and efficiency, simplified design and enlarged manufacturing possibilities of apparatus |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin2003,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and I. M. Zakirov and D. G. Menjashkin and V. V. Batratkov},
title = {Apparatus for corrugating sheet material},
howpublished = {RU Patent RU2205084},
year = {2003}
}
|
| Kilian M, Flöry S, Chen Z, Mitra NJ, Sheffer A and Pottmann H (2008), "Curved Folding", ACM Transactions on Graphics. Vol. 27(3) |
| Abstract: Fascinating and elegant shapes may be folded from a single planar sheet of material without stretching, tearing or cutting, if one incorporates curved folds into the design. We present an optimizationbased computational framework for design and digital reconstruction of surfaces which can be produced by curved folding. Our work not only contributes to applications in architecture and industrial design, but it also provides a new way to study the complex and largely unexplored phenomena arising in curved folding. |
BibTeX:
@article{kilian2008,
author = {M. Kilian and S. Flöry and Z. Chen and N. J. Mitra and A. Sheffer and H. Pottmann},
title = {Curved Folding},
journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics},
year = {2008},
volume = {27},
number = {3},
note = {to appear},
url = {http://graphics.stanford.edu/~niloy/research/folding/folding_sig_08.html}
}
|
| Kilian M, Flöry S, Chen Z, Mitra NJ, Sheffer A and Pottmann H (2008), "Developable Surfaces with Curved Creases", In Advances in Architectural Geometry. |
| Abstract: Fascinating and elegant shapes may be folded from a single planar sheet of material without stretching, tearing or cutting, if one incorporates curved folds into the design. We present an optimizationbased computational framework for design and digital reconstruction of surfaces which can be produced by curved folding. Our work not only contributes to applications in architecture and industrial design, but it also provides a new way to study the complex and largely unexplored phenomena arising in curved folding. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{kilian2008b,
author = {M. Kilian and S. Flöry and Z. Chen and N. J. Mitra and A. Sheffer and H. Pottmann},
title = {Developable Surfaces with Curved Creases},
booktitle = {Advances in Architectural Geometry},
year = {2008},
note = {to appear},
url = {http://graphics.stanford.edu/~niloy/research/creases/creases_aag_08.html}
}
|
| Kim B and Christensen RM (1999), "Basic two-dimensional core types for sandwich structures", International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. Vol. 42(4), pp. 657-676. |
| Abstract: The mechanical characteristics of three types of core with two-dimensional isotropic patterns – triangular, hexagonal, and starcell – were studied as related to applications in sandwich structures. The Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio were calculated for the three core types in the direction normal to the faces. The compressive buckling strength and shear buckling strength were calculated for the three core types by modeling each cell wall of the core as a plate under compressive or shear load. To verify this model, tests were conducted on scaled specimens to measure the compressive buckling strength of each core. The bending flexibilities of the three cores were also studied. Compliances for the three cores were measured using biaxial flexural tests. Tests were performed on each core type in which the deflection of a circular core sample loaded at its center was measured. The three isotropic core patterns exhibited distinct characteristics. In the direction normal to the faces, all three cores had the same stiffness. However, the triangular core had lower compressive and shear buckling strengths than the other two core types. The starcell core exhibited high flexibility compared to the other cores, indicating a potential for application in curved sandwich structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{kim1999,
author = {Beomkeun Kim and Richard M. Christensen},
title = {Basic two-dimensional core types for sandwich structures},
journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Sciences},
year = {1999},
volume = {42},
number = {4},
pages = {657-676},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7403(99)00028-4}
}
|
| Kintscher M, Kärger L, Wetzel A and Hartung D (2007), "Stiffness and failure behaviour of folded sandwich cores under combined transverse shear and compression", Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 38(5), pp. 1288 - 1295. |
| Abstract: For efficiently simulating the failure behaviour of sandwich structures made of stiff face sheets and a light-weight core, macroscopic material stiffness and strength values are essential. The investigated folded cores are made from Nomex paper coated with epoxy resin. Due to their channel-like structure, folded cores are air ventilated, which can help to reduce the danger of deterioration, which is a big advancement for applications in the aerospace industry. Folded core structures were tested under combined transverse compression and shear in order to get the stiffness values and the failure criterion under a multi-axial stress state. For this purpose a new test device was developed, which allows a simultaneous application of shear and compression loads. The test results are presented and discussed using a nonlinear description of the stiffness and failure behaviour of the folded core structure. Additionally, the results are compared to the stiffness and the failure behaviour of honeycomb cores. |
BibTeX:
@article{kintscher2007,
author = {M. Kintscher and L. Kärger and A. Wetzel and D. Hartung},
title = {Stiffness and failure behaviour of folded sandwich cores under combined transverse shear and compression},
journal = {Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing},
year = {2007},
volume = {38},
number = {5},
pages = {1288 - 1295},
doi = {10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.11.008}
}
|
| Klett Y and Drechsler K (2009), "Cutting Edge Cores: Multifunctional Core Structures", In 2009 DGLR Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress. |
| Abstract: Isometrically folded cellular structures, so-called foldcores, provide an innovative core material for lightweight sandwich structures with advantageous properties. Using the basic rules of origami, these structures are folded from one flat sheet of material without cutting, glueing or stretching of the base material. The isometric folding allows for the use of highgrade materials and very flexible customisation of the core materials. To develop and produce these high-performance MIOs (Modular Isometric Origami), both mathematical design and hardware manufacturing methods have been developed at the Institute of Aircraft Design (IFB). We present typical MIO structures and discuss their properties in relation to well-known core materials and show how foldcore properties can be tailored on multiple levels to satisfy different requirements and include secondary functionality. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{klett2009,
author = {Y. Klett and K. Drechsler},
title = {Cutting Edge Cores: Multifunctional Core Structures},
booktitle = {2009 DGLR Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Klett Y and Drechsler K (2010), "Designing Technical Tessellations", In Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME). CRC Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{klett2010,
author = {Y. Klett and K. Drechsler},
editor = {Patsy Wang-Iverson and R. J. Lang and Mark YIM},
title = {Designing Technical Tessellations},
booktitle = {Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME)},
publisher = {CRC Press},
year = {2010}
}
|
| Klett Y, Drechsler K, Kolax M, Wentzel H and Kehrle R (2007), "Design of multifunctional folded core structures for aerospace sandwich applications", In Proceedings of 1st CEAS European air and space conference. Berlin , pp. 903-908. |
| Abstract: Sandwich constructions offer a high potential in weight and cost reduction compared to other construction methods. Newly developed folded core structures offer a high-performance alternative to conventional cores like foams and honeycombs, while eliminating certain shortcomings of these core types and incorporating secondary functions. Folded cores can be tailored to user needs and specifications including geometry, mechanical, acoustical and other properties. General properties of folded core structures are discussed and possible applications of folded cores in sandwich structures are presented. A variety of possible structures is shown. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{klett2007,
author = {Y. Klett and K. Drechsler and M. Kolax and H. Wentzel and R. Kehrle},
title = {Design of multifunctional folded core structures for aerospace sandwich applications},
booktitle = {Proceedings of 1st CEAS European air and space conference},
year = {2007},
pages = {903--908}
}
|
| Kling DH (2005), "Patterning technology for folded sheet structures", US Patent 6935997. |
| Abstract: The present invention supplies practical procedures, functions or techniques for folding tessellations. Several tessellation crease pattern techniques, and the three-dimensional folded configuration are given. Additionally several new forming processes, including mathematical methods for describing the material flow are disclosed doubly-periodic folding of materials that name the doubly-periodic folded (DPF) surface, including vertices, edges, and facets, at any stage of the folding. This information is necessary for designing tooling and forming equipment, for analyzing strength and deflections of the DPFs under a variety of conditions, for modeling the physical properties of DPF laminations and composite structures, for understanding the acoustic or other wave absorption/diffusion/reflection characteristics, and for analyzing and optimizing the structure of DPFs in any other physical situation. Fundamental methods and procedures for designing and generating DPF materials include ways for defining the tessellation crease patterns, the folding process, and the three-dimensional folded configuration. The ways are mathematically sound in that they can be extended to a theorem/proof format. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kling2005,
author = {Daniel H. Kling},
title = {Patterning technology for folded sheet structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 6935997},
year = {2005},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6935997.html}
}
|
| Kling DH (2007), "Folding Method and Apparatus", US Patent Application 20070273077. |
| Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming patterns on sheet material are disclosed. The method comprises a continuous lateral stretch process for producing zero- or near zero-curvature structures. In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises pre-gathering the sheet material in the lateral direction to form longitudinal corrugated folds and then feeding the corrugated material through one or more sets of oscillating formers, preferably articulating discs, to impart folding in the lateral direction. Optionally, the sheet material may be fed through one or more sets of patterned rollers. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kling2007a,
author = {D. H. Kling},
title = {Folding Method and Apparatus},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20070273077},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20070273077.html}
}
|
| Kling DH (2007), "Folding methods, structures and apparatuses", US Patent Application 20070023987. |
| Abstract: A method for providing folded sheet structures comprising selecting an aspect surface, applying a shaping function to said aspect surface to yield a shaped surface, applying a floating point method to obtain a floated surface, and calculating a corresponding fold pattern on a unfolded sheet. The floating point method can be applied reiteratively to calculate the corresponding fold pattern. Machines for folding multifold structures, laminate structures, and micro- and nano-structures are disclosed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kling2007b,
author = {Daniel H. Kling},
title = {Folding methods, structures and apparatuses},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20070023987},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20070023987.html}
}
|
| Kling DH (1997), "Doubly Periodic Flat Surfaces in Three-Space". Thesis at: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. |
| Abstract: This thesis constructs many of the doubly periodic flat surfaces in three-space that correspond to folding paper periodically along the edges of a tesslation. An embedded flat polyhedral torus in three-space is constructed. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a folding map $f:E^n rightarrow E^n$ with a prescribed singular set. Also, a tool similar to the differential map is introduced to determine the periodicity of compositions. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{kling_thesis_1997,
author = {D. H. Kling},
title = {Doubly Periodic Flat Surfaces in Three-Space},
school = {Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey},
year = {1997},
url = {http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=736804621&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=69356&RQT=309&VName=PQD}
}
|
| Knapp R (1998), "Polyhedrally stiffened cylindrical (PC) pressure hull", US Patent 5711244. |
| Abstract: A structure for a pressure and buckling resisting hull has an undulated shell body with flat, plural, polyhedral faces, shell caps at the ends, and transition sections attaching the shell caps to the shell body. The shell body polyhedral faces may be generally triangular or generally trapezoidal and are truncated triangular in shape for reducing material stress and for increasing buckling resistance. The top-to-base length ratios of the truncated triangular shapes are selected to optimize structural performance so that differences between maximum stress-depth and buckling-depth curves are minimized. Transition sections are conoidal in shape or are formed by portions having alternating flat triangular faces with curved triangular faces. Buckling strength and material stress are reduced or increased by using transition sections which are longer or shorter than the polyhedral faces in the shell body |
BibTeX:
@misc{knapp1998,
author = {R.H. Knapp},
title = {Polyhedrally stiffened cylindrical (PC) pressure hull},
howpublished = {US Patent 5711244},
year = {1998},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5711244.html}
}
|
| Knapp RH (1977), "Pseudo-Cylindrical Shells: a New Concept for Undersea Structures", Transactions of the ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry. Vol. 99(2), pp. 485-492. |
| Abstract: A new structural concept is proposed which offers promising new alternatives to the design ofundersa pressure-resisting structures. This novel geometrical configuration consists of a concave polyhedral cylinder which exhibits stress distributions similar to those in ``true'' cylinders, but exhibits markedly higher elastic buckling resistance. Several undersea applications of this concept are suggested. Geometrical, stress and stability properties have been examined by experimental and finite-element analysis. |
BibTeX:
@article{knapp1977,
author = {R. H. Knapp},
title = {Pseudo-Cylindrical Shells: a New Concept for Undersea Structures},
journal = {Transactions of the ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry},
year = {1977},
volume = {99},
number = {2},
pages = {485--492}
}
|
| Kobayashi H, Daimaruya M and Vincent JFV (1999), "Effect of Crease Interval on Unfolding Manner of Corrugated Tree Leaves", JSME international journal. Series C, Mechanical systems, machine elements and manufacturing. Vol. 42(3), pp. 759-767. |
| Abstract: In this study, the unfolding of corrugated simple leaves such as hornbeam or common alder leaves, was observed. Based on the observation, a series of numerical models with various crease interval ratios, a^* (=a_2 / a_1, a_1:the distance from a valley crease to a crest crease, a_2:the distance from a crest crease to a valley crease) were considered to investigate the effect of a^* on the unfolding manner of corrugated leaves. By using vector analysis and transformation of coordinates with the models, numerical simulatioins for the unfolding of corrugated leaves were performed. A number of characteristic values such as angles between lamina elements and the movements of creases (valley creases run along main veins) were calculated during unfolding. The relationship between a^* and the kinetic energy of leaves during unfolding was also examined. It was found that the difference in unfolding manner between hornbeam and common alder leaves may be caused by the difference in the crease interval ratio in a leaf, a^*, i.e., a^* ≈ 1.0 in hornbeam leaves and a^* ≈ 1.3 in common alder leaves. It can be understood that hornbeam leaves with a relatively small vein diameter could choose a^*=1.0 to reduce the volume of fully folded leaves, while common alder leaves with a large vein diameter had to choose a value of a^*≠1.0 to avoid the increase in local volume due to the overlap of veins. |
BibTeX:
@article{kobayashi1999,
author = {H. Kobayashi and M. Daimaruya and J. F. V. Vincent},
title = {Effect of Crease Interval on Unfolding Manner of Corrugated Tree Leaves},
journal = {JSME international journal. Series C, Mechanical systems, machine elements and manufacturing},
year = {1999},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {759-767},
url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110004156064/en/}
}
|
| Kobayashi H, Kresling B and Vincent JFV (1998), "The geometry of unfolding tree leaves", Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Vol. 265(1391), pp. 147-154. |
| Abstract: Leaves of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and beech (Fagus sylvaticus) were modelled to a first approximation as plane surfaces, with straight parallel folds, using numerical methods. In both species the lateral veins, when the leaves are outstretched, are angled at 30 to 50 degrees from the centre vein. A higher angle allows the leaf to be folded more compactly within the bud, but it takes longer to expand. This may allow the plant to optimize the timing of leaf deployment with ecological and physiological conditions. |
BibTeX:
@article{kobayashi1998,
author = {H. Kobayashi and B. Kresling and J. F. V. Vincent},
title = {The geometry of unfolding tree leaves},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
year = {1998},
volume = {265},
number = {1391},
pages = {147-154},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.1998.0276}
}
|
| Koenigs MW (1951), "Tôle ondulée et ses applications", French Patent 990018. |
BibTeX:
@misc{koenigs1951,
author = {M. W. Koenigs},
title = {Tôle ondulée et ses applications},
howpublished = {French Patent 990018},
year = {1951},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=FR990018&F=0&QPN=FR990018}
}
|
| Kokotsakis A (1933), "Über bewegliche Polyeder", Mathematische Annalen. Vol. 107, pp. 627-647. |
BibTeX:
@article{kokotsakis1933,
author = {Kokotsakis, A.},
title = {Über bewegliche Polyeder},
journal = {Mathematische Annalen},
year = {1933},
volume = {107},
pages = {627-647},
doi = {10.1007/BF01448912}
}
|
| Kolax M and Dolzinski W-D (2009), "Method for producing a core composite with double-sided surface layers", DE102008019070. |
| Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing, planar, simple or doubly folded core composites (1, 23) with at least one folded honeycomb core (4, 19). A hardening and later removable core filler (15, 16) is introduced into the through drainage channels (5, 6) of the folded honeycomb core (4, 19) before application of the initially unhardened surface layers (2, 3, 13, 22) in order to prevent a penetration of the cover layers, (2, 3, 13, 22) into the channels (5, 6) of the folded honeycomb core on the application and/or hardening of the surface layers (2, 3, 13, 22) and to achieve surfaces of the core composite (1, 23) without edges or polygons. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kolax2009,
author = {M. Kolax and W.-D. Dolzinski},
title = {Method for producing a core composite with double-sided surface layers},
howpublished = {DE102008019070},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Kollár L and Nagy KH (2000), "Stiffness Characteristics of Shells with Parabolic Corrugation", Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures. Vol. 41(3), pp. 191-203. |
| Abstract: Corrugated "plane" sheets have an increased bending stiffness perpendicularly to the corrugation and a reduced tensile stiffness parallel to it. If these sheets are curved perpendicularly to the corrugation (“corrugated shells”), then the values of several stiffnesses deviate from those valid for “plane” sheets and, moreover, there is interaction between some stiffnesses in the sense that if external forces cause deformation against one of these stiffnesses, deformations corresponding to other stiffnesses develop as well. In this paper we will develop the flexibility characteristics of shells with parabolic corrugation with the aid of the theory of shell-arches. Inverting the flexibility matrix, the rigidity matrix will be obtained. |
BibTeX:
@article{kollar2000,
author = {L. Kollár and K. H. Nagy},
title = {Stiffness Characteristics of Shells with Parabolic Corrugation},
journal = {Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures},
year = {2000},
volume = {41},
number = {3},
pages = {191-203},
url = {http://www.iass-structures.org/index.cfm/journal.getFile/363.iass134_191_203_mejorado.pdf}
}
|
| Kolozsvary A (1973), "Structural Component and Structures Comprising the same", US Patent 3729876. |
| Abstract: A universal folded plate component for structures, fastening means for joining such components together and structures comprising such components, the components themselves and the fastening means being geometrically designed so that the folded plate components can be connected in precise alignment in either the same or reversed fold position relative to one another to thereby build up structures having all curved configuration, all straight configuration or curved and straight configuration combined and having a variety of different ground plans. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kolozsvary1973,
author = {A. Kolozsvary},
title = {Structural Component and Structures Comprising the same},
howpublished = {US Patent 3729876},
year = {1973},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3729876.html}
}
|
| Kopal R, Clever H and Schweitzer H-W (1983), "Intermediate piece for producing curved shuttering surfaces", DE 3125587. |
| Abstract: In order to produce curved shuttering surfaces, prop-like intermediate pieces are fitted between a lower load-bearing structure and an elastically deformable or flexible shuttering skin, the intermediate pieces being of adjustable length and supporting the shuttering skin on the load-bearing structure accordingly at different distances. By adjusting the length of the individual intermediate pieces, the flexible shuttering skin can be curved in any desired manner, with the result that, for example, cylindrical, spherical, concave or convex shuttering surfaces can be easily produced. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kopal1983,
author = {Rainer Kopal and Harald Clever and Hans-Wilhelm Schweitzer},
title = {Intermediate piece for producing curved shuttering surfaces},
howpublished = {DE 3125587},
year = {1983}
}
|
| Korte AP, Starostin EL and van der Heijden GHM (2011), "Triangular buckling patterns of twisted inextensible strips", Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Vol. 467(2125), pp. 285-303. |
| Abstract: When twisting a strip of paper or acetate under high longitudinal tension, one observes, at some critical load, a buckling of the strip into a regular triangular pattern. Very similar triangular facets have recently been found in solutions to a new set of geometrically exact equations describing the equilibrium shape of thin inextensible elastic strips. Here, we formulate a modified boundary-value problem for these equations and construct post-buckling solutions in good agreement with the observed pattern in twisted strips. We also study the force–extension and moment–twist behaviour of these strips by varying the mode number n of triangular facets and find critical loads with jumps to higher modes. |
BibTeX:
@article{korte2011,
author = {A. P. Korte and E. L. Starostin and G. H. M. van der Heijden},
title = {Triangular buckling patterns of twisted inextensible strips},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A},
year = {2011},
volume = {467},
number = {2125},
pages = {285-303},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.2010.0200}
}
|
| Koschitz D, Demaine ED and Demaine ML (2008), "Curved Crease Origami", In Abstracts from Advances in Architectural Geometry (AAG 2008). Vienna, Austria, September 13–16, 2008. , pp. 29–32. |
| Abstract: Most origami, both practical and mathematical, uses just straight creases. Curved creases, on the other hand, offer a wealth of new design possibilities. While the first curved-crease models date back to the Bauhaus in the 1930s, curved creasing remains relatively underexplored. The principal challenge considered here is to understand what 3D forms result as natural resting state(s) after folding a set of curved creases, with the potential to enable a new category of design. This problem goes beyond the mathematics of developable surfaces to a question of physics: equilibria of an unstretchable surface with uncreased and creased (plastically deformed) portions folding elastically toward desired angles. Two natural approaches for experimenting with this question are computer simulation and building real models. We follow the latter approach, being more interested in how real materials behave and how the resulting structures might be applied in the field of architecture. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{koschitz2008,
author = {Duks Koschitz and Erik D. Demaine and Martin L. Demaine},
title = {Curved Crease Origami},
booktitle = {Abstracts from Advances in Architectural Geometry (AAG 2008)},
year = {2008},
pages = {29–32},
url = {http://erikdemaine.org/papers/CurvedCrease_AAG2008/}
}
|
| Kovacs F (2011), "Extended Truss Theory with Simplex Constraints", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 48(3-4), pp. 472-482. |
| Abstract: This paper traces a way of generalization of the classical truss theory: in addition to the kinematic constraint expressing the distance between two nodes connected by a bar element, other similar constraints involving three and four nodes are introduced. Derived from energy principles, a general tangent stiffness formulation is given. Possible mechanical interpretations as well as problems of pre-stressing are also discussed. |
BibTeX:
@article{kovacs2010,
author = {F. Kovacs},
title = {Extended Truss Theory with Simplex Constraints},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2011},
volume = {48},
number = {3-4},
pages = {472-482},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.10.014}
}
|
| Kresling B (1994), "Folded and unfolded nature", In Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{kresling1994,
author = {Biruta Kresling},
editor = {Koryo Miura},
title = {Folded and unfolded nature},
booktitle = {Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Kressner D (2005), "Numerical Methods for General and Structured Eigenvalue Problems" Vol. 46 Springer Berlin Heidelberg. |
BibTeX:
@book{kressner2005,
author = {D. Kressner},
editor = {Timothy J. Barth and Michael Griebel and David E. Keyes and Risto M. Nieminen and Dirk Roose and Tamar Schlick},
title = {Numerical Methods for General and Structured Eigenvalue Problems},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
year = {2005},
volume = {46},
doi = {10.1007/3-540-28502-4}
}
|
| Krueger TH (1964), "Arched structure", US Patent 3144103. |
BibTeX:
@misc{krueger1964,
author = {T. H. Krueger},
title = {Arched structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3144103},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3144103.html}
}
|
| de Kruijk H (2001), "Folding Hall", NL Patent NL1012457. |
| Abstract: A structure consisting of an assembly of rigid panels having a relatively low weight, which are so connected as to form one or more arches spanning the bottom. An arch consists of flat panels, which are connected together convexly or concavely. The assembly is movable between a flat position and an erected position, in which flat position a flat surface is formed, and in which erected position the structure is formed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kruijk2001,
author = {H. de Kruijk},
title = {Folding Hall},
howpublished = {NL Patent NL1012457},
year = {2001}
}
|
| Kumar P and Pellegrino S (2000), "Computation of kinematic paths and bifurcation points", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 37(46-47), pp. 7003-7027. |
| Abstract: This article deals with the kinematic simulation of movable structures that go through special configurations of kinematic bifurcation, as they move. A series of algorithms are developed for structures that can be modelled using pin-jointed bars and that admit a single-parameter motion. These algorithms are able to detect and locate any bifurcation points that exist along the path of the structure and, at each bifurcation point, can determine all possible motions of the structure. The theory behind the algorithms is explained, and the analysis of a simple example is discussed in detail. Then, a simplified version of the particular problem that had motivated this work, the simulation of the folding and deployment of a thin membrane structure forming a solar sail, is analysed. For the particular cases that are considered, it is found that the entire process is inextensional, but a detailed study of the simulation results shows that in more general cases, it is likely that stretching or wrinkling will occur. |
BibTeX:
@article{kumar2000,
author = {P. Kumar and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Computation of kinematic paths and bifurcation points},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2000},
volume = {37},
number = {46-47},
pages = {7003-7027},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7683(99)00327-3}
}
|
| Kuribayashi K, Tsuchiya K, You Z, Tomus D, Umemoto M, Ito T and Sasaki M (2006), "Self-deployable origami stent grafts as a biomedical application of Ni-rich TiNi shape memory alloy foil", Materials Science and Engineering: A. Vol. 419(1-2), pp. 131-137. |
| Abstract: This paper describes the design, manufacturing and properties of a new type of stent graft, the origami stent graft. Unlike conventional stent grafts which consist of a wire mesh stent and a covering membrane, the new origami stent graft is made from a single foldable foil with hill and valley folds. The Ni-rich titanium/nickel (TiNi) shape memory alloy (SMA) foil made by the newly developed ultrafine laminates method was used in order to produce the stent graft. The pattern of folds on the foil was produced by negative photochemical etching. The deployment of the stent graft is achieved either by SMA effect at the body temperature or by making use of property of superelasticity. A number of prototypes of the stent graft, which are the same size as standard oesophageal and aortal stent grafts, have been produced successfully. It was demonstrated that the stent graft deploy as expected. |
BibTeX:
@article{kuribayashi2006,
author = {Kaori Kuribayashi and Koichi Tsuchiya and Zhong You and Dacian Tomus and Minoru Umemoto and Takahiro Ito and Masahiro Sasaki},
title = {Self-deployable origami stent grafts as a biomedical application of Ni-rich TiNi shape memory alloy foil},
journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A},
year = {2006},
volume = {419},
number = {1-2},
pages = {131-137},
doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2005.12.016}
}
|
| Kuttler J and Sigillito V (1981), "On curve veering", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 75(4), pp. 585-588. |
BibTeX:
@article{kuttler1981,
author = {J.R. Kuttler and V.G. Sigillito},
title = {On curve veering},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {1981},
volume = {75},
number = {4},
pages = {585-588},
doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(81)90448-X}
}
|
| Lakes R (1987), "Foam Structures with a Negative Poisson's Ratio", Science. Vol. 235(4792), pp. 1038 - 1040. |
| Abstract: A novel foam structure is presented, which exhibits a negative Poisson's ratio. Such a material expands laterally when stretched, in contrast to ordinary materials. |
BibTeX:
@article{lakes1987,
author = {R. Lakes},
title = {Foam Structures with a Negative Poisson's Ratio},
journal = {Science},
year = {1987},
volume = {235},
number = {4792},
pages = {1038 - 1040},
doi = {10.1126/science.235.4792.1038}
}
|
| Lakes R (1991), "Deformation Mechanisms in negative Poisson's ratio materials: structural aspects", Journal of Materials Science. Vol. 26(9), pp. 2287-2292. |
| Abstract: Poisson's ratio in materials is governed by the following aspects of the microstructure: the presence of rotational degrees of freedom, non-affine deformation kinematics, or anisotropic structure. Several structural models are examined. The non-affine kinematics are seen to be essential for the production of negative Poisson's ratios for isotropic materials containing central force linkages of positive stiffness. Non-central forces combined with pre-load can also give rise to a negative Poisson's ratio in isotropic materials. A chiral microstructure with non-central force interaction or non-affine deformation can also exhibit a negative Poisson's ratio. Toughness and damage resistance in these materials may be affected by the Poisson's ratio itself, as well as by generalized continuum aspects associated with the microstructure. |
BibTeX:
@article{lakes1991,
author = {R. Lakes},
title = {Deformation Mechanisms in negative Poisson's ratio materials: structural aspects},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science},
year = {1991},
volume = {26},
number = {9},
pages = {2287--2292},
url = {http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/PoissonStruc.html},
doi = {10.1007/BF01130170}
}
|
| Lakes R (1993), "Materials with structural hierarchy", Nature. Vol. 361, pp. 511-515. |
| Abstract: Many natural and man-made materials exhibit structure on more than one length scale; in some materials, the structural elements themselves have structure. This structural hierarchy can play a large part in determining the bulk material properties. Understanding the effects of hierarchical structure can guide the synthesis of new materials with physical properties that are tailored for specific applications. |
BibTeX:
@article{lakes1993,
author = {R. Lakes},
title = {Materials with structural hierarchy},
journal = {Nature},
year = {1993},
volume = {361},
pages = {511--515},
url = {http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/Hierarch93.pdf},
doi = {10.1038/361511a0}
}
|
| Laloux M (1988), "Reusable formwork modules making it possible to form varied architectural shapes", FR2612545. |
| Abstract: The device comprises a metal panel 1 serving as a support for small orientable, preferably hydraulic, jacks 2. The thrusting arm of each jack 2 ends with a small square plate 3, articulated on a ball joint 4. The small plates 3 partially overlap and thus form a surface which contains the material to be cast. The shape of this surface can be varied according to the orientation of each jack 2, according to the length given by each jack to the thrusting arm and according to the inclination of each small plate 3. The jacks 2 and the ball joints 4 carrying the small plates 3 are connected electronically to a computer processing unit 9 which automatically determines and adjusts, for each one, their position in space according to the desired shape. The device according to the invention can be used in particular in architectural applications including curved surfaces or the juxtaposition of plane surfaces such as curved walls, surfaces, skew structures, round columns or columns having facets with bases and capitals, bas-reliefs, cant walls, vaults, staircases, etc |
BibTeX:
@misc{laloux1988,
author = {M. Laloux},
title = {Reusable formwork modules making it possible to form varied architectural shapes},
howpublished = {FR2612545},
year = {1988}
}
|
| Lanczos C (1986), "The Variational Principles of Mechanics" Dover Publications. |
BibTeX:
@book{lanczos1986,
author = {Cornelius Lanczos},
editor = {Fourth},
title = {The Variational Principles of Mechanics},
publisher = {Dover Publications},
year = {1986},
url = {http://store.doverpublications.com/0486650677.html}
}
|
| Lang RJ (2003), "Origami Geometric Constructions", Published on website.. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lang,
author = {R. J. Lang},
title = {Origami Geometric Constructions},
howpublished = {Published on website.},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.langorigami.com/science/hha/hha.php4}
}
|
| Lang RJ (1998), "Treemaker 4.0: A Program for Origami Design", Software Documentation. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lang1998,
author = {Robert J. Lang},
title = {Treemaker 4.0: A Program for Origami Design},
howpublished = {Software Documentation},
year = {1998},
url = {http://www.langorigami.com/science/treemaker/TreeMkr40.pdf}
}
|
| Lang RJ (2003), "Origami Design Secrets: Mathematical Methods for an Ancient Art" AK Peters. |
BibTeX:
@book{lang2003,
author = {Robert J. Lang},
title = {Origami Design Secrets: Mathematical Methods for an Ancient Art},
publisher = {AK Peters},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.akpeters.com/product.asp?ProdCode=1942}
}
|
| Lang RJ (2004), "Origami: Complexity in Creases (Again)", Engineering & Science. Vol. LXVII(1), pp. 8-19. |
BibTeX:
@article{lang2004,
author = {R. J. Lang},
title = {Origami: Complexity in Creases (Again)},
journal = {Engineering & Science},
year = {2004},
volume = {LXVII},
number = {1},
pages = {8--19},
url = {http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/EandS/ESarchive-frame.html}
}
|
| Lebée A and Sab K (2010), "Transverse shear stiffness of a chevron folded core used in sandwich construction", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 47(18-19), pp. 2620 - 2629. |
| Abstract: Using Kelsey et al. (1958) unit load method, upper and lower bounds for the effective transverse shear moduli of a chevron folded core used in sandwich construction are analytically derived and compared to finite element computations. We found that these bounds are generally loose and that in some cases chevron folded cores are 40% stiffer than honeycomb-like cores. |
BibTeX:
@article{lebee2010,
author = {A. Lebée and K. Sab},
title = {Transverse shear stiffness of a chevron folded core used in sandwich construction},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2010},
volume = {47},
number = {18-19},
pages = {2620 - 2629},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.05.024}
}
|
| Leissa AW (1974), "On a curve veering aberration", Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Physik (ZAMP). Vol. 25(1), pp. 99-111. |
| Abstract: In numerous places in the literature of eigenvalue problems of mathematical physics one finds curves which approach each other and suddenly veer away. The author postulates that this ugly behavior may be the result of approximation in the representation of physical reality. In the present paper such behavior is demonstrated to arise from the application of the well-known Ritz-Galerkin method to the classical eigenvalue problem of the free vibration of a rectangular membrane. |
BibTeX:
@article{leissa1974,
author = {Arthur W. Leissa},
title = {On a curve veering aberration},
journal = {Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Physik (ZAMP)},
year = {1974},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {99-111},
doi = {10.1007/BF01602113}
}
|
| Levien RL (2009), "From Spiral to Spline: Optimal Techniques in Interactive Curve Design". Thesis at: University of California, Berkeley. |
| Abstract: A basic technique for designing curved shapes in the plane is interpolating splines. The designer inputs a sequence of control points, and the computer fits a smooth curve that goes through these points. The literature of interpolating splines is rich, much of it based on the mathematical idealization of a thin elastic strip constrained to pass through the points. Until now there is little consensus on which, if any, of these splines is ideal. This thesis explores the properties of an ideal interpolating spline. The most important property is fairness, a property often in tension with locality, meaning that perturbations to the input points do not affect sections of the curve at a distance. The idealized elastic strip has two serious problems. A sequence of co-circular input points results in a curve deviating from a circular arc. For some other inputs, no solution (with finite extent) exists at all. The idealized elastic strip has two properties worth preserving. First, any ideal spline must be extensional, meaning that the insertion of a new point on the curve shouldn’t change its shape. Second, curve segments between any two adjacent control points are drawn from a two-parameter family (and this propety is closely related to good locality properties). A central result of this thesis is that any spline sharing these properties also has the property that all segments between two control points are cut from a single, fixed generating curve. Thus, the problem of choosing an ideal spline is reduced to that of choosing the ideal generating curve. The Euler spiral has excellent all-around properties, and, for some applications, a log-aesthetic curve may be even better. Shapes in applications such as font outlines contain extra features such as corners and transitions between straight lines and smooth curves. Attaching additional constraints to control points expresses these features, and, carefully applied, give the designer a richer palette of curve types. The splines presented in this thesis are entirely practical as well, especially for designing fonts. Sophisticated new numerical techniques compute the splines at interactive speeds, as well as convert to optimized cubic B´ezier representation. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{levien2009,
author = {R. L. Levien},
title = {From Spiral to Spline: Optimal Techniques in Interactive Curve Design},
school = {University of California, Berkeley},
year = {2009},
url = {http://www.levien.com/phd/thesis.pdf}
}
|
| Lijnen G (2007), "Device for making a curved shuttering", EP 1884608. |
| Abstract: Device (1) for making a curved formwork (25), characterised in that it consists of a central part (2) and of coupling means (5) on either side (6) of the central part (2) with which the device (1) can be coupled to the form board (4), whereby a pair of hinged arms (7,8) is provided on either side (6) of the central part (2) which are hinge-mounted to the central part (2) with one far end (9,10) and which are hinge-mounted to a lever (13) with their other far end (11,12), which lever (13) is hinge-mounted to the coupling means (5) concerned, whereby between the above-mentioned levers (13) or hinged arms (7,8) are provided clamping means (17) to move the hinged arms (7, 8) towards each other or away from each other. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lijnen2007,
author = {G. Lijnen},
title = {Device for making a curved shuttering},
howpublished = {EP 1884608},
year = {2007}
}
|
| Lim T-C (2003), "Constitutive relationship of a material with unconventional Poisson's ratio", Journal of Materials Science Letters. Vol. 22(24), pp. 1783-1786. |
BibTeX:
@article{lim2003,
author = {Teik-Cheng Lim},
title = {Constitutive relationship of a material with unconventional Poisson's ratio},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science Letters},
year = {2003},
volume = {22},
number = {24},
pages = {1783--1786},
doi = {10.1023/B:JMSL.0000005420.34383.d8}
}
|
| Lim T-C (2004), "Elastic properties of a Poisson–Shear material", Journal of Materials Science. Vol. 39(15), pp. 4965-4969. |
BibTeX:
@article{lim2004,
author = {Teik-Cheng Lim},
title = {Elastic properties of a Poisson–Shear material},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science},
year = {2004},
volume = {39},
number = {15},
pages = {4965-4969},
doi = {10.1023/B:JMSC.0000035347.69053.af}
}
|
| Lim T-C (2007), "On simultaneous positive and negative Poisson's ratio laminates", Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics. Vol. 244(3), pp. 910 - 918. |
| Abstract: Studies on the mechanical behavior of materials are often performed on the assumption of positive Poisson's ratio except for auxetic materials. Auxetic materials and structures are intriguing systems that exhibit negative Poisson's ratio. Recently some investigation were made on semi-auxetic materials in terms of their directional and positional auxeticity. In this paper we furnish a simple example of a 3-ply laminate consisting of isotropic plies whereby the sign of its effective Poisson's ratio changes when the loading mode changes between pure axial loading and pure bending. In addition, both positive and negative Poisson ratio behaviors do not cancel one another, but are simultaneously manifested when the above-mentioned loading modes are combined. |
BibTeX:
@article{lim2007,
author = {Teik-Cheng Lim},
title = {On simultaneous positive and negative Poisson's ratio laminates},
journal = {Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics},
year = {2007},
volume = {244},
number = {3},
pages = {910 - 918},
doi = {10.1002/pssb.200572710}
}
|
| Lind RJ and Minardi L (2008), "Doubly-curved mesh", WO Patent WO2008137379. |
| Abstract: A doubly-curved mesh is fabricated based on a customized design. In one aspect, a plurality of material-strips are provided. A length is determined for at least one segment of at least one material-strip based on a distance between points on a geodesic line associated with the material-strip. The plurality of material-strips are connected to form a plurality of quadrilaterals defined by four edges. At least one edge of at least one quadrilateral is modified based on the determined length for the at least one segment to form the doubly-curved mesh. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lind2008,
author = {R. J. Lind and L. Minardi},
title = {Doubly-curved mesh},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO2008137379},
year = {2008}
}
|
| Lipowska IV and Von Geldern-Egmond Zu Arcen G (1900), "Metal Bearing Plate", US Patent 662567. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lipowska1900,
author = {I. Von Lipowska and G. Von Geldern-Egmond Zu Arcen},
title = {Metal Bearing Plate},
howpublished = {US Patent 662567},
year = {1900},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/662567.html}
}
|
| Liu Q (2006), "Literature Review: Materials with Negative Poisson's Ratios and Potential Applications to Aerospace and Defence" (DSTO-GD-0472) |
| Abstract: An auxetic material exhibits exceptional features, which are different from a conventional material. That is, the auxetic material gets fatter when it is stretched, or becomes smaller when it is compressed, because it has a negative Poisson’s ratio. This report briefly reviews the latest advances in research work in auxetic materials, structural mechanisms, properties and applications, particularly in aerospace and defence. |
BibTeX:
@techreport{liu2006,
author = {Q. Liu},
title = {Literature Review: Materials with Negative Poisson's Ratios and Potential Applications to Aerospace and Defence},
year = {2006},
number = {DSTO-GD-0472},
url = {http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/4436/1/DSTO-GD-0472.PR.pdf}
}
|
| Liu XL (2002), "Behavior of Derivatives of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in Curve Veering and Mode Localization and their Relation to close Eigenvalues", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 256(3), pp. 551-564. |
| Abstract: The problem to measure the phenomena of eigenvalue curve veering and mode localization is addressed in this paper. The second derivative of an eigenvalue and the first derivative of an eigenvector are taken as the measures, numerically showing curve veering and mode localization. Based on the measurement, close eigenvalues, as a key factor for the occurrence of the phenomena, are defined. Two eigenvalues are considered to be close, if their difference is small enough to cause the occurrence of the phenomena. The curve veering and mode localization can be noted by comparison of the derivatives with a critical value and hence the associated eigenvalues are close. Weakly coupled springs are given as an example. |
BibTeX:
@article{liu2002,
author = {X. L. Liu},
title = {Behavior of Derivatives of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in Curve Veering and Mode Localization and their Relation to close Eigenvalues},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {2002},
volume = {256},
number = {3},
pages = {551--564},
doi = {10.1006/jsvi.2002.5010}
}
|
| Lobkovsky A, Gentges S, Li H, Morse D and Witten TA (1995), "Scaling Properties of Stretching Ridges in a Crumpled Elastic Sheet", Science. Vol. 270(5241), pp. 1482-1485. |
| Abstract: Strong deformation of a sheet of solid material often leads to a crumpled state having sharp points of high curvature. A scaling property governing the crumpled state has been numerically demonstrated by an examination of the ridges joining pairs of sharp points in a range of simple geometries of variable size. As the linear size X increases sufficiently, the deformation energy grows as X1/3 and consists of similar amounts of bending and stretching energy. The deformation energy becomes concentrated in a fraction of the sheet that decreases as X1/3. Despite this concentration, the local strain in the ridge decreases as X2/3. Nearly all the deformation energy in thin, crumpled elastic sheets was found to be concentrated in ridges that obey these scaling laws. |
BibTeX:
@article{lobkovsky1995,
author = {A. Lobkovsky and S. Gentges and H. Li and D. Morse and T. A. Witten},
title = {Scaling Properties of Stretching Ridges in a Crumpled Elastic Sheet},
journal = {Science},
year = {1995},
volume = {270},
number = {5241},
pages = {1482-1485},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2889012},
doi = {10.1126/science.270.5241.1482}
}
|
| Lovell MH (1985), "Collapsible portable building", GB Patent GB2154621. |
| Abstract: The invention consists of a rigid membrane folded in such a form that it collapses flat for transportation and easily unfolds to produce a large strong vaulted structure. These properties enable it to be moved easily. The lifespan of the unit is governed by the membrane material which can be varied to suit the weather conditions and size of unit. The temporary unit can be transformed into a permanent structure by an overlay material. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lovell1985,
author = {M. H. Lovell},
title = {Collapsible portable building},
howpublished = {GB Patent GB2154621},
year = {1985}
}
|
| Lueke JC (1994), "Tension and compression extensible liner for a primary vessel", US Patent 5292027. |
| Abstract: A liner for a primary vessel comprises a plurality of attached, corrugated continuous sheets of membrane-type material. Each sheet has a herringbone pattern of repetitive parallelogram-like elements. Each parallelogram-like element is bounded at its four sides by bends to adjacent parallelogram-like elements, each sheet having minimally developed corrugations. The continuous sheets are therefore supportable by bearing walls of the primary vessel and may follow any deflections of these walls under conditions of structural stress and thermal deformation. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lueke1994,
author = {Joseph C. Lueke},
title = {Tension and compression extensible liner for a primary vessel},
howpublished = {US Patent 5292027},
year = {1994},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5292027.html}
}
|
| Ma J and You Z (2011), "The Origami Crash Box", In Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME). CRC Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{ma2010,
author = {J. Ma and Z. You},
editor = {Patsy Wang-Iverson and Robert J. Lang and Mark YIM},
title = {The Origami Crash Box},
booktitle = {Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME)},
publisher = {CRC Press},
year = {2011}
}
|
| Magid E, null OS and Rivlin E (2007), "A comparison of Gaussian and mean curvature estimation methods on triangular meshes of range image data", Computer Vision and Image Understanding. Vol. 107(3), pp. 139-159. |
| Abstract: Estimating intrinsic geometric properties of a surface from a polygonal mesh obtained from range data is an important stage of numerous algorithms in computer and robot vision, computer graphics, geometric modeling, and industrial and biomedical engineering. This work considers different computational schemes for local estimation of intrinsic curvature geometric properties. Four different algorithms and their modifications were tested on triangular meshes that represent tessellations of synthetic geometric models. The results were compared with the analytically computed values of the Gaussian and mean curvatures of the non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces from which these meshes originated. The algorithms were also tested on range images of geometric objects. The results were compared with the analytic values of the Gaussian and mean curvatures of the scanned geometric objects. This work manifests the best algorithms suited for Gaussian and mean curvature estimation, and shows that different algorithms should be employed to compute the Gaussian and mean curvatures. |
BibTeX:
@article{magid2007,
author = {Evgeni Magid and , Octavian Soldea and Ehud Rivlin},
title = {A comparison of Gaussian and mean curvature estimation methods on triangular meshes of range image data},
journal = {Computer Vision and Image Understanding},
year = {2007},
volume = {107},
number = {3},
pages = {139-159},
doi = {10.1016/j.cviu.2006.09.007}
}
|
| Mahadevan L and Rica S (2005), "Self-Organized Origami", Science., March, 2005. Vol. 307(5716), pp. 1740. |
| Abstract: In origami, form follows the sequential spatial organization of folds. This requires continuous intervention and raises a natural question: Can origami arise through self-organization? We answer this affirmatively by examining the possible physical origin for the Miura-ori leaf-folding patterns that arise naturally in insect wings, leaves, and other laminae-like organelles. In particular, we point out examples where biaxial compression of an elastically supported thin film, such as that due to differential growth, shrinkage, desiccation, or thermal expansion, spontaneously generates these patterns, and we provide a simple theoretical explanation for their occurrence. |
BibTeX:
@article{mahadevan2005,
author = {L. Mahadevan and S. Rica},
title = {Self-Organized Origami},
journal = {Science},
year = {2005},
volume = {307},
number = {5716},
pages = {1740},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/307/5716/1740},
doi = {10.1126/science.1105169}
}
|
| Maier J (1986), "Apparatus for erecting arcuate walls of concrete or the like", US Patent 4619433. |
| Abstract: Apparatus for erection of arcuate walls of poured concrete has one or more deformable sheathings secured to turnable supports which are movably secured to one another by composite girders having alternating rigid variable-length links and fixed-length connectors which are affixed to the supports. The angular positions of the supports are changed by changing the length of the links. Locking devices are provided to hold the links against angular movement relative to the neighboring connectors when the sheathing assumes the desired shape. The locking devices can constitute separable components or they may be permanently mounted on and/or integrated into the links and/or connectors. |
BibTeX:
@misc{maier1986,
author = {J. Maier},
title = {Apparatus for erecting arcuate walls of concrete or the like},
howpublished = {US Patent 4619433},
year = {1986},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4619433.html}
}
|
| Mansfield EH (1989), "The Bending and Stretching of Plates" Cambridge University Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{mansfield1989,
author = {E. H. Mansfield},
title = {The Bending and Stretching of Plates},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
year = {1989},
edition = {Second}
}
|
| Marciniak Z and Duncan JL (1989), "Sheet Metal Forming Developments", In Plasticity and Modern Metal-Forming Technology. , pp. 169-205. Elsevier.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{marciniak1989,
author = {Z. Marciniak and J. L. Duncan},
editor = {T. Z. Blazynski},
title = {Sheet Metal Forming Developments},
booktitle = {Plasticity and Modern Metal-Forming Technology},
publisher = {Elsevier},
year = {1989},
pages = {169--205}
}
|
| Marciniak Z and Duncan JL (1992), "The Mechanics of Sheet Metal Forming" Edward Arnold.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{marciniak1992,
author = {Z. Marciniak and J. L. Duncan},
title = {The Mechanics of Sheet Metal Forming},
publisher = {Edward Arnold},
year = {1992}
}
|
| Marcus JW (1998), "Method for producing a doubly-curved structural part from profiled sheets, and structural part", WO Patent WO9809032. |
| Abstract: Method for producing a doubly curved shell-like structural part, for example a so-called hyparshell roof, by joining at least two profiled sheets each having an imaginary axis of greatest flexural stiffness in the neutral plane of the profiled sheet to one another with their axes of greatest flexural stiffness essentially in one plane at an angle alpha differing from 0 DEG after they have been twisted around an axis of lower flexural stiffness. |
BibTeX:
@misc{marcus1998,
author = {J. W. Marcus},
title = {Method for producing a doubly-curved structural part from profiled sheets, and structural part},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO9809032},
year = {1998}
}
|
| Martins JRRA, Sturdza P and Alonso JJ (2003), "The complex-step derivative approximation", ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. Vol. 29(3), pp. 245 - 262. |
| Abstract: The complex-step derivative approximation and its application to numerical algorithms are presented. Improvements to the basic method are suggested that further increase its accuracy and robustness and unveil the connection to algorithmic differentiation theory. A general procedure for the implementation of the complex-step method is described in detail and a script is developed that automates its implementation. Automatic implementations of the complex-step method for Fortran and C/C++ are presented and compared to existing algorithmic differentiation tools. The complex-step method is tested in two large multidisciplinary solvers and the resulting sensitivities are compared to results given by finite differences. The resulting sensitivities are shown to be as accurate as the analyses. Accuracy, robustness, ease of implementation and maintainability make these complex-step derivative approximation tools very attractive options for sensitivity analysis. |
BibTeX:
@article{martins2003,
author = {Joaquim R. R. A. Martins and Peter Sturdza and Juan J. Alonso},
title = {The complex-step derivative approximation},
journal = {ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software},
year = {2003},
volume = {29},
number = {3},
pages = {245 - 262},
doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/838250.838251}
}
|
| Martínez ML and Félez J (2005), "A constraint solver to define correctly dimensioned and overdimensioned parts", Computer-Aided Design. Vol. 37(13), pp. 1353-1369. |
| Abstract: Creating mechanical parts through conceptual design implies the use of constraints. When developing conceptual design-based CAD programs, two independent modules must be created: on the one hand, the sketcher module, which must define the model's geometrical constraints and interpret the user's intention through a system of rules. On the other, the calculation module which must resolve the final geometry and eventually dimension the mechanical part. This paper presents a new approach to the constraint-based solvers. The proposed approach establishes the complete two-dimensional geometry and constraints of a sketch and relates it with the complete dimensioning of the sketch. The developed methodology gives as result a complete and consistent dimensioning of the sketch following the rules established by a standard like ISO, determining also if the system is over-constrained and detecting the redundant dimensions. The methodology establishes the most suitable dimensioning but, it is also possible to obtain other alternatives of full sets of dimensions. First, the geometric constraints considered are described, and the use of each one justified, together with the numerical methods used to resolve the set of non-linear constraints obtained. A procedure has also been developed for choosing the set of independent constraints of the system, by introducing the priority factor concept, which lets the overriding constraints in the system be decided, and then the algorithms developed for automatically assigning the constraints are presented. Also described are the criteria followed that lead to an automatic generation of dimensions, as well as to equivalent and alternative dimensioning. Finally, a series of examples are presented to show the possibilities of the developed methodology. |
BibTeX:
@article{martinez2005,
author = {M. L Martínez and J. Félez},
title = {A constraint solver to define correctly dimensioned and overdimensioned parts},
journal = {Computer-Aided Design},
year = {2005},
volume = {37},
number = {13},
pages = {1353--1369},
doi = {10.1016/j.cad.2005.01.004}
}
|
| Masters IG and Evans KE (1996), "Models for the elastic deformation of honeycombs", Composite Structures. Vol. 35(4), pp. 403-422. |
| Abstract: A theoretical model has been developed for predicting the elastic constants of honeycombs based on the deformation of the honeycomb cells by flexure, stretching and hinging. This is an extension of earlier work based on flexure alone. The model has been used to derive expressions for the tensile moduli, shear moduli and Poisson's ratios. Examples are given of structures with a negative Poisson's ratio. It is shown how the properties can be tailored by varying the relative magnitudes of the force constants for the different deformation mechanisms. Off-axis elastic constants are also calculated and it is shown how the moduli and Poisson's ratios vary with applied loading direction. Depending on the geometry of the honeycomb the properties may be isotropie (for regular hexagons) or extremely anisotropic. Again, the degree of anisotropy is also affected by the relative magnitude of the force constants for the three deformation mechanisms. |
BibTeX:
@article{masters1996,
author = {I. G. Masters and K. E. Evans},
title = {Models for the elastic deformation of honeycombs},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {1996},
volume = {35},
number = {4},
pages = {403-422},
doi = {10.1016/S0263-8223(96)00054-2}
}
|
| McCallen D and Romstad K (1988), "A continuum model for nonlinear analysis of beam-like lattice structures", Computers and Structures. Vol. 29(2), pp. 177-197. |
| Abstract: A simple equivalent continuum model has been developed for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of beam-like lattice structures. Two important features of the model are the simplicity of the calculation of the continuum properties and the ability of the continuum to accurately predict the behavior of rigid-joint as well as pin-joint lattices. The equivalence of the continuum and lattice is established by requiring the strain energy of the continuum to equal the strain energy of the lattice for a finite set of assumed deformation modes. It is shown that an additional strain energy term not found in classical Timoshenko beam theory must be included in the continuum strain energy function in order to accurately approximate the behavior of rigid-joint frames. A finite element discretization is applied to the continuum to obtain numerical solutions for the continuum model. By comparison with discrete finite element results for the lattice, the accuracy of the continuum methodology is demonstrated for both static and dynamical problems. For the nonlinear problems studied, the continuum solutions were found to require only a small fraction of the CPU time needed for the discrete finite element solutions. |
BibTeX:
@article{mccallen1988,
author = {McCallen, D.B. and Romstad, K.M.},
title = {A continuum model for nonlinear analysis of beam-like lattice structures},
journal = {Computers and Structures},
year = {1988},
volume = {29},
number = {2},
pages = {177-197},
doi = {10.1016/0045-7949(88)90252-0}
}
|
| McCallen DB and Romstad KM (1990), "A continuum model for lattice structures with geometric and material nonlinearities", Computers & Structures. Vol. 37(5), pp. 795-822. |
| Abstract: An equivalent continuum methodology offers an attractive alternative, or supplement, to classical discrete finite element procedures for the analysis of lattice structures. Effective continuum models can lead to reduced order models of lattice structures which are computationally very efficient. A number of continuum models have recently been proposed for analysis of lattice structures including one developed by the authors. The majority of these models have been concerned with linear analysis although some work has been done in the area of geometrical nonlinearities. To the authors' knowledge none of the existing continuum models have been extended to the analysis of lattices with general (i.e. both geometric and material) nonlinearities. The objective of the work reported herein was the development of a continuum model for general nonlinear analysis of lattice structures. The formulation of a continuum procedure for general nonlinear behavior is given. A continuum finite element is derived and a computational algorithm for nonlinear analysis is outlined. A number of applications of the continuum method for classical elasto-plastic material constitutive behavior are presented and compared to discrete finite element solutions. The examples illustrate the potential economy of the continuum finite element analysis vs classical discrete finite element analysis. |
BibTeX:
@article{mccallen1990,
author = {D. B. McCallen and K. M. Romstad},
title = {A continuum model for lattice structures with geometric and material nonlinearities},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1990},
volume = {37},
number = {5},
pages = {795--822},
doi = {10.1016/0045-7949(90)90109-F}
}
|
| McCarthy DJ (1995), "Formable cellular material with synclastic behavior", US Patent 5431980. |
| Abstract: Cellular material formed from a plurality of component strips each comprising alternate ridge portions and groove portions interconnected by step portions, the step portions comprising a first riser, a second riser, and a furrowed step surface. The furrowed step surface has at least one indentation formed therein, preferably two oppositely-directed semicircular indentations. The resulting interconnected array of substantially identical cell units defines a sheet of cellular material exhibiting highly synclastic behavior. In an alternate embodiment, the step portion is replaced by a slope portion having at least one semicircular indentation formed therein. A method of fabrication of the novel cellular material is also provided. |
BibTeX:
@misc{mccarthy1995,
author = {D. J. McCarthy},
title = {Formable cellular material with synclastic behavior},
howpublished = {US Patent 5431980},
year = {1995},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5431980.html}
}
|
| McClelland JS (1961), "Fan-shaped honeycomb and method of making same", US Patent 2973294. |
BibTeX:
@misc{mcclelland1961,
author = {J. S. McClelland},
title = {Fan-shaped honeycomb and method of making same},
howpublished = {US Patent 2973294},
year = {1961},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2973294.html}
}
|
| McKay DM (1984), "Structural systems for panels, boards, shelves, and laminates", UK Patent GB2123874. |
| Abstract: Structures are developed from substantially planar sheets 10 of relatively inflexible material formed with two interdigitating patterns 11 and 12 of preferred bending. One pattern 11 is designed to facilitate bending out of the plane of the sheet on one side of that plane and the other pattern 12 is designed to facilitate bending out of the plane on the other side thereof. Each pattern 11 or 12 comprises a non-linear backbone 13 or 14 of straight lines 17 or 18, joined in end to end relationship, and having a plurality of straight ribs 15 or 16 extending transversely of the backbone. Each rib 15 or 16 has one end juxtaposed with the junction of two lines 17 or 18 in the backbone of its pattern 11 or 12 and the other end in juxtaposition with the junction of two lines 18 or 17, respectively, in the backbone of the other pattern 12 or 11, the patterns being such that no line crosses a line of the same or of the other pattern. The invention is characterised in that the sum of the angle between a rib 15 or 16 and one of the juxtaposed lines 17 or 18 of the backbone 13 or 14 or its pattern 11 or 12 and the angle between the other of those juxtaposed lines 17 or 18 and the rib 16 or 15, respectively, of the other pattern juxtaposed therewith is not equal to 180 DEG |
BibTeX:
@misc{mckay1984,
author = {D. M. McKay},
title = {Structural systems for panels, boards, shelves, and laminates},
howpublished = {UK Patent GB2123874},
year = {1984}
}
|
| Meraghni F, Desrumaux F and Benzeggagh ML (1999), "Mechanical behaviour of cellular core for structural sandwich panels", Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 30(6), pp. 767-779. |
| Abstract: This paper deals with the analysis of the mechanical properties of the core materials for sandwich panels. In this work, the core is firstly a honeycomb and secondly tubular structure. This kind of core materials are extensively used, notably in automotive construction (structural components, load floors...). For this study, three approaches are developed: a finite element analysis, an analytical study and experimental tests. Structural members made up of two stiffs, strong skins separated by a lightweight core (foam, honeycomb, tube...) are known as sandwich panels. The separation of the skins by the core increases the inertia of the sandwich panel, the flexure and shear stiffness. This increase is obtained with a little increase in weight, producing an efficient structure to resist bending and buckling loads. A new analytical method to analyse sandwich panels core will be presented. These approaches (theoretical and experimental) are used to determine elastic properties and ultimate stress. A parameter study is carried out to determine elastic properties as a function of geometrical and mechanical characteristics of basic material. Both theoretical and experimental results are discussed and a good correlation between them is obtained. |
BibTeX:
@article{meraghni1999,
author = {F. Meraghni and F. Desrumaux and M. L. Benzeggagh},
title = {Mechanical behaviour of cellular core for structural sandwich panels},
journal = {Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing},
year = {1999},
volume = {30},
number = {6},
pages = {767-779},
doi = {10.1016/S1359-835X(98)00182-1}
}
|
| Milton GW (1992), "Composite materials with poisson's ratios close to — 1", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. Vol. 40(5), pp. 1105-1137. |
| Abstract: A family of two-dimensional, two-phase, composite materials with hexagonal symmetry is found with Poisson's ratios arbitrarily close to — 1. Letting k*, k1,k2 and μ*,μ1,μ2 denote the bulk and shear moduli of one such composite, stiff inclusion phase and compliant matrix phase, respectively, it is rigorously established that when k1 = K2/r and μ1 = μ2/r there exists a constant c depending only on k2, μ2 and the geometry such that k*/μ* |
BibTeX:
@article{milton1992,
author = {Graeme W. Milton},
title = {Composite materials with poisson's ratios close to — 1},
journal = {Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids},
year = {1992},
volume = {40},
number = {5},
pages = {1105-1137},
doi = {10.1016/0022-5096(92)90063-8}
}
|
| Min CC and Suzuki H (2008), "Geometrical Properties of Paper Spring", In Manufacturing Systems and Technologies for the New Frontier. Tokyo, Japan, May 26–28, 2008. Vol. 4, pp. 159-162. Springer London. |
| Abstract: Recent advances in the research of mathematics and science in origami is rapidly transforming the ancient art of paper folding into a challenging field of study. This paper describes a deployable spring series which is an extension of the original paper spring created by Jeff Beynon. The model was studied and researched through calculations, models and visualizations. We will illustrate and discuss the basic concept and seek possible industrial and space applications of this deployable structure. The original model was also modified for better mechanical applications. The applicability was evaluated at a conceptual stage. |
BibTeX:
@inbook{min2008,
author = {Cheong Chew Min and Hiromasa Suzuki},
editor = {Mamoru Mitsuishi and Kanji Ueda and Fumihiko Kimura},
title = {Geometrical Properties of Paper Spring},
booktitle = {Manufacturing Systems and Technologies for the New Frontier},
publisher = {Springer London},
year = {2008},
volume = {4},
pages = {159-162},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-84800-267-8_32}
}
|
| Mindlin RD (1965), "Stress functions for a Cosserat continuum", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 1(3), pp. 265-271. |
| Abstract: In this paper, a complete solution, in terms of stress functions analogous to the Papkovitch functions of classical elasticity, is obtained for the linear equations of an isotropic, elastic, Cosserat continuum. The special solutions for the concentrated force and couple are also given. |
BibTeX:
@article{mindlin1965,
author = {R. D. Mindlin},
title = {Stress functions for a Cosserat continuum},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {1965},
volume = {1},
number = {3},
pages = {265-271},
doi = {10.1016/0020-7683(65)90033-8}
}
|
| Mirtsch F, Buttner O and Matschiner F (2001), "Structuring process that stiffens and protects the surface of thin material webs", US Patent 6221299. |
| Abstract: The present invention provides a profiling process which allows for the material sheet to be profiled so that the surface is minimally affected and only slight plastic deformation of the material occurs, and yet uniform three-dimensional structuring takes place. Additionally, the present invention allows for an improved inherent stability in the plane of the profiled material sheet to be achieved while only minimally affecting the cross-section. |
BibTeX:
@misc{mirtsch2001,
author = {F. Mirtsch and O. Buttner and F. Matschiner},
title = {Structuring process that stiffens and protects the surface of thin material webs},
howpublished = {US Patent 6221299},
year = {2001}
}
|
| Mirtsch F, Weinert N, Pech M and Seliger G (2006), "Vault Structures Enabling Sustainable Products", In 13th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering (LCE2006). Leuven, Belgium, May 31st - June 2nd, 2006. , pp. 629-633. |
| Abstract: One approach in the design of sustainable products is the transfer of evolutional principles of nature into technical applications. This was applied in the development of an innovative technology based on the principle of material structuring through self-organization. It led to a manufacturing process that requires less energy through modified forming. The process is gentle to the surface and the material itself. Flat thin materials are transformed into a third dimension. These so called “vault-structured” sheet metals open new chances for the process of designing sustainable products in the sense of fewer resources for more functionality. Improved stiffness of the sheets reduces the required sheet thickness and allows light-weight constructions. Furthermore beneficial properties of the buckled material include better stability in the case of stresses by thermal expansion, improved convective heat transfer during fluid flow over the vault-structured surface, reduced impact sound, better fluid dynamic characteristics and non-glaring light-reflection. The advantages of vault-structured sheet metals have already been exploited in various products. Examples for products using the lightweight material are automotive body parts and a thin-walled can partially made of structured material. In a drum for a washing machine the material’s high form rigidity is combined with advantageous flow behavior of the water along the vault-structured surface. At DESY, the “HERA” electron synchrotron with an extremely thin-walled detector tube, profits from the thermal expansion properties. Vault-structured sheet metals have also been applied to improve the light-reflection characteristics of a fluorescent lamp. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{mirtsch2006,
author = {Frank Mirtsch and Nils Weinert and Michael Pech and Günther Seliger},
title = {Vault Structures Enabling Sustainable Products},
booktitle = {13th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering (LCE2006)},
year = {2006},
pages = {629-633},
url = {http://www.woelbstruktur.de/}
}
|
| Miura K (1969), "Proposition of Pseudo-Cylindrical Concave Polyhedral Shells", ISAS Report. Vol. 34(9), pp. 141-163. |
| Abstract: A proposition of a new shell form, which is cylindrical in a macroscopic sense and is concave polyhedral in a microscopic sense, is the purpose of this paper. It is shown that the inextensional post-buckling configurations of general cylindrical shells subjected to axial loading have peculiar geometrical characteristics, and that these configurations compose a general group of surfaces which may be designated as the pseudocylindrical concave polyhedral surface. Then the fixed idea that these surfaces are essentially failed forms is abandoned and is replaced by the idea that these are the basic forms of a new shell which could function superbly as the structure under some loading conditions. It is shown that the new shell, which may be called for convenience, the pseudocylindrical concave polyhedral shell and the PCCP shell for its abbreviation, has many useful characteristics as follows; inclusion of an arbitrary curvature distribution, developability of its midsurface, intrinsically high circumferential bending rigidity, and simplicity of elementary faces. The application of PCCP shells to large span shell structures, reservoirs, expansion joints, and others is suggested. |
BibTeX:
@article{miura1969,
author = {K. Miura},
title = {Proposition of Pseudo-Cylindrical Concave Polyhedral Shells},
journal = {ISAS Report},
year = {1969},
volume = {34},
number = {9},
pages = {141--163},
note = {Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, University of Tokyo report, no 442},
url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001101617/en/}
}
|
| Miura K (1972), "Zeta-Core Sandwich-Its Concept and Realization", ISAS Report. Vol. 37(6), pp. 137-164. |
| Abstract: A new form of sandwich core of high strength created by a topological transformation of a single plane is proposed herein. The resultant core is to be manufactured from a single sheet through a plastic forming. The purpose of this proposition is to present a sandwich core which has following principal characteristics; simplicity of form, applicability to both flat and curved sandwiches, possibility of circulating fluid between facings, the easiness of manufacture, the adaptability to large as well as small scale core, and the isotropy or controllable orthotropy of shear modulus. This core, designated as zeta-core by this author, is a sophisticated shell structure whose mid-surface is characterized by a doubly corrugated surface combining a couple of facings. An elementary analysis proves that the directional mean of shear modulus of zeta-core can compete with that of honeycomb core of identical apparent density, and that it is possible to design zeta-core of any orthotropy including, of course, isotropy in shear modulus. As for the realization aspect, no essential difficulty was encountered in trial manufacture of zeta-core from aluminum, plastics, and G.R.P. sheet materials. Furthermore, it can be predicted that the cost of production of zeta-core is relatively low in comparison with honeycomb core. It seems probable that the introduction of zeta-core of high shear modulus which can be made of various engineering materials will open up fresh possibilities for structural sandwich construction. |
BibTeX:
@article{miura1972,
author = {K. Miura},
title = {Zeta-Core Sandwich-Its Concept and Realization},
journal = {ISAS Report},
year = {1972},
volume = {37},
number = {6},
pages = {137-164},
note = {Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, University of Tokyo report, no 480},
url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001101664/}
}
|
| Miura K (1975), "New Structural Form of Sandwich Core", Journal of Aircraft. Vol. 12(5), pp. 437-441. |
| Abstract: The purpose of this study is to present a new structural form of sandwich core. The observation that the characteristics of honeycomb core is distinctly attributable to its stabilized perpendicular wall elements, leads to the possibility of a hypothetical core concept characterized by stabilized oblique wall elements. To embody the hypothetical concept, the core form constituted by superposing two mutually orthogonal corrugations is proposed. The resultant core can be manufactured from a sngle sheet by some press forming technique. The theoretical and experimental analyses of the core reveal that the shear modulus and strength are comparable with those of honeycomb core, and the elastic properties can be designed to be either isotropic or orthotropic. Other features of teh core such as the simplicity of form, the applicability to both flat and curved sandwiches, and the possibility of circulating fluid between facings, may excite new applications of sandwich construction in aircraft structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{miura1975,
author = {K. Miura},
title = {New Structural Form of Sandwich Core},
journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
year = {1975},
volume = {12},
number = {5},
pages = {437--441},
url = {http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=318&pubid=22}
}
|
| Miura K (1975), "Cores of sandwich construction", GB Patent GB1390132. |
| Abstract: In a sandwich construction comprising two face sheets bonded to a core sheet or a stiffened panel construction comprising one face sheet bonded to a core sheet, the core sheet comprises a continuous sheet which has been corrugated to form a plurality of corrugations, each corrugation having a plateau-like crest ridge and an inverted plateau-like valley ridge each plateaulike ridge having a strip of bonding surface extending zig-zag and/or meandering along its corrugation within a surface parallel to the adjacent face sheet, the corrugations having side walls inclined to the face sheets between the crest and valley ridges and each inclined side wall of the corrugations of the core sheet having a shape of a ruled surface generated by translating a straight generating line which intersects the edge line of the strip of bonding surface of each plateau-like crest and valley ridge, along the edges thereof. The core may be produced from aluminium alloy sheet by progressive press forming or from ABS resin sheet by vacuum forming. Alternatively the core may be produced from steel, foamed metals, or other plastics materials. The face sheets may be plane sheets parallel to each other or curved plates. According to the shapes of the crest and valley ridges the ruled surface may comprise a flat folded plate surface, cylindrical surface, partconical surface or hyperbolic paraboloid. Two or more cone sheets may be bonded together. The total area of each strip of bonding surface of the plateau-like crest ridge may be 5-25% of the area of the corresponding face sheet. |
BibTeX:
@misc{miura1975b,
author = {K. Miura},
title = {Cores of sandwich construction},
howpublished = {GB Patent GB1390132},
year = {1975}
}
|
| Miura K (1985), "Method of Packaging and Deployment of Large Membranes in Space", The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science report. Vol. 618, pp. 1-9. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. |
| Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present a new concept of packaging and deployment of large membranes in space. The problem of biaxially folding of a plane is transferred to the elastic problem of a biaxially compressed infinite plate. After solving the problem, the plate thickness is reduced infinitesimally small, and thus the result represents the isometric transfer of an infinite plane subject to biaxial shortening. As a result, the concave polyhedral surface is discovered, which is composed of a repetition of a fundamental region, which is further composed of four congruent parallelograms. It is shown that the packaging and deployment by this surface geometry satisfies various requirements as to operations in space. |
BibTeX:
@article{miura1985,
author = {K. Miura},
title = {Method of Packaging and Deployment of Large Membranes in Space},
journal = {The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science report},
publisher = {Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency},
year = {1985},
volume = {618},
pages = {1-9},
url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110000029131/en/}
}
|
| Miura K (1989), "A Note on Intrinsic Geometry of Origami", In 1st International Conference of Origami Science and Technology. Ferrara, Italy |
| Abstract: In this paper the author presents a proposition of intrinsic geometry of origami. It treats the geometric properties which are dependent only on the vicinity of an arbitrary point on the surface of origami works. Based on the theory of curved surfaces, the basic theorems of intrinsic geometry of origami are obtained. Using the theorems the relations of convexity/concavity of folds and the vertices are studied. The result is also used to explain the particular characteritics of the so-called Miura-ori. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{miura1989,
author = {K. Miura},
title = {A Note on Intrinsic Geometry of Origami},
booktitle = {1st International Conference of Origami Science and Technology},
year = {1989}
}
|
| Miura K (1993), "Concepts of Deployable Space Structures", International Journal of Space Structures. Vol. 8(1 - 2), pp. 3-16. |
| Abstract: This paper presents several concepts of deployable space structures with emphasis on their relation to the basic principles of mechanics on which the concepts depend. The following subjects are treated: the coilable longeron extendible mast and the theory of `Elastica' by Euler and Kirchhoff; the two-dimensionally deployable array and the theory of elastic surfaces (`Plate Elastica') by Miura and Tanizawa; the variable geometry truss and the theory of truss by Mobius; the tension truss antenna and the theory of truss. |
BibTeX:
@article{miura1993,
author = {K. Miura},
title = {Concepts of Deployable Space Structures},
journal = {International Journal of Space Structures},
year = {1993},
volume = {8},
number = {1 - 2},
pages = {3-16}
}
|
| Miura K (1994), "Fold - its physical and mathematical principles", In Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{miura1994,
author = {Koryo Miura},
editor = {Koryo Miura},
title = {Fold - its physical and mathematical principles},
booktitle = {Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Miura K (2002), "PCCP Shells", In New Approaches to Structural Mechanics, Shells and Biological Structures. , pp. 329-339. Kluwer Academic Publishers. |
| Abstract: The concept of pseudo-cylindrical concave polyhedral (PCCP) shells is based on the hypothesis that the post-buckling cylindrical shape known as the Yoshimura pattern provides a structural form of a polyhedrally-stiffened cylindrical shell. It supplements the design domain of circular cylindrical shells, particularly for environments where the external pressure criterion is the major factor in design. The recent succesfull application of the concept to beverage cans demonstrates the potential of the concept for the first time. The potential of PCCP shells for undersea pressure hulls is briefly reviewed. |
BibTeX:
@incollection{miura2002,
author = {K. Miura},
editor = {H. R. Drew and S. Pellegrino},
title = {PCCP Shells},
booktitle = {New Approaches to Structural Mechanics, Shells and Biological Structures},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
year = {2002},
pages = {329--339}
}
|
| Miura K and Pellegrino S (), "Structural Concepts; Structural Concepts and their Theoretical Foundations"
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@unpublished{miurapellegrino,
author = {Koryo Miura and Sergio Pellegrino},
title = {Structural Concepts; Structural Concepts and their Theoretical Foundations},
note = {Unpublished booklet.}
}
|
| Miura K, Sakamaki M and Suzuki K (1980), "A novel design of folded map", In Congress of the International Cartographical Association. Tokyo |
| Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present a novel design of the folded map. The theoretical research on the subject of packaging and deployment of large flat elements in space, by the authors, has revealed the presence of a concave polyhedral surface. The surface is compoed of the repetition of congruent parallellograms. If each edge of the parallelogram is assumed to be the hinged fold, the surface exhibits rather peculiar characteristics as a deployable structure. It is peculiar because if one contracts it to an arbitrary direction, it contracts in the perpendicular direction simultaneously. This is essentially different from any conventional method of folding a map which has been used since the years of papyrus. The feasibility of this method, accordingly, when applied to the design of folded map is studied. It is shown that, by this design, both the folding and deployment of the map are doen almost automatically by a simple smooth action o fhands. Furthermore, it is shown that the design has the favorable characteristics from the viewpoint o fthe strength of folds. The method of manufacturing of this design is also studied and the principle of the automatic folding machine is deveoped by the authors. It is thought that people will benefit from the easiness of fodling and deployment of the map of this design. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{miura1980,
author = {K. Miura and M. Sakamaki and K. Suzuki},
title = {A novel design of folded map},
booktitle = {Congress of the International Cartographical Association},
year = {1980}
}
|
| Miura K and Tachi T (2010), "Synthesis of Rigid-Foldable Cylindrical Polyhedra", Journal of the International Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry (ISIS-Symmetry). , pp. 204-213. |
| Abstract: Rigid-foldable structures are foldable surfaces consisting of rigid panels and hinges, thus can be used for wide variety of deployable structures without relying on flexible materials. In this paper, we present a family of rigid-foldable collapsible cylindrical polyhedra which is of great interest of structural engineering field. The symmetry operations in order to synthesize the cylindrical structures and their space filling tessellation are shown. |
BibTeX:
@article{miura2010,
author = {K. Miura and T. Tachi},
title = {Synthesis of Rigid-Foldable Cylindrical Polyhedra},
journal = {Journal of the International Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry (ISIS-Symmetry)},
year = {2010},
pages = {204-213},
note = {Special Issues fo the Festival-Congress Gmuend, Austria}
}
|
| Moler C (2004), "Eigenvalues and Singular Values", In Numerical Computing with MATLAB. |
BibTeX:
@inbook{moler2004-eigs,
author = {C. Moler},
title = {Eigenvalues and Singular Values},
booktitle = {Numerical Computing with MATLAB},
year = {2004},
url = {http://www.mathworks.com/moler/chapters.html}
}
|
| Morandi M (2006), "Mould for curved panels", US Patent 7048529. |
| Abstract: The invention relates to a mold for the manufacture of curved insulating panels, which comprises an upper half-mold (2) and a lower half-mold (3) opposite each other. The structure of both said half-molds is formed by a respective chain of modular frames (5) hinged together and having a pyramidal or similar shape, which are connected at their tips by actuators. These actuators, when they are operated, vary their length and cause the frames to rotate with respect to each other, thereby curving the surface of the half-molds acting on the panels to be manufactured. In this way it is possible to produce panels with various radii of curvature using a single mold. The invention also includes a press for use with the abovementioned mold. |
BibTeX:
@misc{morandi2006,
author = {M. Morandi},
title = {Mould for curved panels},
howpublished = {US Patent 7048529},
year = {2006},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7048529.html}
}
|
| Moreau G and Caillerie D (1998), "Continuum modeling of lattice structures in large displacement applications to buckling analysis", Computers & Structures. Vol. 68(1-3), pp. 181-189. |
| Abstract: We consider very large periodic trusses called lattice structures. In classical calculus, the periodic truss character and its global geometry are forgotten. With the homogenization method that we have developed, the lattice is replaced by a continuum model which approaches, in a certain sense, the real structure. This is true when the number of constitutive cells becomes large. The homogenization method has been developed in linear static cases and in free vibration. This paper generalises it for the large displacement assumption. The truss equilibrium is written on the unknown deformed configuration. |
BibTeX:
@article{moreau1998,
author = {G. Moreau and D. Caillerie},
title = {Continuum modeling of lattice structures in large displacement applications to buckling analysis},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1998},
volume = {68},
number = {1--3},
pages = {181--189},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00041-8}
}
|
| Mornement A and Holloway S (2007), "Corrugated Iron: Building on the Frontier" Frances Lincoln ltd. |
BibTeX:
@book{mornement2007,
author = {Adam Mornement and Simon Holloway},
title = {Corrugated Iron: Building on the Frontier},
publisher = {Frances Lincoln ltd},
year = {2007},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=nMeonGuEZM4C&output=html&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0}
}
|
| Morrison HF (1977), "Sandwich panel core", US Patent 4035536. |
| Abstract: A core having a repetitive pattern for ribbing comprising triangles and hexagons where each side of any given hexagon is extended pinwheel fashion toward the appropriate side extensions of each of the six adjoining hexagons, all of the hexagons having sides extending to form pinwheels having the same sense, i.e., clockwise or counterclockwise. The triangles are defined by the extensions and are located between the hexagons. Panels using this core are stiff about all axes and do not have an angle of inherent weakness. The core may be stamped, rolled or vacuum-formed out of many materials including paper, cardboard, sheets of various metals and reinforced or thermosetting plastic. |
BibTeX:
@misc{morrison1977,
author = {Hadley F. Morrison},
title = {Sandwich panel core},
howpublished = {US Patent 4035536},
year = {1977},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4035536.html}
}
|
| Mulholland W, Seffen KA, Guest SD and Norman AD (2007), "Multistable Structural Member and Method for forming a Multistable Structural Member", World Patent Application. |
| Abstract: Disclosed is a multistable structural member (10), of use in various structural applications. The member (10) has a sheet form. In a first configuration (e.g. open configuration), a first distribution of stored elastic stresses is counterbalanced against at least two reinforcing corrugations (12). In a second configuration (e.g. rolled configuration), these corrugations (12) are deformed to provide a second, different distribution of stored elastic stresses counterbalanced by the shape of the member in the second configuration. The first and second configurations are stable but reversibly interchangeable. An external force is required to cause a transformation between the first and second configurations. The member may be formed by suitable plastic deformation of a metallic sheet. A method for forming such a multistable structural member (10), a multistable structure an a multistable assembly (3), having a plurality of multistable members are also disclosed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{seffen2007c,
author = {William Mulholland and Keith A. Seffen and Simon David Guest and Alexander David Norman},
title = {Multistable Structural Member and Method for forming a Multistable Structural Member},
howpublished = {World Patent Application},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2007148118&IA=GB2007002351&DISPLAY=STATUS}
}
|
| Myers PE and Carroll OL (1975), "Cellular Core", US Patent 3872564. |
| Abstract: A highly formable cellular, or honeycomb, core fabricated of two sets of interleaved corrugated ribbons running parallel to each other and to the plane of the core. The ribbons of the two sets run in the same direction and have the same height measured in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the core, but have different corrugation pitches with the pitch of one set being an integral multiple, for example, three times, the pitch of the other set. The ribbons having the larger corrugation pitch also having larger corrugation amplitudes, for example, approximately 2 1/2 times that of the other ribbon. In a preferred form the corrugated ribbon core is sandwiched between and secured to a pair of spaced parallel faces, or skins, of thin sheet stock material, enhancing the structural strength of the core. |
BibTeX:
@misc{myers1975,
author = {P. E. Myers and O. L. Carroll},
title = {Cellular Core},
howpublished = {US Patent 3872564},
year = {1975},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3872564.html}
}
|
| Nayfeh AH and Hefzy MS (1982), "Effective constitutive relations for large repetitive frame-like structures", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 18(11), pp. 975-987. |
| Abstract: Effective mechanical properties for large repetitive frame-like structures are derived using straight forward combinations of strength of material orthogonal transformation techniques. Once the actual structure is identified symmetry considerations are used in order to identify its independent property constants. The actual values of these constants are constructed according to a building block format which is carried out in the three consecutive steps: 1. (a) All bask planar lattices are identified 2. (b) effective continuum properties are derived for each of these planar basic grids using matrix structural analysis methods and 3. (c) orthogonal transformations are finally used to determine the contribution of each basic set to the overall effective continuum properties of the structure. |
BibTeX:
@article{nayfeh1982,
author = {A. H. Nayfeh and M. S. Hefzy},
title = {Effective constitutive relations for large repetitive frame-like structures},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {1982},
volume = {18},
number = {11},
pages = {975--987},
doi = {10.1016/0020-7683(82)90087-7}
}
|
| Nettles AT (1994), "Basic Mechanics of Laminated Composite Plates" (1351) |
BibTeX:
@techreport{nettles1994,
author = {A. T. Nettles},
title = {Basic Mechanics of Laminated Composite Plates},
year = {1994},
number = {1351},
url = {http://www.abdmatrix.com/free_repository.html}
}
|
| Newton M (1880), "Paper for Packing, Lining, and other Purposes", US Patent 235449. |
BibTeX:
@misc{newton1880,
author = {M. Newton},
title = {Paper for Packing, Lining, and other Purposes},
howpublished = {US Patent 235449},
year = {1880},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/235449.html}
}
|
| Nguyen M, Jacombs S, Thomson R, Hachenberg D and Scott M (2005), "Simulation of impact on sandwich structures", Composite Structures. Vol. 67(2), pp. 217-227. |
| Abstract: An explicit finite element based simulation tool has been developed to predict the damage within sandwich structures subjected to low velocity impact. The tool, Sandmesh, is capable of automatically generating three-dimensional shell models of both honeycomb and folded structure cores, as well as applying the necessary controls for solution generation. Sandmesh was validated via an experimental test program in which honeycomb sandwich panels were tested for impact resistance and damage. Results showed that for low velocity impact, Sandmesh was capable of accurately predicting both the size and depth of the permanent indentation, as well as providing excellent correlation with the force-time histories. The confidence gained from this program allowed the tool to be applied for the structural and dynamic analysis of folded structure core composites. |
BibTeX:
@article{nguyen2005,
author = {M.Q. Nguyen and S.S. Jacombs and R.S. Thomson and D. Hachenberg and M.L. Scott},
title = {Simulation of impact on sandwich structures},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2005},
volume = {67},
number = {2},
pages = {217-227},
doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2004.09.018}
}
|
| Nojima T (2002), "Modelling of Folding Patterns in Flat Membranes and Cylinders by Origami", JSME International Journal Series C. Vol. 45(1), pp. 364-370. |
| Abstract: This paper describes folding methods of thin flat sheets as well as cylindrical shells by modelling folding patterns through Japanese traditional Origami technique. New folding patterns have been devised in thin flat squared or circular membrane by modifying so called Miura-Ori in Japan (one node with 4 folding lines). Some folding patterns in cylindrical shells have newly been developed including spiral configurations. Devised foldable cylindrical shells were made by using polymer sheets, and it has been assured that they can be folded quite well. The devised models will make it possible to construct foldable/deployable space structures as well as to manufacture foldable industrial products and living goods, e. g., bottles for soft drinks. |
BibTeX:
@article{nojima2002,
author = {T. Nojima},
title = {Modelling of Folding Patterns in Flat Membranes and Cylinders by Origami},
journal = {JSME International Journal Series C},
year = {2002},
volume = {45},
number = {1},
pages = {364--370},
doi = {10.1299/jsmec.45.364}
}
|
| Nojima T (2003), "Modelling of Compact Folding/Wrapping of Flat Circular Membranes (Folding Patterns of Equiangular Spirals)", JSME International Journal Series C. Vol. 46(4), pp. 1547-1553. |
BibTeX:
@article{nojima2003,
author = {T. Nojima},
title = {Modelling of Compact Folding/Wrapping of Flat Circular Membranes (Folding Patterns of Equiangular Spirals)},
journal = {JSME International Journal Series C},
year = {2003},
volume = {46},
number = {4},
pages = {1547-1553},
doi = {10.1299/jsmec.46.1547}
}
|
| Nojima T (2007), "Origami Modeling of Functional Structures based on Organic Patterns" |
| Abstract: Shape-changeable origami models and rigid core models are analytically designed by folding or creasing a flat sheet or a thin plate into a 3-dimentional shape. The former models are designed by analyzing and mimicking the helical patterns or structures often found in living organisms, because such helical structures are easily deployed due to the presence of fewer dynamic restraints. Models presented here include foldable/deployable thin cylinders, conical-shaped membranes, circular sheets which may be folded or wrapped, foldable 3-D structures such as elliptical or spherical shell, and a twisted tube and cone. Some of these models are used to interpret the mechanics of the unfolding of flower buds and insect wings. Ultra-lightweight 3-D core models mimicking a beehive’s honeycomb structure and sponge type core are also presented for use in building aerospace structures. |
BibTeX:
@unpublished{nojima2007,
author = {T. Nojima},
title = {Origami Modeling of Functional Structures based on Organic Patterns},
year = {2007},
url = {http://impact.kuaero.kyoto-u.ac.jp/pdf/Origami.pdf}
}
|
| Nojima T and Saito K (2006), "Development of Newly Designed Ultra-Light Core Structures", JSME International Journal Series A Solid Mechanics and Material Engineering. Vol. 49(1), pp. 38-42. |
| Abstract: By folding a thin flat sheet with periodically set slits or punched out portions into the third dimension, ultra-lightweight strong and functional core models are newly devised. The basic idea of this modeling arises from the application of origami technique to engineering. Based on the space filling models, fundamental flat cores and skew type sponge cores have been newly developed. By applying these models, such modified core models as curved cores and 3D honeycomb core are newly devised. |
BibTeX:
@article{nojima2006,
author = {Taketoshi Nojima and Kazuya Saito},
title = {Development of Newly Designed Ultra-Light Core Structures},
journal = {JSME International Journal Series A Solid Mechanics and Material Engineering},
year = {2006},
volume = {49},
number = {1},
pages = {38-42},
url = {http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsmea/49/1/49_38/_article},
doi = {10.1299/jsmea.49.38}
}
|
| Noor AK and Russell WC (1986), "Anisotropic continuum models for beamlike lattice trusses", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. Vol. 57(3), pp. 257-277. |
| Abstract: A simple procedure is presented for developing anisotropic continuum models for repetitive beamlike lattice trusses having four or more longerons and rectangular cross-sections. The beam models account for the couplings between the axial and shear effects, and between the bending and twisting effects. Two groups of beam models are developed. The first group has six degrees of freedom (three displacements and three rotations) at each cross-section and is adequate for predicting the global response characteristics of the lattice (e.g., vibration frequencies and buckling loads). The second group has more than six degrees of freedom, accounts for local deformations of the cross-section, and provides accurate prediction of the detailed displacement and force distributions in the lattice. The accuracy and effectiveness of the continuum models developed are demonstrated by means of numerical examples. |
BibTeX:
@article{noor1986,
author = {A. K. Noor and W. C. Russell},
title = {Anisotropic continuum models for beamlike lattice trusses},
journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering},
year = {1986},
volume = {57},
number = {3},
pages = {257-277},
doi = {10.1016/0045-7825(86)90141-6}
}
|
| Norman AD (2009), "Multistable and morphing corrugated shell structures". Thesis at: Cambridge University. |
| Abstract: ‘Compliant’ structures, i.e., structures that undergo large deformations as part of their normal behaviour, can perform the function of a complex mechanism with just a single, or very few, components. When multistability is introduced into compliant structures, an even greater simplification can be made, with actuators and/or locking mechanisms becoming redundant. Corrugated shells are commonly encountered at all scales of engineering, providing shell structures of a dramatically increased stiffness at little extra cost or weight. What is historically less understood is the compliant behaviour of corrugated shells. The topic of this thesis, therefore, is the development and analysis of new categories of structure incorporating corrugations, utilising their compliancy to achieve morphing behaviours that are not otherwise possible. Three distinct categories of shell are studied: (i) ‘flat’ corrugated sheets, which are multistable under the action of internal stresses, ‘snapping’ between their flat state and a cylindrically coiled state: these shells are also capable of developing ‘twisted’ stable states. An algebraic model based on internal strain energy determines the conditions for the various modes of multistability for uniform changes in curvature throughout the shell, and a plastic flow model describes the formation of the internal stresses; (ii) ‘curved’ corrugated sheets, which can morph between shapes of differing Gaussian curvature without plastic deformation. Again, a simplified algebraic model describes their behaviour, as does a numerical model. These models consider the strong coupling that occurs between bending and stretching in corrugated shells; and (iii) ‘doubly-corrugated’ sheets, similar to an eggbox in concept, which, again, can morph between shapes of different Gaussian curvature, and also exhibit proclastic bending behaviour. Some of the analyses performed on the curved corrugated sheets are also applied to these shells. The qualitative behaviour of the analytical models matches, in every detail considered, the behaviour observed in prototypes. Natural-mode analyses on the category (ii) and (iii) shells demonstrate that the interesting behaviour occurs at relatively low stiffnesses, implying that this behaviour is potentially useful. Quantitatively, however, the analyses for categories (i) and (iii) above do not prove simple to verify. Physical tests compare the internal stresses of the category (i) shells to those predicted by the plastic flow analysis: the predicted stresses exceed those measured by, typically, 50 %, but it is not established whether the discrepancy is due to the simplifications in the model, inaccuracies in the crude test method or a flaw in our understanding. On its prediction of the curvatures created, the model is more successful. A test is more easily devised for the category (ii) shells, and measurements of the shape-change are within 4 % of both the finite-element simulations and the simplified algebraic models over 90 % of the test range. In measuring forces, to test the constitutive relations produced, the accuracy is lower, largely due to the difference between our material model and the real properties of the polymer used: there is strong agreement between the finite-element model and the algebraic model. In conclusion, this thesis is successful in generating new varieties of structure, which have a a wide potential for application. A broad range of designs and analyses are presented, describing the behaviour of these structures well enough that our understanding of them seems justified. Nonetheless, this work merely scratches the surface of what may be achieved in this field, demonstrating some of the potential of such shells and leaving much to be done in their further evaluation and development. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{norman_thesis2009,
author = {A. D. Norman},
title = {Multistable and morphing corrugated shell structures},
school = {Cambridge University},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Norman AD, Golabchi MR, Seffen KA and Guest SD (2008), "Multistable Textured Shell Structures", In Smart Materials & Micro/Nanosystems. Acireale, Sicily, Italy, June 8-13, 2008. Vol. 54, pp. 168-173. SciencePress.com. |
| Abstract: Multistable structures are a promising basis for reconfigurable systems. A multistable structure will remain in one of its stable configurations until actuation forces it to move to another stable configuration. This paper will describe a promising method of forming structures with useful multiple stable states by using prestressed textured shell surfaces. Textured shell structures have features at a scale intermediate between the global structural scale, and the material scale, and can have some remarkable structural properties. This paper will describe two simple examples: a globally flat, but corrugated shell, and a globally curved, doubly corrugated shell. Both structures show additional stable equilibrium configurations that would not be possible without the textured surface. |
BibTeX:
@inbook{norman2008a,
author = {A. D. Norman and M. R. Golabchi and K. A. Seffen and S. D. Guest},
title = {Multistable Textured Shell Structures},
booktitle = {Smart Materials & Micro/Nanosystems},
publisher = {SciencePress.com},
year = {2008},
volume = {54},
pages = {168-173},
url = {http://www.sciencepress.com/Advances_in_Science_and_Technology/Smart_Materials_Micro_Nanosystems/Multistable_Textured_Shell_Structures.html}
}
|
| Norman AD, Seffen KA and Guest SD (2008), "Multistable Corrugated Shells", Proceedings of the Royal Society: Mathematical, Physical & Engineering Sciences. Vol. 464, pp. 1653-1672. |
| Abstract: We have been constructing and investigating multistable corrugated shell structures. The multistability arises from the interaction between internal prestresses created during forming and nonlinear geometrical changes during deformation. Using a simplified analytical elastic model, we homogenize the properties of the shells through simultaneously considering the material on two scales: the ‘local’ scale of the isotropic material; and the ‘global’ scale of the corrugated sheet, which is then modelled as an equivalent flat sheet with anisotropic properties. This model is applied to simulate two modes of bistability observed in prototypes: first, prestressed corrugated shells that, when buckled, can coil up into a tube repeatably and reversibly; and second, corrugated sheets with a symmetry-breaking ‘twisting’ curvature. The model gives an intuitive understanding of the behaviour, and has enabled us to understand forming processes that give the behaviour we wish, including tristable shells that combine both bistable modes. |
BibTeX:
@article{norman2008,
author = {A. D. Norman and K. A. Seffen and S. D. Guest},
title = {Multistable Corrugated Shells},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society: Mathematical, Physical & Engineering Sciences},
year = {2008},
volume = {464},
pages = {1653-1672},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.2007.0216}
}
|
| Norman AD, Seffen KA and Guest SD (2009), "Morphing of curved corrugated shells", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 46(7-8), pp. 1624-1633. |
| Abstract: Thin sheet materials of low bending stiffness but high membrane stiffness are often corrugated in order to achieve improvements of several orders of magnitude in bending stiffness with only minimal increases in weight and cost. If these corrugated sheets are initially curved along the corrugations, much of this stiffness gain is lost. In return, the sheets are then capable of significant elastic changes in shape overall, including large changes in overall Gaussian curvature. These shape changes are described here by non-linear and coupled kinematical relationships, which are verified against experiment and finite-element simulations. It is found that gross simplifications can be made about the large displacement behaviour of such shells without a loss of accuracy. |
BibTeX:
@article{norman2009,
author = {A. D. Norman and K. A. Seffen and S. D. Guest},
title = {Morphing of curved corrugated shells},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2009},
volume = {46},
number = {7--8},
pages = {1624-1633},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.12.009}
}
|
| Nye JF (1957), "Physical Properties of Crystals" Oxford University Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{nye1957,
author = {J. F. Nye},
title = {Physical Properties of Crystals},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
year = {1957},
edition = {First}
}
|
| Oevermann J (1989), "Turnschalung", DE Patent DE8908734. |
BibTeX:
@misc{oevermann1989,
author = {J. Oevermann},
title = {Turnschalung},
howpublished = {DE Patent DE8908734},
year = {1989},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19890831&CC=DE&NR=8908734U1&KC=U1}
}
|
| Okabe Y, Sugiyama H and Inayoshi T (2011), "Lightweight Actuator Structure With SMA Honeycomb Core and CFRP Skins", Journal of Mechanical Design. Vol. 133(1), pp. 011006. ASME. |
| Abstract: The authors proposed a sandwich structure that consists of a shape memory alloy (SMA) honeycomb core and carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) skins as a shape-controllable structure. The proposed lightweight actuator structure can be bent by heating even though it has a moderate bending stiffness. First, unidirectional CFRP skins were bonded to the SMA honeycomb core made of thin SMA foils, and residual shear strain was applied to the SMA core. Then, the ends of the upper and lower skins were fixed to other cores. The length, thickness, and width of the sandwich beam specimen were 180 mm, 16 mm, and 13 mm, respectively, and its weight was 9.6 g. Hence, the effective density of the entire beam was only 0.26 g/cm3. When the specimen was heated, the beam either bent upward, taking the form of a sigmoid curve, or generated a moderate blocking force. When the specimen was cooled to room temperature, the beam regained its initial straight shape. Therefore, a two-way actuation is possible. This method has a better ability to bend skins with high in-plane stiffness because the recovery shear force has an out-of-plane stress component and is applied uniformly to all the skins from the inner core. In addition, the microscopic mechanism of this bending deformation can be clarified by a numerical simulation with a finite element method. Furthermore, the proposed actuator structure can possibly be used as a member that suppresses resonance since the natural frequency of the beam can be controlled by increasing the elastic moduli of SMA on heating. |
BibTeX:
@article{okabe2011,
author = {Yoji Okabe and Hiroshi Sugiyama and Toru Inayoshi},
title = {Lightweight Actuator Structure With SMA Honeycomb Core and CFRP Skins},
journal = {Journal of Mechanical Design},
publisher = {ASME},
year = {2011},
volume = {133},
number = {1},
pages = {011006},
doi = {10.1115/1.4003139}
}
|
| Olympio KR (2009), "Compliant Load-Bearing Skins and Structures for Morphing Aircraft Applications". Thesis at: Pennsylvania State University. |
| Abstract: Aircraft morphing has the potential to significantly improve the performance of an aircraft over its flight envelope and expand its flight capability to allow it to perform dramatically different missions. The multiple projects carried on in the past three decades have considerably helped improve the designing of actuation systems and the utilization of smart materials for morphing aircraft structures. However, morphing aircraft and especially aircraft undergoing large shape change still face some significant technical issues. Among them, the skin covering the morphing structure must meet challenging requirements that no current conventional material fully satisfy. The design of such skin, which should be able to undergo large deformations and to carry air-loads, has received some attention in the last several years but no satisfactory solution has been found yet. In the current study, the design of compliant cellular structures and flexible skins for morphing aircraft structures is investigated for two different morphing deformations. The first morphing deformation considered corresponds to one-dimensional morphing which is representative of a wing or blade changing its chord or span. The second morphing deformation considered is shear-compression morphing which can be found in some morphing wing undergoing change in area, sweep and chord such as NextGen Aeronautics' morphing wing. Topologies of compliant cellular structures which can be used for these two types of structures are first calculated using a multi-objective approach. These topologies are calculated based on linear kinematics but the effect of geometric nonlinearities is also investigated. Then, ways to provide a smooth surface were investigated by considering a general honeycomb substructure with infill, bonded face-sheet or scales. This allowed justifying an overall skin concept made of a cellular substructure with a bonded face-sheet. Lastly, the design of an improved skin for NextGen Aeronautics' morphing unmanned aerial vehicle is presented. This design project, carried in two phases, investigates in detail a methodology to design a skin with specific objectives and constraints. Constraints related to the buckling of the substructure walls and wrinkling of the face-sheet were accounted for. Driving factors to improve the skin properties were identified. Among them, pre-strains were used to reduce wrinkling and local deflection of the face-sheet, and the substructure shape and geometry was investigated to reduce strain energy and local strains. The detailed study and these driving factors' effect allowed designing a skin better than the original skin design in terms of number of parts, mass and energy input. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{olympio2009,
author = {K. R. Olympio},
title = {Compliant Load-Bearing Skins and Structures for Morphing Aircraft Applications},
school = {Pennsylvania State University},
year = {2009},
url = {http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4194/index.html}
}
|
| Page JD (2003), "Reconfigurable surface", US Patent US2003130817. |
| Abstract: A three-dimensional surface shape is produced from input numerical data. The shape of a sheet elastic material is determined by the positions of a matrix of control rods. The position of each of the rods is determined by a computer-controlled system. Each rod is fitted with two pneumatically controlled locking mechanisms, one for the X coordinate and one for the Y coordinate. When both locks on a particular rod are released the rod is free to move to a new position determined by an elevator. Once all of the rods have been adjusted they are locked in position and the surface has been configured. In one application, the surface can be used as a mold for casting a replica or in another application can be used as the screen in an image projection system. |
BibTeX:
@misc{page2003,
author = {J. D. Page},
title = {Reconfigurable surface},
howpublished = {US Patent US2003130817},
year = {2003}
}
|
| Palmer A (2002), "Pogorelov's theory of creases, and point loads on thin cylindrical shells", In New Approaches to Structural Mechanics, Shells and Biological Structures. Vol. 104, pp. 341-354. Kluwer Academic Publishers. |
| Abstract: A. V. Pogorelov developed a little-known theory of thin elastic shells. He considered a class of piecewise inextensional deformations, in which relatively sharp creases separate areas of inextensional deformation. Within a crease the deformation is inextensional in the place perpendicular to the crease. The local form of the crease minimises the strain energy, and has bending and stretching components. The paper outlines the theory, applies it to radially-loaded open-topped cylindrical shells, and compares it with measurements by Holst and Lukasiewicz. |
BibTeX:
@incollection{palmer2002,
author = {A. Palmer},
editor = {H. R. Drew and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Pogorelov's theory of creases, and point loads on thin cylindrical shells},
booktitle = {New Approaches to Structural Mechanics, Shells and Biological Structures},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
year = {2002},
volume = {104},
pages = {341--354}
}
|
| Palmer CK (1994), "Extruding and Tesselating Polygons from a Plane", In Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{palmer1994,
author = {Chris K. Palmer},
editor = {Koryo Miura},
title = {Extruding and Tesselating Polygons from a Plane},
booktitle = {Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Panchuk N (2006), "An Exploration into Biomimicry and its Application in Digital & Parametric [Architectural] Design". Thesis at: University of Waterloo. |
| Abstract: Biomimicry is an applied science that derives inspiration for solutions to human problems through the study of natural designs, systems and processes. This thesis represents an investigation into biomimicry and includes the development of a design method based on biomimetic principles that is applied to the design of curved building surfaces whose derived integral structure lends itself to ease of manufacture and construction. Three design concepts are produced that utilize a selection of natural principles of design outlined in the initial biomimetic investigation. The first design visualizes the human genome as a template on which the process of architectural design and construction can be paralleled. This approach utilizes an organizational structure for design instructions, the adherence to an economy of means, and a holistic linking of all aspects of a design characteristic of the genetic parallel. The advancement of the first design concept is illustrated through the use of a particular form of parametric design software known as GenerativeComponents. The second design concept applies the biomimetic design approach outlined in concept one to the development of ruled surfaces with an integral structure in the form of developable fl at sheets. The fi nal concept documents the creation of arbitrary curved surfaces consisting of an integral reinforcing structure in the form of folded sheet chevrons. |
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{panchuk2006,
author = {Neal Panchuk},
title = {An Exploration into Biomimicry and its Application in Digital & Parametric [Architectural] Design},
school = {University of Waterloo},
year = {2006},
url = {http://etd.uwaterloo.ca/etd/ntpanchu2006.pdf}
}
|
| Panina G and Streinu I (2010), "Flattening single-vertex origami: The non-expansive case", Computational Geometry. Vol. 43(8), pp. 678 - 687. |
| Abstract: A single-vertex origami is a piece of paper with straight-line rays called creases emanating from a fold vertex placed in its interior or on its boundary. The Single-Vertex Origami Flattening problem asks whether it is always possible to reconfigure the creased paper from any configuration compatible with the metric, to a flat, non-overlapping position, in such a way that the paper is not torn, stretched and, for rigid origami, not bent anywhere except along the given creases. Streinu and Whiteley showed how to reduce the problem to the carpenter's rule problem for spherical polygons. Using spherical expansive motions, they solved the cases of open <[pi] and closed [less-than-or-equals, slant]2[pi] spherical polygons. Here, we solve the case of open polygons with total length between [[pi],2[pi]), which requires non-expansive motions. Our motion planning algorithm works in a finite number of discrete steps, for which we give precise bounds depending on both the number of links and the angle deficit. |
BibTeX:
@article{panina2010,
author = {Gaiane Panina and Ileana Streinu},
title = {Flattening single-vertex origami: The non-expansive case},
journal = {Computational Geometry},
year = {2010},
volume = {43},
number = {8},
pages = {678 - 687},
note = {Special Issue on the 25th Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG'09)},
doi = {10.1016/j.comgeo.2010.04.002}
}
|
| Paradis Y (2000), "Flexible runner", US Patent 6237301. |
| Abstract: A runner for maintaining at least two studs in a predetermined relationship relatively to one another so as to allow for the construction walls presenting a laterally curved portion, walls erected in a space where the distance between a floor and a ceiling varies or half walls having a figured upper end. Each runner includes at least two stud receiving components. Each of the stud receiving components is configured and sized for receiving one of the stud end portions. Each stud receiving component is provided with a linking structure mounted thereon for mechanically linking with an adjacent stud receiving component while allowing the linked stud receiving components to be angled relatively to each other. Each stud receiving component has a generally U-shaped cross-sectional configuration defining a base wall. The base wall has a base wall peripheral edge. The stud receiving component further includes a pair of retaining flanges extending substantially perpendicularly from opposite sides of the base wall peripheral edge. The linking structure includes a base strip extending between base walls part of adjacent stud receiving components and also includes a base strip extending between base walls part of adjacent stud receiving components. The linking structure is configured, sized and made out of a suitable material so as to allow selective bending thereof when subjected to a predetermined bending force so that a predetermined bending force is necessary for modifying the configuration of the linking structure. |
BibTeX:
@misc{paradis2000,
author = {Y. Paradis},
title = {Flexible runner},
howpublished = {US Patent 6237301},
year = {2000},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6237301.html}
}
|
| Parks VJ and Durelli AJ (1969), "Natural stress", International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics. Vol. 4(1), pp. 7-16. |
| Abstract: The concept of natural stress, analogous to the concept of natural strain, is introduced and it is defined as an integral of incremental stresses, each of them computed using the area corresponding to a particular incremental load level. It is shown that in some cases (such as an incompressible material) the relationship between natural stress and natural strain must be linear. The new concept is shown to be mainly helpful in the experimental stress analysis of fields of non-homogeneous strains which exhibit geometrical non-linearity. |
BibTeX:
@article{parks1969,
author = {V. J. Parks and A. J. Durelli},
title = {Natural stress},
journal = {International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics},
year = {1969},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {7--16},
doi = {10.1016/0020-7462(69)90009-2}
}
|
| Paterson JGT (1999), "Method and apparatus for folding sheet materials with tessellated patterns", US Patent 5947885. |
| Abstract: A variety of sheet materials can be tessellation folded with an infinite variety of patterns in a one-step folding process by placing the sheet material against a pallet having flat rigid segments and flexible hinges, exerting forces against the pallet in accordance with information as to the pattern desired to initiate folding, and continuing folding to the degree of folding collapse wanted. A heat setable material can be heated prior to folding so the material will be set as folded. An uncured cementitious material can be folded, and held in a mold until the material is cured. Due to natural pantographic degradation, a continous belt can be folded in one area, with sheet material to be folded being placed against the belt before folding, and removed as the belt unfolds. |
BibTeX:
@misc{paterson1999,
author = {J. G. T. Paterson},
title = {Method and apparatus for folding sheet materials with tessellated patterns},
howpublished = {US Patent 5947885},
year = {1999},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5947885.html}
}
|
| Pavlov VV (2006), "Dolphin skin as a natural anisotropic compliant wall", Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. Vol. 1(2), pp. 31-40. |
| Abstract: Although the success of compliant walls in mimicking dolphin skin is well known, the drag-reducing properties of a dolphin's skin are still unclear. Moreover, little is known about the relation between the 3D structure of the skin and the local flow conditions. To study the role of a dolphin's skin in reducing the drag the skin morphology parameters were compared with the parameters of an anisotropic compliant wall and a possible flow–skin interface was considered. The 3D structure of skin from different locations was modelled using serial histological sections of the skin. The hydrodynamics of the dorsal fin of the harbour porpoise was studied by means of computer simulation of the flow around virtual models of the fin. It was found that the distribution of the skin morphology parameters is correlated with the local flow parameters on the fin surface. The skin structure appears to allow the flow–skin interface to behave similar to an anisotropic compliant wall in the regions of favourable and adverse pressure gradients on the fin. The relation founded between the skin morphology and the local flow parameters could be useful in the design of multipanel anisotropic compliant walls. |
BibTeX:
@article{pavlov2006,
author = {V V Pavlov},
title = {Dolphin skin as a natural anisotropic compliant wall},
journal = {Bioinspiration & Biomimetics},
year = {2006},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {31-40},
doi = {10.1088/1748-3182/1/2/001}
}
|
| Pellegrino S and Calladine CR (1986), "Matrix analysis of statically and kinematically indeterminate frameworks", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 22(4), pp. 409-428. |
| Abstract: The paper is concerned with the structural mechanics of assemblies of bars and pinjoints, particularly where they are simultaneously statically and kinematically indeterminate. The physical significance of the four linear-algebraic vector subspaces of the equilibrium matrix is examined, and an algorithm is set up which determines the rank of the matrix and the bases for the four subspaces. In particular, this algorithm gives full details of any states of self-stress and modes of inextensional deformation which an assembly may possess. A scheme is devised for the segregation of inextensional modes into rigid-body modes (up to six of these may be allowed by the foundation constraints) and "internal" mechanisms. In some circumstances a state of self-stress may impart first-order stiffness to an inextensional mode. A matrix method for detecting this effect is devised, and it is shown that if there is no state of self-stress which imparts first-order stiffness to a given mode, then that mode can undergo rather large distortion which involves either zero change in length of the bars or, possibly, changes in length of third or higher order in the displacements. The significance of negative stiffness, as indicated by the matrix method, is discussed. The paper contains simple examples which illustrate all of the main points of the work. |
BibTeX:
@article{pellegrino1986,
author = {S. Pellegrino and C. R. Calladine},
title = {Matrix analysis of statically and kinematically indeterminate frameworks},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {1986},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {409--428},
doi = {10.1016/0020-7683(86)90014-4}
}
|
| Pereira CE (2010), "Collapsable screen and design method", US Patent 7730925. |
| Abstract: Several embodiments of a collapsible screen employing novel folding structures have many possible uses: window shade, room divider, decorative backdrop, wall hanging, and others. A disclosed method allows its user to design many embodiments of the screen. The method incorporates three modifiable sets or databases: a set (220) of patterns, a set (221) of criteria by which a possible embodiment is evaluated for practicability, and a set (222) of transformations which can be applied to the possible embodiment to improve it with respect to the criteria (221). The sets can change to reflect new assumptions, design characteristics, and hardware. |
BibTeX:
@misc{pereira2010,
author = {Pereira, Carlos E.},
title = {Collapsable screen and design method},
howpublished = {US Patent 7730925},
year = {2010},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7730925.html}
}
|
| Perkins N and Mote C (1986), "Comments on curve veering in eigenvalue problems", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 106(3), pp. 451-463. |
| Abstract: The dependence of eigenvalues on a system parameter is frequently illustrated by a family of loci. When two loci approach each other, they often cross or abruptly diverge. The latter case, called “curve veering”, has been observed in approximate solutions associated with discretized models. The influence of discretization in producing curve veering has raised doubt on the validity of many approximate solutions. The existence of curve veering in continuous models is illustrated by presenting the exact solution of an elementary eigenvalue problem. Veering is then examined in a general eigenvalue problem. Criteria are established to distinguish veerings from crossings in both continuous and discretized models. The application of the criteria is illustrated by examples. |
BibTeX:
@article{perkins1986,
author = {N.C. Perkins and C.D. Mote},
title = {Comments on curve veering in eigenvalue problems},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {1986},
volume = {106},
number = {3},
pages = {451-463},
doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(86)90191-4}
}
|
| Peters J and Umlauf G (2000), "Gaussian and Mean Curvature of Subdivision Surfaces", In Proceedings of the 9th IMA Conference on the Mathematics of Surfaces. , pp. 59 - 69. Springer-Verlag. |
| Abstract: By explicitly deriving the curvature of subdivision surfaces in the extraordinary points, we give an alternative, more direct account of the criteria necessary and sufficient for achieving curvature continuity than earlier approaches that locally parametrize the surface by eigenfunctions. The approach allows us to rederive and thus survey the important lower bound results on piecewise polynomial subdivision surfaces by Prautzsch, Reif, Sabin and Zorin, as well as explain the beauty of curvature continuous constructions like Prautzsch's. The parametrization neutral perspective gives also additional insights into the inherent constraints and stiffness of subdivision surfaces. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{peters2000,
author = {Jörg Peters and Georg Umlauf},
title = {Gaussian and Mean Curvature of Subdivision Surfaces},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th IMA Conference on the Mathematics of Surfaces},
publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
year = {2000},
pages = {59 - 69},
url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=646873.709831}
}
|
| Petyt M and Fleischer C (1971), "Free vibration of a curved beam", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 18(1), pp. 17-30. |
BibTeX:
@article{petyt1971,
author = {M. Petyt and C.C. Fleischer},
title = {Free vibration of a curved beam},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {1971},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {17-30},
doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(71)90627-4}
}
|
| Pfistershammer J (1952), "Honeycomb-type structural materials and method of making same", US Patent 2738297.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{pfistershammer1952,
author = {Joseph Pfistershammer},
title = {Honeycomb-type structural materials and method of making same},
howpublished = {US Patent 2738297},
year = {1952}
}
|
| Pflug J and Vangrimde B (2003), "New Sandwich Material Concepts - Continuously Produced Honeycomb Cores", Presentation at Composites in Transport, New Material Concepts for Composite Transport Applications. October, 2003. |
BibTeX:
@misc{pflug2003,
author = {J. Pflug and B. Vangrimde},
title = {New Sandwich Material Concepts - Continuously Produced Honeycomb Cores},
howpublished = {Presentation at Composites in Transport, New Material Concepts for Composite Transport Applications},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.compositesintransport.com/pdfs/composit/cluster%2010/presentations/Presentation%20-%20New%20Material%20Concepts%20-%20KULeuven.pdf}
}
|
| Pflug J, Verpoest I and Vandepitte D (1999), "Folded honeycombs - fast and continuous production of the core and a reliable core-skin bond", In Proceedings of ICCM 12. Paris, France, July 5-9, 1999. |
| Abstract: This paper presents a new honeycomb material production concept developed and patented by the K.U.Leuven. The folded honeycombs join the excellent honeycomb properties with the very efficient production technology of corrugated cardboard. Inner structure, shear and flat-wise compression properties of folded honeycombs are similar to conventional expanded honeycombs. However, their production concept is derived from the corrugated cardboard production. The production from a single continuous sheet allows for a continuous process, resulting in high speed and low cost production of this new sandwich core material for packaging and structural applications. Furthermore, the new honeycomb core exhibits a different concept for the critical core-skin bond. The bonding of the skins can be fast and inexpensive due to a larger contact area with the skins, resulting in a more reliable bond, improved peel strength and enhanced after impact performance |
BibTeX:
@conference{pflug1999,
author = {J. Pflug and I. Verpoest and D. Vandepitte},
title = {Folded honeycombs - fast and continuous production of the core and a reliable core-skin bond},
booktitle = {Proceedings of ICCM 12},
year = {1999},
url = {http://www.mtm.kuleuven.ac.be/Research/C2/poly/projects/foldhex/foldhex.htm}
}
|
| Phaal R and Calladine CR (1992), "A simple class of finite elements for plate and shell problems. I: Elements for beams and thin flat plates", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. Vol. 35(5), pp. 955–977. |
| Abstract: This is the first paper of a pair which together discuss the development of a class of overlapping hinged bending finite elements which are suitable for the analysis of thin-shell, plate and beam structures. These elements rely on a simple physical analogy, involving overlapping hinged facets. They are based on quadratic overlapping assumed displacement functions. Only translational nodal degrees of freedom are necessary, which is a significant simplification over most other currently available beam, plate and shell finite elements which employ translational, rotational and higher-order nodal variables. In this paper the hinged bending element concept is introduced, and the hinged beam bending (HBB) and hinged plate bending (HPB) elements are formulated. In paper II these concepts are extended to develop a hinged shell bending (HSB) element. The HSB element can be readily combined with the constant strain triangular (CST) plane stress finite element for the modelling of thin-shell structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{phaal1992a,
author = {R. Phaal and C. R. Calladine},
title = {A simple class of finite elements for plate and shell problems. I: Elements for beams and thin flat plates},
journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering},
year = {1992},
volume = {35},
number = {5},
pages = {955–977},
doi = {10.1002/nme.1620350502}
}
|
| Phaal R and Calladine CR (1992), "A simple class of finite elements for plate and shell problems. II: An element for thin shells, with only translational degrees of freedom", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. Vol. 35(5), pp. 979–996. |
| Abstract: This paper is the second of a pair which discuss the development of a class of overlapping hinged bending finite elements, which are suitable for the analysis of thin-shell, plate and beam structures. These elements rely on a simple physically appealing analogy, in which overlapping hinged facets are used to represent bending effects. They are based on quadratic overlapping assumed displacement functions, which results in constant stress/strain representation. Only translational nodal degrees of freedom are necessary, which is a significant advantage over most other currently available beam, plate and shell finite elements which employ translational, rotational and higher-order nodal variables. In paper I the hinged bending element concept has been introduced, and the hinged beam bending (HBB) and hinged plate bending (HPB) elements formulated. In the present paper these concepts are extended to develop a hinged shell bending (HSB) element. The HSB element can be readily combined with the constant strain triangular (CST) plane stress finite element for the modelling of thin-shell structures; and the combined HSB-CST element is tested against a number of 'standard' thin-shell problems. The present paper, like paper I, is conducted entirely in the context of small-displacement elastic behaviour. |
BibTeX:
@article{phaal1992b,
author = {R. Phaal and C. R. Calladine},
title = {A simple class of finite elements for plate and shell problems. II: An element for thin shells, with only translational degrees of freedom},
journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering},
year = {1992},
volume = {35},
number = {5},
pages = {979–996},
doi = {10.1002/nme.1620350503}
}
|
| Piano R (1966), "Experiments and projects with industrialised structures in plastics materials", In Space Structures; A study of methods and developments in three-dimensional construction resulting from The International Conference on Space Structures, University of Surrey, September 1966. , pp. 753-764. Blackwell Scientific Publications. |
| Abstract: In space construction advantage can be taken of the wide range of opportunities for architectural expression offered by new materials such as plastics. This is made clear in a practical way by the illustrations and descriptions given of construction and experimental work of many different kinds. Methods of manufacture and assembly for several types of roof structure and simple forms of building are described. The structures include a project for a hexagonal holiday house of reinforced polyester faced elements with a polyurethane foam core and also full-scale construction with square based pyramidal units in translucent fibreglass. Particulars are given of a form of barrel vault construction in sheet metal or fibreglass and the limitation imposed by the elasticity of the material rather than the strength is explained. A project for a small seasonal house of two large thin sheets of reinforced polyester is described and details are given of other projects for imparting increased stiffness to existing shapes by bending and tensioning. These include the bending and forcing of rhomboidal and sheet elements to new shapes and of tensioning with steel wires. The final project described is one for the construction of an extremely ligh temporary structure in polyethylene and aluminium tubes in which the tensioning is obtained by the use of compressed air. |
BibTeX:
@inbook{piano1966,
author = {R. Piano},
editor = {R. M. Davies},
title = {Experiments and projects with industrialised structures in plastics materials},
booktitle = {Space Structures; A study of methods and developments in three-dimensional construction resulting from The International Conference on Space Structures, University of Surrey, September 1966},
publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
year = {1966},
pages = {753--764}
}
|
| Pickett GT (2007), "Self-folding origami membranes", Europhysics Letters. Vol. 78(4), pp. 48003. |
| Abstract: I consider the collapse of a freely-hinged membrane consisting of rigid triangular shapes under the influence of specific, local interactions and a global bending stress. In the absence of the applied stress, the film collapses via a symmetry-breaking process. An external bending stress applied to the collapsing sheet dramatically orients the collapsing domains, giving local control over the mechanical properties of the collapsed sheet, just as an external field would in a magnet. |
BibTeX:
@article{pickett2007,
author = {G. T. Pickett},
title = {Self-folding origami membranes},
journal = {Europhysics Letters},
year = {2007},
volume = {78},
number = {4},
pages = {48003},
url = {http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0295-5075/78/4/48003/epl_78_4_48003.html},
doi = {10.1209/0295-5075/78/48003}
}
|
| Piegl L and Tiller W (1996), "The Nurbs Book" Springer.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{piegl1996,
author = {Les Piegl and Wayne Tiller},
title = {The Nurbs Book},
publisher = {Springer},
year = {1996},
edition = {Second}
}
|
| Piekarski M (2000), "Constructional Solutions for Two-Way Fold-Deployable Space Trusses", In IUTAM-IASS Symposium on Deployable Structures: Theory and Applications. , pp. 301-310.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{piekarski2000,
author = {M. Piekarski},
editor = {S. Pellegrino and S. D. Guest},
title = {Constructional Solutions for Two-Way Fold-Deployable Space Trusses},
booktitle = {IUTAM-IASS Symposium on Deployable Structures: Theory and Applications},
year = {2000},
pages = {301-310}
}
|
| Pierre C (1988), "Mode localization and eigenvalue loci veering phenomena in disordered structures", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 126(3), pp. 485-502. |
| Abstract: An investigation of the effects of disorder on the modes of vibration of nearly periodic structures is presented. It is shown that, in structures with close eigenvalues, small structural irregularities result in both strong localization of the mode shapes and abrupt veering away, or mutual repulsion, of the loci of the eigenvalues when these are plotted against a parameter representing the disorder in the system. Perturbation methods for the eigenvalue problem are applied to predict the occurrence of strong localization and eigenvalue loci veering, which are shown to be two manifestations of the same phenomenon. Also, perturbation methods that handle the dramatic effects of small disorder are developed to analyze eigenvalue loci veering and strong localization. Two representative disordered nearly periodic structures are studied: a mistuned assembly of coupled oscillators and a multi-span beam with irregular spacing of the supports. |
BibTeX:
@article{pierre1988,
author = {C. Pierre},
title = {Mode localization and eigenvalue loci veering phenomena in disordered structures},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {1988},
volume = {126},
number = {3},
pages = {485-502},
doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(88)90226-X}
}
|
| Potchen JA (1955), "Structural Sheet", US Patent 2699599. |
BibTeX:
@misc{potchen1955,
author = {J. A. Potchen},
title = {Structural Sheet},
howpublished = {US Patent 2699599},
year = {1955},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2699599.html}
}
|
| Pottmann H, Schiftner A, Bo P, Schmiedhofer H, Wang W, Baldassini N and Wallner J (2008), "Freeform surfaces from single curved panels", In SIGGRAPH '08: ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers. New York, NY, USA , pp. 1-10. ACM. |
| Abstract: Motivated by applications in architecture and manufacturing, we discuss the problem of covering a freeform surface by single curved panels. This leads to the new concept of semi-discrete surface representation, which constitutes a link between smooth and discrete surfaces. The basic entity we are working with is the developable strip model. It is the semi-discrete equivalent of a quad mesh with planar faces, or a conjugate parametrization of a smooth surface. We present a B-spline based optimization framework for efficient computing with D-strip models. In particular we study conical and circular models, which semi-discretize the network of principal curvature lines, and which enjoy elegant geometric properties. Together with geodesic models and cylindrical models they offer a rich source of solutions for surface panelization problems. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{pottmann2008,
author = {Pottmann, Helmut and Schiftner, Alexander and Bo, Pengbo and Schmiedhofer, Heinz and Wang, Wenping and Baldassini, Niccolo and Wallner, Johannes},
title = {Freeform surfaces from single curved panels},
booktitle = {SIGGRAPH '08: ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers},
publisher = {ACM},
year = {2008},
pages = {1--10},
doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1399504.1360675}
}
|
| Prall D and Lakes R (1997), "Properties of a chiral honeycomb with a poisson's ratio of — 1", International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. Vol. 39(3), pp. 305-314. |
| Abstract: A theoretical and experimental investigation is conducted of a two-dimensionally chiral honeycomb. The honeycomb exhibits a Poisson's ratio of —1 for deformations in-plane. This Poisson's ratio is maintained over a significant range of strain, in contrast to the variation with strain seen in known negative Poisson's ratio materials. |
BibTeX:
@article{prall1997,
author = {D. Prall and R.S. Lakes},
title = {Properties of a chiral honeycomb with a poisson's ratio of — 1},
journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Sciences},
year = {1997},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {305-314},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7403(96)00025-2}
}
|
| Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT and Flannery BP (2007), "Numerical Recipes : The Art of Scientific Computing" Cambridge University Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{press2007,
author = {William H. Press and Saul A. Teukolsky and William T. Vetterling and Brian P. Flannery},
title = {Numerical Recipes : The Art of Scientific Computing},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
year = {2007},
edition = {Third}
}
|
| Pronk A, Van Rooy I and Schinkel P (2009), "Double-curved surfaces using a membrane mould", In Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009. Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain, 28 September -- 2 October, 2009. , pp. 618-628. |
| Abstract: Since Leonardo da Vinci came with his idea for an adjustable mould to make three-dimensional curved surfaces people have been searching for a tool like that. This paper gives first the different moulding techniques that have been used to make three-dimensional surfaces with prefabricated elements. Then, the authors describe their own development of an adjustable mould. This moulding technique is based on the manipulation of elastic membranes by inflatables and other objects. The paper describes the way the elastic membrane is manipulated and gives the technical possibilities for making three-dimensional curvatures. In the conclusion we prove the feasibility of this technique and show composite elements that have been made for a three-dimensional curved façade. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{pronk2009,
author = {A. Pronk and I. Van Rooy and P. Schinkel},
editor = {A. Domingo and C. Lazaro},
title = {Double-curved surfaces using a membrane mould},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009},
year = {2009},
pages = {618--628}
}
|
| Ramrakhyani D, Lesieutre G, Frecker M and Bharti S (2005), "Aircraft Structural Morphing using Tendon-Actuated Compliant Cellular Trusses", Journal of Aircraft. Vol. 42(6), pp. 1614-1620. |
BibTeX:
@article{ramrakhyani2005,
author = {Deepak Ramrakhyani and George Lesieutre and Mary Frecker and Smita Bharti},
title = {Aircraft Structural Morphing using Tendon-Actuated Compliant Cellular Trusses},
journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
year = {2005},
volume = {42},
number = {6},
pages = {1614-1620},
doi = {10.2514/1.9984}
}
|
| Rapp EG (1960), "Sandwich-type structural element", US Patent 2963128. |
BibTeX:
@misc{rapp1960,
author = {E. G. Rapp},
title = {Sandwich-type structural element},
howpublished = {US Patent 2963128},
year = {1960},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2963128.html}
}
|
| Rauscher B, Karbasian H, Tekkaya AE and Homberghachen W (2008), "Manufacturing of hump plate walls by innovative forming techniques and fields of application in commercial lightweight utility vehicles", In SCT 2008 - Steels in cars and trucks. Wiesbaden, Germany, June 01-05, 2008. |
| Abstract: Lightweight construction is gaining increasing importance for economic and ecological reasons. Multicellular structures using steel sheets (e.g. hump plates) are light steel structures enabling the production of lighter parts with increased stiffness and strength compared to conventional part design. Especially in light utility vehicles, there is a high potential to reduce weight in large, planar structures of the vehicle. In this work, an innovative manufacturing technology was developed to produce large hump plates via section-wise hydroforming using working media. At first, FE simulations were applied to dimension the hump plates with respect to the hump geometry and plate height in regard to specific load cases. The processing methods spot-welding and gluing were used for joining the hump plates. The requested contour of the joined hump plates was cut by water-jet techniques. Experimental results showed a strong robustness of the hydroforming process, enabling the production of large hump plates with total dimensions of up to 1800 x 2000 mm. The formed parts exhibited a high geometric accuracy, which is essential for an exact fitting during the subsequent joining processes. Regarding the mechanical properties, the formed parts showed a high stiffness and work hardening. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{rauscher2008,
author = {B. Rauscher and H. Karbasian and A. E. Tekkaya and W. Homberghachen},
title = {Manufacturing of hump plate walls by innovative forming techniques and fields of application in commercial lightweight utility vehicles},
booktitle = {SCT 2008 - Steels in cars and trucks},
year = {2008}
}
|
| Reany J and Grenestedt JL (2009), "Corrugated skin in a foam core sandwich panel", Composite Structures. Vol. 89(3), pp. 345-355. |
| Abstract: Sandwich plates with one corrugated and one flat skin were studied with the goal to find configurations with higher strength and/or stiffness and reduced weight. A procedure for calculating homogenized orthotropic plate stiffnesses of the sandwich was developed and applied to a number of different profiles. The corrugations lead to increased bending stiffness in one direction but reduced in another. The effect on uniaxial and shear buckling was investigated, with improvements seen for certain combinations of corrugation geometry and material properties. Both conventional (flat) and corrugated skin sandwich panels with the size 1.34 m × 1.59 m were subsequently designed and manufactured for a hybrid ship hull specimen. The numerical analysis predicted the corrugated panel to be 25% stronger than the flat counterpart in spite of being 15% lighter (by numerical prediction as well as experimental weighing). |
BibTeX:
@article{reany2009,
author = {Jack Reany and Joachim L. Grenestedt},
title = {Corrugated skin in a foam core sandwich panel},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2009},
volume = {89},
number = {3},
pages = {345-355},
doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.08.008}
}
|
| Redont P (1989), "Representation and deformation of developable surfaces", Computer-Aided Design. Vol. 21, pp. 13-20. |
| Abstract: The purpose of the paper is to contribute to the study of developable surfaces in computer-aided design by proposing a means of specifying and controlling them. A discrete representation for a developable is derived from the orientation of the tangent plane along a geodesic. The original surface is thus approximated by a smooth developable surface which consists of pieces of circular cones. This representation easily allows deformation of the developable. |
BibTeX:
@article{redont1989,
author = {P. Redont},
title = {Representation and deformation of developable surfaces},
journal = {Computer-Aided Design},
year = {1989},
volume = {21},
pages = {13-20},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TYR-4F4HF12-11/2/97ac6f5f422d634a12d5bd75097960f7},
doi = {10.1016/0010-4485(89)90111-5}
}
|
| Resch R (1973), "The topological design of sculptural and architectural systems", In AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences. New York, June 4-8, 1973. , pp. 643-650. |
| Abstract: In my work over the past 12 years I have consistently created systems with an approach which I will describe as topological design. I have tried to capture the spirit of this work in my film, "The Ron Resch Paper and Stick Thing Film," which will be shown elsewhere in the conference. I would like to present here, and in a color slide presentation, the concept of topological design using examples from my work for clarity. I will show how the conception and fabrication of designed objects have a topological and a geometric aspect. Currently, these objects may be characterized as emphasizing the geometric aspect, by limiting an entire class of objects to be a unique one. Finally, I will show where the introduction of the computer into design and production process makes possible the topological aspect, so that the automation of custom made objects might replace a series of identical 'ready mades.' |
BibTeX:
@conference{resch1973,
author = {R. Resch},
title = {The topological design of sculptural and architectural systems},
booktitle = {AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences},
year = {1973},
pages = {643-650},
url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1499586.1499744},
doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1499586.1499744}
}
|
| Resch R and Christiansen HN (1971), "Kinematic Folded Plate System", In Proceedings of IASS Symposium on Folded Plates and Prismatic Structures. Vienna, Austria |
| Abstract: This paper consists of two nearly independent parts. The first, written by Professor Resch, describes his creations in the area of foldable plate structures. The second part, written by Professor Christiansen, discusses an analysis system which provides solutions to the elastic and kinematic problems associated with foldable structures. The first part describes the general notion of kinematic systems, an example of which are kinematic folded-plate systems. The dynamic potential of these kinematic folded plate systes for the architectural designer has recently been realized through computer simulation. The combination of this design system and the computer simulation spells the possible elimination of monotonous serial production in favour of mass production of non-identical shell forms. Key developments, in the latter part of the paper, describe the theory by which the elastic forces are generated for the large displacement problem and a fold element which is utilized for structural stability. Kinematic solutions are obtained by repeated application of a process involving an elastic analysis, an updating of the nodal coordinates, and a relaxation of fold elements. Also discussed is the implementation of these capabilities in a digital computer system which includes interactive displays. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{resch1971,
author = {R. Resch and H. N. Christiansen},
editor = {R. Krapfenbauer},
title = {Kinematic Folded Plate System},
booktitle = {Proceedings of IASS Symposium on Folded Plates and Prismatic Structures},
year = {1971}
}
|
| Resch RD (1965), "Geometrical device having articulated relatively movable sections", US Patent 3201894. |
BibTeX:
@misc{resch1965,
author = {R. D. Resch},
title = {Geometrical device having articulated relatively movable sections},
howpublished = {US Patent 3201894},
year = {1965},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3201894.html}
}
|
| Resch RD (1968), "Self-supporting structural unit having a series of repetitious geometrical modules", US Patent 3407558. |
| Abstract: A structural system comprised of a number of interconnected points in space. The structural system includes a plurality of interconnected modules, each having two sets of legs, the legs of each set being joined at common terminus. The physical relationship between the two sets of legs of each module being constant while the physical relationships between the legs of each set in a given module being variable to permit selective geometrical composition of the module to compose any of a number of different configurations in the structure. |
BibTeX:
@misc{resch1968,
author = {R. D. Resch},
title = {Self-supporting structural unit having a series of repetitious geometrical modules},
howpublished = {US Patent 3407558},
year = {1968},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3407558.html}
}
|
| Resch RD (1977), "Self-supporting structural unit having a three-dimensional surface", US Patent 4059932. |
| Abstract: A self-supporting structural unit having a three-dimensional surface comprising: a first plurality of identical polygons, such as, for example, equilateral triangles, having predefined, fixed areas and equal sides of a predetermined constant length: and a second plurality of polygons, such as, for example, hexagons, having various areas but with equal sides of a predetermined constant length, the sides of the first plurality of polygons being equal in length to the sides of the second plurality of polygons and being secured thereto and in coextensive alignment therewith, the vertices of the first plurality of identical polygons and the second plurality of polygons lying substantially in the three-dimensional surface of the self-supporting structural unit. |
BibTeX:
@misc{resch1977,
author = {R. D. Resch},
title = {Self-supporting structural unit having a three-dimensional surface},
howpublished = {US Patent 4059932},
year = {1977},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4059932.html}
}
|
| Resch RD (1983), "Construction-element", US Patent 4397902. |
| Abstract: A construction element of folded sheet material having a repetitive pattern of similarly shaped geometric figures. The tops of the figures lie in one plane and the troughs in a second parallel plane. Four tops are situated around one trough and are connected with it through four angled surfaces. |
BibTeX:
@misc{resch1983,
author = {R. D. Resch},
title = {Construction-element},
howpublished = {US Patent 4397902},
year = {1983},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4397902.html}
}
|
| Reynolds WE, Koeller EH and Faccin SB (1965), "Rigidified corrugated structure", US Patent 3217845. |
BibTeX:
@misc{reynolds1965,
author = {W. E. Reynolds and E. H. Koeller and S. B. Faccin},
title = {Rigidified corrugated structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3217845},
year = {1965},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3217845.html}
}
|
| Ribeiro T and Serna P (2009), "Numerical analysis of steel fiber reinforced concrete shells", In Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009. Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain, 28 September -- 2 October, 2009. , pp. 1731-1742. |
| Abstract: Here, a simple numerical model for steel fiber concrete, based on a reinforced concrete model is presented. In the proposed model concrete is modeled using a finite element dedicated to brittle materials, available at ANSYS library. Fiber contribution to the multiaxial state of concrete is modeled by changing concrete parameters accordingly. Moreover, stress transfer by fiber bridging action is taken in account by considering the fibers as an equivalent smeared reinforcement. An appropriate although simple model for fiber reinforced concrete is therefore obtained by suitably adjusting the parameters of a reinforced concrete model. The proposed model is applied to shells which are part of the Wall of the Benidorm esplanade (Spain). Analyses are carried out on wall segments, considering the structure self-weight, and temperature variations. The numerical results obtained represent well the structural behavior. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{ribeiro2009,
author = {T.S.A. Ribeiro and P. Serna},
editor = {A. Domingo and C. Lazaro},
title = {Numerical analysis of steel fiber reinforced concrete shells},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009},
year = {2009},
pages = {1731--1742}
}
|
| le Ricolais R and Klein-Siondine A (1935), "élément métallique de construction", French Patent FR784424.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{ricolais1935,
author = {R. le Ricolais and A. Klein-Siondine},
title = {élément métallique de construction},
howpublished = {French Patent FR784424},
year = {1935}
}
|
| Ridgway SH and Carder DA (1993), "Features of dolphin skin with potential hydrodynamic importance", Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE. Vol. 12(3), pp. 83-88. |
| Abstract: Studies indicating that dolphin skin is sensitive to vibrations or small pressure changes on its surface are reported. They show that the most sensitive areas are located at the angle of gape, and around the eyes, snout, melon, blowhole. The dolphin's nervous system detects changes in pressure on its skin surface; however, the present results only suggest that the dolphin's skin may reduce drag by moving synchronously with small vibrations impinging on its surface. Observations also suggest that the dolphin skin may be able to adjust to pressure changes by amplifying normal microvibrations, or by producing vibrations with muscular contractions. The studies suggest that the skin may actively flex away from higher pressure and toward lower pressure. Cutaneous ridges may play an important role in sensory function and in hydrodynamics |
BibTeX:
@article{ridgway1993,
author = {S. H. Ridgway and D. A. Carder},
title = {Features of dolphin skin with potential hydrodynamic importance},
journal = {Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE},
year = {1993},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {83-88},
doi = {10.1109/51.232347}
}
|
| Rietbergen D and Vollers KJ (2009), "A Method and Apparatus for forming a Double-curved Panel from a Flat Panel", WO Patent WO2009002158. |
| Abstract: A method for forming a double-curved panel from a flat panel, which comprises processing a plastically deformable flat panel or rendering the flat panel plastically deformable to enable it to mould itself to a predetermined shape, wherein the shape is obtained by a primary supporting construction cooperating with a secondary supporting construction, wherein the primary supporting construction may or may not be adjustable to an invariant position that determines the shape, and the secondary supporting construction is adjustable between a starting position in which it supports the flat panel, and a finishing position in which the secondary supporting construction supports the double-curved panel, while said supporting construction rests on and is shaped in accordance with the shape of the primary supporting construction, wherein the adjustment from the starting position to the finishing position occurs at least subject to the distribution of the gravitational force exerted on the secondary supporting construction by the panel while this is plastically deformable. |
BibTeX:
@misc{rietbergen2009,
author = {D. Rietbergen and K. J. Vollers},
title = {A Method and Apparatus for forming a Double-curved Panel from a Flat Panel},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO2009002158},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Rios Moreira A (1996), "Adjustable and reusable arch support", EP Patent EP0745743. |
| Abstract: The support, comprises an elongated rectangular metal strip (1) with projecting elements (2) fixed to its underside, joined together by a series of adjustable tensioners (3) which enable the curvatures of the metal strip to be varied according to requirements. The tensioners (3) are made, for example, in the form of threaded couplings with rods which have a hexagonal-section central portion to receive a wrench for adjusting them. Each projecting element (2) can be made, for example, from a U-shaped metal strip with pivoted and threaded coupling elements fitted across it to engage with the tensioners. |
BibTeX:
@misc{riosmoreira1996,
author = {A. Rios Moreira},
title = {Adjustable and reusable arch support},
howpublished = {EP Patent EP0745743},
year = {1996},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19961204&CC=EP&NR=0745743A1&KC=A1#}
}
|
| Robb WF (1966), "Core Structure", US Patent 3227598. |
BibTeX:
@misc{robb1966,
author = {W. F. Robb},
title = {Core Structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3227598},
year = {1966},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3227598.html}
}
|
| Robier JBD (1910), "An Improved Mould for Imparting Convexity or Curvature to Glass Plates", GB Patent GB191004680. |
| Abstract: Relates to a mould for bending glass plates. A metal box 1, which can be run on a track 10 into the bending - furnace, is grooved at 2 to receive plates 3, the upper edges 4 of which are cut to the shape of the desired bend. A number of tubes 6, Fig. 3, are then laid on the plates 4, and a thin metal plate is laid on top to form the curved surface on which the glass is bent. The tubes 6 are held together by wires 7. Instead of the tubes 6, a corrugated metal plate may be used. To change the form of the mould, the plates 3 only need be changed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{robier1910,
author = {J. B. D. Robier},
title = {An Improved Mould for Imparting Convexity or Curvature to Glass Plates},
howpublished = {GB Patent GB191004680},
year = {1910}
}
|
| RoboFold technology (2008), "Rapid Sheet Metal Forming", Website. |
BibTeX:
@misc{robofold2008,
author = {RoboFold technology},
title = {Rapid Sheet Metal Forming},
howpublished = {Website},
year = {2008},
url = {http://www.robofold.com/index.html}
}
|
| Roman S (2008), "Advanced Linear Algebra" Vol. 135 Springer New York. |
BibTeX:
@book{roman2008,
author = {Steven Roman},
title = {Advanced Linear Algebra},
publisher = {Springer New York},
year = {2008},
volume = {135},
edition = {3rd},
doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-72831-5}
}
|
| Rumble RW (1940), "Adjustably curvable structural sheet", US Patent 2197318. |
BibTeX:
@misc{rumble1940,
author = {R. W. Rumble},
title = {Adjustably curvable structural sheet},
howpublished = {US Patent 2197318},
year = {1940},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2197318.html}
}
|
| Runyon JF (1978), "Modular building structure", US Patent US4074477. |
| Abstract: uilding structures formed from repeating alternating mirror-image forms of basic mathematically determinate structural modules. The structure is applicable to the construction of buildings without internal supporting pillars or other structural supports which form interior obstructions. Such structures are especially adapted for such uses as auditoriums, concert halls, exhibition halls, field houses, storage buildings, stadium covers, etc. The structures are readily adapted for factory fabrication and partial assembly, shipment as partially assembled components and final on-site assembly. The structural modules are foldable. Structures may be assembled from modules in folded or collapsed condition at or near ground level and then erected by unfolding into structures of substantial length, width and height. The completed structures may take the form of a surface of revolution, such as a hemisphere, toroid, catenoid, etc., cylindrical surface, such as a barrel vault, free-form vault, plane, or various combinations of these forms. |
BibTeX:
@other{runyon1978,
author = {J. F. Runyon},
title = {Modular building structure},
year = {1978},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4074477.html}
}
|
| Rusinkiewicz S (2004), "Estimating Curvatures and Their Derivatives on Triangle Meshes", In Second International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission (3DPVT'04). Thessaloniki, Greece, September, 2004. , pp. 486-493. |
| Abstract: The computation of curvature and other differential properties of surfaces is essential for many techniques in analysis and rendering. We present a finite-differences approach for estimating curvatures on irregular triangle meshes that may be thought of as an extension of a common method for estimating per-vertex normals. The technique is efficient in space and time, and results in significantly fewer outlier estimates while more broadly offering accuracy comparable to existing methods. It generalizes naturally to computing derivatives of curvature and higher-order surface differentials. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{rusinkiewicz2004,
author = {Szymon Rusinkiewicz},
title = {Estimating Curvatures and Their Derivatives on Triangle Meshes},
booktitle = {Second International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission (3DPVT'04)},
year = {2004},
pages = {486-493},
doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TDPVT.2004.1335277}
}
|
| Ruysser TD (2002), "Novel fabric material", WO Patent Application 02/097186. |
| Abstract: A material is provided, being partially metallised yet flexible. The material is manufactured by electrodeposition of a metal onto a backing sheet (10) to provide an array of stiffened panels (12) of metallic appearance on the backing sheet. The backing sheet is subsequently pleated in the lines (14,16) extending between the panels. |
BibTeX:
@misc{deruysser2002,
author = {T. De Ruysser},
title = {Novel fabric material},
howpublished = {WO Patent Application 02/097186},
year = {2002},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO02097186}
}
|
| Salvadori M and Heller R (1963), "Structure in Architecture" Prentice-Hall.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{salvadori1963,
author = {Mario Salvadori and Robert Heller},
title = {Structure in Architecture},
publisher = {Prentice-Hall},
year = {1963}
}
|
| Samanta A and Mukhopadhyay M (1999), "Finite element static and dynamic analyses of folded plates", Engineering Structures. Vol. 21(3), pp. 277-287. |
| Abstract: Nonlinear geometric analysis of trapezoidal corrugated sheet is reported for the first time. In addition to three-dimensional analysis, an equivalent orthotropic model is proposed that includes both extensional and bending rigidities—a consideration not made earlier. The analysis is extended to the determination of free vibration characteristics of the corrugated sheet. Comparison of displacements and natural frequencies of folded plates is made to demonstrate the versatility of the proposed approach. |
BibTeX:
@article{samanta1999,
author = {Asokendu Samanta and Madhujit Mukhopadhyay},
title = {Finite element static and dynamic analyses of folded plates},
journal = {Engineering Structures},
year = {1999},
volume = {21},
number = {3},
pages = {277-287},
doi = {10.1016/S0141-0296(97)90172-3}
}
|
| Sauer R and Graf H (1931), "Über Flächenverbiegung in Analogie zur Verknickung offener Facettenflache", Mathematische Annalen. Vol. 105, pp. 499-535. |
BibTeX:
@article{sauer1931,
author = {R. Sauer and H. Graf},
title = {Über Flächenverbiegung in Analogie zur Verknickung offener Facettenflache},
journal = {Mathematische Annalen},
year = {1931},
volume = {105},
pages = {499-535},
doi = {10.1007/BF01455828}
}
|
| Saveker DR (1976), "Sinusoidal structural element", US Patent 3992835. |
| Abstract: Described herein are self-supporting structural elements formed of an integral sheet characterized by alternating elevations and depressions which sinusoidally vary about a flat or curved surface of neutrality, the element being suitable for use as a core in composite shell structures. The sinusoidal core element is curvilinearly continuous in passing from the peaks of the characteristic elevations through the surface of neutrality to the floors of adjoining depressions so that stress-raising discontinuities characteristic of prior art core elements are avoided. The core elements, which may be formed of any rigid metal material, e.g., steel, are preferably sinusoidally configured by explosive forming against a suitably configured die. The core elements can be employed singly or in plural, stacked relationship between both parallel and tapered or other irregular boundary layers. |
BibTeX:
@misc{saveker1976,
author = {D. R. Saveker},
title = {Sinusoidal structural element},
howpublished = {US Patent 3992835},
year = {1976},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3992835.html}
}
|
| Schenk M, Allwood JM and Guest SD (2011), "Cold Gas-Pressure Folding of Miura-ori Sheets" Aachen, Germany, September 25-30th, 2011. |
| Abstract: Folding sheets from flat sheet materials into 3D surfaces provides a way to form textured sheets with a deep relief, without stretching the base material. Manufacturing can therefore be done using only low-energy bending operations along the fold lines. An important challenge to be overcome in the manufacturing process is the significant in-plane biaxial contraction during the folding process. A novel manufacturing process is herein introduced, which uses cold gas-pressure to fold the sheets and requires a minimum of initial tooling. Calculations were done to determine the required forming pressure to fold an example folded sheet, a Miura-ori sheet, and were compared with trials. |
BibTeX:
@unpublished{schenk2011,
author = {M. Schenk and Julian M. Allwood and Simon D. Guest},
title = {Cold Gas-Pressure Folding of Miura-ori Sheets},
year = {2011},
note = {Accepted for presentation at the International Conference on Technology of Plasticity (ICTP 2011); selected for publication in Steel Research International.}
}
|
| Schenk M and Guest SD (2009), "Folded Textured Sheets", In Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009. Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain, 28 September -- 2 October, 2009. , pp. 2328-2336. |
| Abstract: By introducing a ‘local’ texture to thin-walled sheets, the ‘global’ mechanical properties of the sheets can be favourably modified. In this paper we explore the intriguing mechanical properties of Folded Textured Sheets, by way of two examples. The fold patterns allow the sheets to undergo large deformations, as well as change their global Gaussian curvature without stretching the material. Furthermore, both example sheets share the remarkable property that their Poisson’s ratio under bending is of opposite sign to that under extension. The properties of the sheets were studied using a simple numerical model, where the folded sheets are represented by a pin-jointed framework; this captures the key deformation modes. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{schenk2009,
author = {Mark Schenk and Simon D. Guest},
editor = {A. Domingo and C. Lazaro},
title = {Folded Textured Sheets},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009},
year = {2009},
pages = {2328--2336}
}
|
| Schenk M and Guest SD (2011), "Origami Folding: A Structural Engineering Approach", In Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME). , pp. 293-305. CRC Press. |
| Abstract: In this paper we present a novel engineering application of Origami, using it for both the flexibility and the rigidity the folding patterns provide. The proposed Folded Textured Sheets have several interesting mechanical properties. The folding patterns are modelled as a pin-jointed framework, which allows the use of established structural engineering methods to gain insight into the kinematics of the folded sheet. The kinematic analysis can be naturally developed into a stiffness matrix approach; by studying its softest eigenmodes, important deformations of a partially folded sheet can be found, which aids in the understanding of Origami sheets for engineering applications. |
BibTeX:
@incollection{schenk2010,
author = {Mark Schenk and Simon D. Guest},
editor = {Patsy Wang-Iverson and Robert J. Lang and Mark YIM},
title = {Origami Folding: A Structural Engineering Approach},
booktitle = {Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME)},
publisher = {CRC Press},
year = {2011},
pages = {293-305}
}
|
| Schief WK, Bobenko AI and Hoffman T (2007), "On the Integrability of Infinitesimal and Finite Deformations of Polyhedral Surfaces", In Discrete Differential Geometry, Oberwolf Seminars. Vol. 38, pp. 67-93. Birkhäuser Verlag. |
| Abstract: It is established that there exists an intimate connection between isometric deformations of polyhedral surfaces and discrete integrable systems. In particular, Sauer’s kinematic approach is adopted to show that second-order infinitesimal isometric deformations of discrete surfaces composed of planar quadrilaterals (discrete conjugate nets) are determined by the solutions of an integrable discrete version of Bianchi’s classical equation governing finite isometric deformations of conjugate nets.Moreover, it is demonstrated that finite isometric deformations of discrete conjugate nets are completely encapsulated in the standard integrable discretization of a particular nonlinear-model subject to a constraint. The deformability of discrete Voss surfaces is thereby retrievedin a natural manner. |
BibTeX:
@incollection{schief2007,
author = {Wolfgang K. Schief and Alexander I. Bobenko and Tim Hoffman},
title = {On the Integrability of Infinitesimal and Finite Deformations of Polyhedral Surfaces},
booktitle = {Discrete Differential Geometry, Oberwolf Seminars},
publisher = {Birkhäuser Verlag},
year = {2007},
volume = {38},
pages = {67-93}
}
|
| Schioler T and Pellegrino S (2007), "Space Frames with Multiple Stable Configurations", AIAA Journal. Vol. 45(7), pp. 1740-1747. |
| Abstract: This paper is concerned with beamlike spaceframes that include a large number of bistable elements, and exploit the bistability of the elements to obtain structures with multiple stable configurations. By increasing the number of bistable elements, structures with a large number of different configurations can be designed. A particular attraction of this approach is that it produces structures able to maintain their shape without any power being supplied. The first part of this paper focuses on the design and realization of a low-cost snap-through strut, whose two different lengths provide the required bistable feature. A parametric study of the length-change of the strut in relation to the peak force that needs to be applied by the driving actuators is carried out. Bistable struts based on this concept have been made by injection molding nylon. Next, beamlike structures based on different architectures are considered. It is shown that different structural architectures produce structures with workspaces of different size and resolution, when made from an identical number of bistable struts. One particular architecture, with 30 bistable struts and hence over 1 billion different configurations, has been demonstrated. |
BibTeX:
@article{schioler2007,
author = {T. Schioler and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Space Frames with Multiple Stable Configurations},
journal = {AIAA Journal},
year = {2007},
volume = {45},
number = {7},
pages = {1740--1747},
url = {http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:SCHIaiaaj07}
}
|
| Schluter JC (2003), "Corrugated structural metal plate", US Patent 6524722. |
| Abstract: A corrugated structural metal plate includes longitudinally extending corrugations defined by alternating crests and valleys. Each of the crests and valleys includes longitudinally extending flat segments that are configured to reduce buckling of the plate when the plate is curved about an axis generally transverse to its longitudinal axis. |
BibTeX:
@misc{schluter2003,
author = {J. C. Schluter},
title = {Corrugated structural metal plate},
howpublished = {US Patent 6524722},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6524722.html}
}
|
| Schmertz JC (1991), "Biaxially corrugated flexible sheet material", US Patent 5008140. |
| Abstract: A flexible biaxially corrugated sheet material is formed from a plurality of identical trapezium segments which are arranged in a plurality of long strips a single segment wide. Adjacent strips are mirror images of each other and connected along adjoining sides with the angles of the four corners of adjacent segments being alternately less than 360.degree. and greater than 360.degree. along the length of a strip such that the sheet material has an undulating configuration, and is inherently curved and cannot lie in a flat plane. |
BibTeX:
@misc{schmertz1991,
author = {John C. Schmertz},
title = {Biaxially corrugated flexible sheet material},
howpublished = {US Patent 5008140},
year = {1991},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5008140.html}
}
|
| Schott LA (1975), "Reinforced cellular panel construction", US Patent 3876492. |
| Abstract: A reinforced light panel structure for use as a structural module having a pair of spaced, parallel sheets separated by and joined to a shaped insert in the form of a continuous sheet with multiple, adjacent, closed wall, circularly cross sectioned, conical projections extending in spaced array in alternately opposite directions from a common plane to provide a plurality of contact surfaces secured to the inside surfaces of the spaced parallel sheets. |
BibTeX:
@misc{schott1975,
author = {L. A. Schott},
title = {Reinforced cellular panel construction},
howpublished = {US Patent 3876492},
year = {1975},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3876492.html}
}
|
| Schroeder T and Stevenson R (1996), "Surface generating device suitable for generating a die, mold or fixture surface", US Patent US5513972. |
| Abstract: A device is provided which is capable of generating a surface that at least partially conforms to the contour of an article. The surface is defined by the ends of a number of threaded members which are supported within a suitable support structure. The threaded members are aligned so as to be substantially parallel to and threadably engaged with each other. As a result, rotation of an individual threaded member will cause that threaded member to be longitudinally moved relative to its adjacent threaded members and the support structure, without displacing an adjacent threaded member. The surface can be readily configured manually or automatically to serve as a die or mold cavity when the entire surface has been generated to conform to the entire contour of the article. Alternatively, the surface can be generated so as to provide a suitable fixture surface for supporting and securing a workpiece during a machining or welding operation. Due to its method of generation, the surface can be quickly and repeatedly reconfigured to conform to an article or workpiece having a completely different contour. |
BibTeX:
@misc{schroeder1996,
author = {T. Schroeder and R. Stevenson},
title = {Surface generating device suitable for generating a die, mold or fixture surface},
howpublished = {US Patent US5513972},
year = {1996}
}
|
| Schultz MR, Hulse MJ and Keller PN (2006), "Neutrally Stable Composite Tape Springs", In Proceedings of the 47th AIAAASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. New Port, Rhode Island, New York, May 1--4, 2006. |
| Abstract: Thin cylindrical shells such as metallic storable tubular extendable members (STEMś) and carpenter-tape springs have been used as deployable structural members since the early stages of space exploration. Typically these metallic STEMś and carpenter-tape devices have been elastically strained and held with some restraint in the packaged configuration. For deployment, either the restraint is released and the structure springs into its deployed configuration, or the structure is fed out using a motor. More recently, fiber-reinforced composites have been considered for these applications because of the mass efficiency of composites and the ability to tailor composites to exhibit behavior not seen with the traditional metals. This paper considers a new type of neutrally stable tape spring that does not show an inclination to spring out to the fully extended configuration when partially rolled. Neutrally stable tape springs do not need to be constrained in the packaged state and deployment can be easily controlled with low-force, unobtrusive actuators. An analytical study is used to explore this form of neutral stability and to define the necessary conditions for neutral stability. Those necessary conditions are confirmed by fabricating a series of composite tape springs. Finally, a simple experiment is performed to demonstrate that the deployment of the neutrally stable tape spring can be started and stopped at any point of deployment. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{schultz2006,
author = {Marc R. Schultz and Michael J. Hulse and Philip N. Keller},
title = {Neutrally Stable Composite Tape Springs},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 47th AIAAASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference},
year = {2006},
url = {http://www.ctd-materials.com/papers/menu.php}
}
|
| Scurlock JC (1949), "Panel Structure", US Patent 2481046. |
BibTeX:
@misc{scurlock1949,
author = {J. C. Scurlock},
title = {Panel Structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 2481046},
year = {1949},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2481046.html}
}
|
| Seffen KA (2006), "Mechanical memory metal: a novel material for developing morphing engineering structures", Scripta Materialia. Vol. 55(4), pp. 411-414. |
| Abstract: This paper describes a profiled metallic sheet with discrete, self-locking modes of deformation, which can be curved, flattened or asymmetrical. This behaviour is achieved by depressing dimples on its surface, and is completely reversible. The governing mechanism depends on the interaction between residual stresses and non-linear deformation coupled to the orientation of each dimple, resulting in complex distortions; we predict these changes in shape using a straightforward computational model, which will expedite the design of novel morphing structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{seffen2006,
author = {K. A. Seffen},
title = {Mechanical memory metal: a novel material for developing morphing engineering structures},
journal = {Scripta Materialia},
year = {2006},
volume = {55},
number = {4},
pages = { 411--414},
doi = {10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.03.028}
}
|
| Seffen KA (2007), "Hierarchical multi-stable shapes in mechanical memory metal", Scripta Materialia. Vol. 56(5), pp. 417-420. |
| Abstract: The mechanism by which novel dimpled metallic sheets adopt multi-stable cylindrical modes is determined using a straightforward homogenization scheme, which identifies highly compliant narrow regions linked to the unit cell geometry of dimple layout. The sheet prefers to bend about these regions to maximize the curving induced by residual stresses. |
BibTeX:
@article{seffen2007a,
author = {K. A. Seffen},
title = {Hierarchical multi-stable shapes in mechanical memory metal},
journal = {Scripta Materialia},
year = {2007},
volume = {56},
number = {5},
pages = { 417--420},
doi = {10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.10.038}
}
|
| Seffen KA (2007), "'Morphing' bistable orthotropic elliptical shallow shells", Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Vol. 463(2077), pp. 67-83. |
| Abstract: This study is concerned with the equilibrium shapes of orthotropic, elliptical plates and shells deforming elastically without initial stresses. The aim is to explore potential bistable configurations and their dependencies on material parameters and initial shape for elucidating novel morphing structures. A strain energy formulation gives way to a compact set of governing equations of deformation, which can be solved in closed form for some isotropic and orthotropic conditions. It is shown that bistability depends on the change in Gaussian curvature of the shell, in particular, for initially untwisted shells, isotropy precludes bistability, where there is negative initial Gaussian curvature, but orthotropic materials yield bistability irrespective of the sign of the initial Gaussian curvature. This improved range of performance stems from increasing the independent shear modulus, which imparts sufficient torsional rigidity to stabilize against perturbations in the deformed state. It is also shown that the range of bistable configurations for initially twisted shells generally diminishes as the degree of twist increases. |
BibTeX:
@article{seffen2007b,
author = {K. A. Seffen},
title = {'Morphing' bistable orthotropic elliptical shallow shells},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A},
year = {2007},
volume = {463},
number = {2077},
pages = { 67--83},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.2006.1750}
}
|
| Seffen KA (2011), "Compliant Shell Mechanisms" |
| Abstract: This paper describes a class of lightweight structures known as compliant shell mechanisms. These are novel reconfigurable solutions for advanced structures, such as morphing shells and deployable membranes. They have local, discrete corrugations, which articulate and deform to achieve dramatic changes in the overall shape of shell. We consider the unique kinematics by highlighting examples and by performing analysis using established and novel concepts, and we demonstrate favourable predictions of shape compared to laboratory models. |
BibTeX:
@unpublished{seffen2011,
author = {Keith A. Seffen},
title = {Compliant Shell Mechanisms},
year = {2011},
note = {accepted for Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - Special Theme issue on the ``Geometry and Mechanics of Layered Structures and Materials".}
}
|
| Sehrndt GA (1960), "Verbundplatte und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung", DD Patent 1434112.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{sehrndt1960,
author = {G. A. Sehrndt},
title = {Verbundplatte und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung},
howpublished = {DD Patent 1434112},
year = {1960}
}
|
| Seong D, Jung C, Yang D, Moon K and Ahn D (2010), "Quasi-isotropic bending responses of metallic sandwich plates with bi-directionally corrugated cores", Materials & Design. Vol. 31(6), pp. 2804-2812. |
| Abstract: In order to reduce anisotropic behaviors of sandwich plates with open channel cores under the bending load, bi-directionally corrugated cores were introduced. Bi-directionally corrugated core has two additional design parameters related with a corrugation pass than uni-directionally corrugated core, so that its properties with respect to core orientations can be controlled. Sandwich plate with bi-directionally corrugated core is designed optimally so that beam buckling of face sheets is reduced drastically and anisotropic buckling behavior in the face sheets is minimized. The cores fabricated by a sectional forming process were bonded with face sheets by adhesive bonding. Three-point bending experiments were carried out with respect to core orientations. It has been shown from the experiments that sandwich plates with bi-directionally corrugated cores exhibit quasi-isotopic bending behaviors and structural performances in sandwich plates. |
BibTeX:
@article{seong2010b,
author = {D.Y. Seong and C.G. Jung and D.Y. Yang and K.J. Moon and D.G. Ahn},
title = {Quasi-isotropic bending responses of metallic sandwich plates with bi-directionally corrugated cores},
journal = {Materials & Design},
year = {2010},
volume = {31},
number = {6},
pages = {2804-2812},
doi = {10.1016/j.matdes.2010.01.009}
}
|
| Seong D, Jung C, Yanga D, Kim J, Chung W and Lee M (2010), "Bendable metallic sandwich plates with a sheared dimple core", Scripta Materialia. Vol. 63(1), pp. 81-84. |
| Abstract: Most structured sandwich plates cannot be simply deformed by conventional forming operations. Bendable sandwich plates with a sheared dimple core were introduced to expand the application fields. The core shear strength increased as the gap between the attachment points decreased. This characteristic produces benefits, such as preventing face buckling and core shear failure. U-bending experiments have shown that the designed sandwich plates can be bent successfully with a drastically small relative bending radius (R/H) of 3.33. |
BibTeX:
@article{seong2010,
author = {D.Y. Seong and C.G. Jung and D.Y. Yanga and J.H. Kim and W.J. Chung and M.Y. Lee},
title = {Bendable metallic sandwich plates with a sheared dimple core},
journal = {Scripta Materialia},
year = {2010},
volume = {63},
number = {1},
pages = {81-84},
doi = {10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.03.022}
}
|
| Seong DY, Jund CG, Yang DY and Ahn DG (2008), "Bending Behavior of Simply Supported Metallic Sandwich Plates with Dimpled Cores", International Journal of Modern Physics B. Vol. 22(31-32), pp. 6179–6184. |
| Abstract: Metallic sandwich plates are lightweight structural materials with load-bearing and multi-functional characteristics. Previous analytic studies have shown that the bendability of these plates increases as the thickness decreases. Due to difficulty in the manufacture of thin sandwich plates, dimpled cores (structures called egg-box cores) are employed as a sandwich core. High-precision dimpled cores are easily fabricated in a sectional forming process. The cores are then bonded with skin sheets by multi-point resistance welding. The bending characteristics of simply supported plates were observed by the defining measure, including the radius ratio of the small dimple, the thickness of a sandwich plate, and the pattern angle (0°/90°, 45°). Experimental results revealed that sandwich plates with a thickness of 2.2 mm and a pattern angle of 0°/90° showed good bendability as the punch stroke under a collapse load was longer than other cases. In addition, the gap between attachment points was found to be an important parameter for the improvement of the bendability. Finally, sandwich plates with dimpled cores were bent with a radius of curvature of 330 mm for the sheet thickness of 2.2 mm using an incremental bending apparatus. |
BibTeX:
@article{seong2008,
author = {D. Y. Seong and C. G. Jund and D. Y. Yang and D. G. Ahn},
title = {Bending Behavior of Simply Supported Metallic Sandwich Plates with Dimpled Cores},
journal = {International Journal of Modern Physics B},
year = {2008},
volume = {22},
number = {31--32},
pages = {6179–6184},
doi = {10.1142/S0217979208051765}
}
|
| Sergenius JG (1996), "Strip material", US Patent 5501912. |
| Abstract: The invention relates to a material in the form of a strip having a stiffening corrugation thereon. The corrugation consists of ridges and valleys therebetween which form arcs over the breadth of the corrugation zone. The corrugations form a wave pattern propagating in the longitudinal direction of the strip. The waves have no straight sections, and the relationship between the thickness of the strip T and the corrugation depth A is 0.5T |
BibTeX:
@misc{sergenius1996,
author = {Jan G. Sergenius},
title = {Strip material},
howpublished = {US Patent 5501912},
year = {1996},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5501912.html}
}
|
| Shabalin L, Sidorov I and Khaliulin V (2010), "Simulation of Z-crimp shaping with the use of the ansys finite element software", Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). Vol. 53, pp. 339-344. |
| Abstract: A finite element model of the Z-crimp shaping from a hard sheet blank is developed and a number of calculations using the ANSYS finite element software is conducted. The calculations are carried out in the framework of elastoplastic behavior of the blank material using the classical model of bilinear kinematic (translational) hardening with corresponding parameters of elasticity and plasticity. The model takes into account kinematics of spatial transformation of the shaping equipment as well as the time-variable conditions of its contact interaction with the blank. |
BibTeX:
@article{shabalin2010,
author = {Shabalin, L. and Sidorov, I. and Khaliulin, V.},
title = {Simulation of Z-crimp shaping with the use of the ansys finite element software},
journal = {Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)},
year = {2010},
volume = {53},
pages = {339-344},
doi = {10.3103/S1068799810030153}
}
|
| Singh G and Nkansah MA (1983), "Erecting folded-plate structure", GB Patent GB2119825. |
| Abstract: Plates, e.g. triangular or curved, are assembled or cast on or above ground. The joints of adjacent elements are connected to form hinges. The assembly is then lifted up from certain points to give the desired configuration. Points which bear directly or indirectly on the ground are fixed in position and the joints are locked. Alternatively a small repeating unit of the structure can be constructed as above and more plates joined on to form the complete structure. The plates can also be assembled in fully folded state, pressed together, transported and simply opened out where required. |
BibTeX:
@misc{singh1983,
author = {G. Singh and M. A. Nkansah},
title = {Erecting folded-plate structure},
howpublished = {GB Patent GB2119825},
year = {1983}
}
|
| Smith CW, Wootton RJ and Evans KE (1999), "Interpretation of experimental data for Poisson's ratio of highly nonlinear materials", Experimental Mechanics. Vol. 39(4), pp. 356-362. |
| Abstract: The Poisson's ratio of a material is strictly defined only for small strain linear elastic behavior. In practice, engineering strains are often used to calculate Poisson's ratio in place of the mathematically correct true strains with only very small differences resulting in the case of many engineering amterials. The engineering strain definition is often used even in the inelastic region, for example, in metals during plastic yielding. However, for highly nonlinear elastic materials, such as many biomaterials, smart materials and microstructured materials, this convenient extension may be misleading, and it becomes advantageous to define a strainvarying Poisson's function. This is analogous to the use of a tangent modulus for stiffness. An important recent application of such a Poisson's function is that of auxetic materials that demonstrate a negative Poisson's ratio and are often highly strain dependent. In this paper, the importance of the use of a Poisson's function in appropriate circumstances is demonstrated. Interpretation methods for coping with error-sensitive data or small strains are also described. |
BibTeX:
@article{smith1999,
author = {C. W. Smith and R. J. Wootton and K. E. Evans},
title = {Interpretation of experimental data for Poisson's ratio of highly nonlinear materials},
journal = {Experimental Mechanics},
year = {1999},
volume = {39},
number = {4},
pages = {356-362},
doi = {10.1007/BF02329817}
}
|
| Smith RQ and Smith KR (1986), "Complexly curved mold", US Patent 4632691. |
| Abstract: A complexly curved mold and method of fabricating same provides a highly accurate form for producing complexly curved panels such as automobile lights and the like. The mold comprises a lattice-work support or grid having one surface which conforms to the desired contour of the product. The lattice-work comprises and is assembled from a plurality of strips of a material such as stainless steel or similarly relatively high strength material which are arranged in two parallel arrays disposed normal to one another and secured together to form the lattice-work support. A plurality of plates which have been shaped by rolling, bending, or other forming means to conform to areas of the mold define the face of the mold. They are secured to the lattice-work support by suitable means such as welding. The face of the mold may also include a plurality of apertures arranged in a grid through which a vacuum may be drawn to ensure intimate contact between the product and the mold face. |
BibTeX:
@misc{smith1986,
author = {R. Q. Smith and K. R. Smith},
title = {Complexly curved mold},
howpublished = {US Patent 4632691},
year = {1986},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4632691.html}
}
|
| Speidel JA (1974), "Process and apparatus for forming sheet metal structures", US Patent 3952574. |
| Abstract: A new process of folding sheet metal to form various kinds of structures. The characteristic feature of each of the structures capable of being formed by the invention is that they are developable without slitting and have at least two adjacent surface segments which together, or in combination with each other if more than two are present, form a complex surface, developable without slitting. The structure consists of one or more of the types of surfaces known as plane, cylindrical, conical and convolute surfaces arranged in such relation that straight bend lines upon the complex surface and the images thereof when projected on the pattern meet within the confines of the surface and pattern at other than a straight line extending from edge to edge of the complex surface and pattern, respectively. A specific form of the apparatus particularly adapted for carrying out the process also is disclosed. The principles of this apparatus may be used to form various useful objects, by the method described and claimed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{speidel1974,
author = {John A. Speidel},
title = {Process and apparatus for forming sheet metal structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 3952574},
year = {1974},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3952574.html}
}
|
| Staal RA (2006), "Failure of sandwich honeycomb panels in bending". Thesis at: University of Auckland. |
| Abstract: This thesis investigates failure in sandwich panels due to bending, specifically localised buckling or wrinkling, a predominant failure mechanism for thin gauge honeycomb sandwich panels loaded in bending or compression. Over the past 60 years, considerable work has been devoted to understanding wrinkling and trying to predict failure loads in damaged and undamaged panels accurately. Existing wrinkling expressions were shown to over-estimate failure loads by over 100%. Discrepancies between wrinkling expressions and experimental failure loads were previously attributed to imperfections and irregularities in the structure. The aim of this thesis is to investigate this problem and try to accurately predict failure loads and understand the underlying failure mechanisms in damaged and undamaged panels, using a combination of numerical and analytical techniques. Classical wrinkling models use a continuum core to model complex cellular honeycomb cores. This type of model reduces complex cellular geometry to a series of effective properties that provide constant support to the face sheet. In reality, honeycomb cores provide support around the periphery of the cell walls and not across the entire surface of the face sheet. Due to the nature of wrinkling and the size of the wavelength, incorrect representation of the core could affect the failure loads and model. This study made direct comparisons between linear buckling loads of a discrete-cored sandwich panel and a continuum-cored sandwich panel. Discrete properties were converted to continuum properties within a Finite Element package. The result conclusively showed that both models predict the same linear failure loads, disproving the theory that the core representations contribute to the difference between experimental and analytical models. It was also shown that existing wrinkling models can accurately predict linear wrinkling loads. These linear model loads do not necessarily match the collapse strength of the physical panel and in most cases predict a significantly higher value. The research then moves on to developing expressions to convert cellular geometry into continuum properties accurately. Expressions are developed for honeycomb structures with fillets in their junctions. Both out-of-plane and in-plane modulus properties are reviewed and the models are verified against Finite Elements models and experimental results. Studies showed that the restrained in-plane modulus can be up to ten times stiffer than the commonly used free modulus value. This has a significant effect on the wrinkling stress. By using the correct value, the discrete model and continuum models predict the same loads. The classical wrinkling expressions also predict the same wrinkling stress as the Finite Element models. After establishing that the core representation is not the cause of the prediction error, the thesis turns to non-linear Finite Element models to predict failure loads and failure mechanism of thin-gauge sandwich honeycomb structures loaded in bending. A continuum three-dimensional non-linear Finite Element model, with bilinear plasticity, is compared with a set of experiments that use different types of Nomex cores and face sheets. The models show that the panels fail prematurely due to core crushing because of wrinkles forming in the face sheets. Experimental results indicate similar trends. The final section examines the affect of impact damage in honeycomb sandwich structures. Due to the thin face sheets and thick cores used on many aircraft and marine components, sandwich panels offer little resistance to impact events. Resulting damage usually consists of a layer of crushed core and a shallow dent in the face sheet. This type of damage often leads to a significant reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the panel through a full range of damage sizes. Finite element and analytical models were developed to accurately predict and capture the localised wrinkling failure mechanism which occurs in the impacted area. Models were directly compared to experimental results, with a high degree of correlation. The numerical and analytical models showed that impact damaged panels were failing due to wrinkling instability and not due to premature core crushing, which is the case with undamaged panels. They showed that two factors influence the wrinkling failure load: damage depth and damage diameter. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{staal2006-thesis,
author = {R. A. Staal},
title = {Failure of sandwich honeycomb panels in bending},
school = {University of Auckland},
year = {2006},
url = {http://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/1906}
}
|
| Stachel H (2009), "Remarks on Miura-Ori, a Japanese Folding Method", In ICEGD 2009, International Conference on Engineering Graphics and Design., 12-13 June, 2009. |
| Abstract: Miura-ori is a Japanese folding technique named after Prof. Koryo Miura, The University of Tokyo. It is used for solar panels because it can be unfolded into its rectangular shape by pulling on one corner only. On the other hand it is used as kernel to stiffen sandwich structures. In this paper some insight will be given into the geometric structure of this folding method combined with an outlook to analogues and generalizations. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{stachel2009,
author = {H. Stachel},
title = {Remarks on Miura-Ori, a Japanese Folding Method},
booktitle = {ICEGD 2009, International Conference on Engineering Graphics and Design},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Stachel H (2010), "On the Flexibility of Kokotsakis Meshes", In XVI Geometrical Seminar. Vrnjaˇcka Banja/Serbia, Sept. 20–25, 2010, 2010. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{stachel2010,
author = {H. Stachel},
title = {On the Flexibility of Kokotsakis Meshes},
booktitle = {XVI Geometrical Seminar},
year = {2010},
url = {http://www.geometrie.tuwien.ac.at/stachel/stachel_vrnjacka_2010.pdf}
}
|
| Stachel H (2010), "A kinematic approach to Kokotsakis meshes", Computer Aided Geometric Design. Vol. 27(6), pp. 428 - 437. |
| Abstract: A Kokotsakis mesh is a polyhedral structure consisting of an n-sided central polygon surrounded by a belt of quadrangles or triangles in the following way: Each side ai of is shared by an adjacent polygon , and the relative motion between cyclically consecutive neighbor polygons is a spherical coupler motion. Hence, each vertex of is the meeting point of four faces. In the case n=3 the mesh is part of an octahedron. These structures with rigid faces and variable dihedral angles were first studied in the thirties of the last century. However, in the last years there was a renaissance: The question under which conditions such meshes are infinitesimally or continuously flexible gained high actuality in discrete differential geometry. The goal of this paper is to revisit the well-known continuously flexible examples (Bricard, Graf, Sauer, Kokotsakis) from the kinematic point of view and to extend their list by a new family. |
BibTeX:
@article{stachel2010b,
author = {Hellmuth Stachel},
title = {A kinematic approach to Kokotsakis meshes},
journal = {Computer Aided Geometric Design},
year = {2010},
volume = {27},
number = {6},
pages = {428 - 437},
doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.cagd.2010.05.002}
}
|
| Starostin EL and van der Heijden GHM (2007), "The shape of a Möbius strip", Nature Materials. Vol. 6(8), pp. 539-614. |
| Abstract: The Möbius strip, obtained by taking a rectangular strip of plastic or paper, twisting one end through 180°, and then joining the ends, is the canonical example of a one-sided surface. Finding its characteristic developable shape has been an open problem ever since its first formulation in refs 1,2. Here we use the invariant variational bicomplex formalism to derive the first equilibrium equations for a wide developable strip undergoing large deformations, thereby giving the first non-trivial demonstration of the potential of this approach. We then formulate the boundary-value problem for the Möbius strip and solve it numerically. Solutions for increasing width show the formation of creases bounding nearly flat triangular regions, a feature also familiar from fabric draping3 and paper crumpling4, 5. This could give new insight into energy localization phenomena in unstretchable sheets6, which might help to predict points of onset of tearing. It could also aid our understanding of the relationship between geometry and physical properties of nano- and microscopic Möbius strip structures7, 8, 9. |
BibTeX:
@article{vanderheijden2007,
author = {E. L. Starostin and G. H. M. van der Heijden},
title = {The shape of a Möbius strip},
journal = {Nature Materials},
year = {2007},
volume = {6},
number = {8},
pages = {539--614},
doi = {10.1038/nmat1929}
}
|
| Steele RC (1954), "Method of making a curved honeycomb product", US Patent 2668327. |
BibTeX:
@misc{steele1954,
author = {R. C. Steele},
title = {Method of making a curved honeycomb product},
howpublished = {US Patent 2668327},
year = {1954},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2668327.html}
}
|
| Stellman PS (2006), "Kinematic and Dynamic Modeling of Nanostructured Origami". Thesis at: Massachusetss Institute of Technology. |
| Abstract: Nanostructured Origami is a manufacturing process that folds nanopatterned thin films into a desired 3D shape. This process extends the properties of 3D design and connectivity found in origami artwork to the bulk fabrication of 3D nanostructures. Our technique is a two-step procedure that first patterns the devices in 2D and then folds the membranes to the final 3D shape along pre-defined creases. This thesis describes theoretical methods that have been developed to model the actuation of origami devices. The background of origami mathematics and advances in robotics are presented in the context of modeling nanostructured origami. Unfolding of single-vertex origami is discussed, and an algorithm is implemented to calculate the unfolding trajectories of several devices. Aother contribution of this thesis is the presentation of a methodology for modeling the dynamics of two classes of origami: accordion origamis and single-vertex origamis. The forward dynamics and equilibrium analysis of a useful bridge structure and the corner cube origami are simulated. The response of a model of an experimental actuation technique is well-behaved, and it is shown that the final folded state of these devices is at a stable equilibrium. |
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{stellman_thesis_2006,
author = {P. S. Stellman},
title = {Kinematic and Dynamic Modeling of Nanostructured Origami},
school = {Massachusetss Institute of Technology},
year = {2006},
url = {http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/35639/1/76702311.pdf}
}
|
| Stewart GW (2002), "A Krylov--Schur Algorithm for Large Eigenproblems", SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications. Vol. 23(3), pp. 601-614. |
| Abstract: Sorensen's implicitly restarted Arnoldi algorithm is one of the most successful and flexible methods for finding a few eigenpairs of a large matrix. However, the need to preserve the structure of the Arnoldi decomposition on which the algorithm is based restricts the range of transformations that can be performed on the decomposition. In consequence, it is difficult to deflate converged Ritz vectors from the decomposition. Moreover, the potential forward instability of the implicit QR algorithm can cause unwanted Ritz vectors to persist in the computation. In this paper we introduce a general Krylov decomposition that solves both problems in a natural and efficient manner. |
BibTeX:
@article{stewart2002,
author = {G. W. Stewart},
title = {A Krylov--Schur Algorithm for Large Eigenproblems},
journal = {SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications},
year = {2002},
volume = {23},
number = {3},
pages = {601-614},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?SML/23/601/1},
doi = {10.1137/S0895479800371529}
}
|
| Stokes EA (1958), "Filter Elements", US Patent 2862624. |
BibTeX:
@misc{stokes1958,
author = {E. A. Stokes},
title = {Filter Elements},
howpublished = {US Patent 2862624},
year = {1958},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2862624.html}
}
|
| Strang G (2006), "Linear Algebra and its Applications" Thomson.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{strang2006,
author = {Gilbert Strang},
title = {Linear Algebra and its Applications},
publisher = {Thomson},
year = {2006},
edition = {4th}
}
|
| Streinu I and Whiteley W (2005), "Single-Vertex Origami and Spherical Expansive Motions", Discrete and Computational Geometry. Vol. 3742/2005, pp. 161-173. |
| Abstract: We prove that all single-vertex origami shapes are reachable from the open flat state via simple, non-crossing motions. We also consider conical paper, where the total sum of the cone angles centered at the origami vertex is not 2π. For an angle sum less than 2π, the configuration space of origami shapes compatible with the given metric has two components, and within each component, a shape can always be reconfigured via simple (non-crossing) motions. Such a reconfiguration may not always be possible for an angle sum larger than 2π. The proofs rely on natural extensions to the sphere of planar Euclidean rigidity results regarding the existence and combinatorial characterization of expansive motions. In particular, we extend the concept of a pseudo-triangulation from the Euclidean to the spherical case. As a consequence, we formulate a set of necessary conditions that must be satisfied by three-dimensional generalizations of pointed pseudo-triangulations. |
BibTeX:
@article{streinu2005,
author = {Ileana Streinu and Walter Whiteley},
title = {Single-Vertex Origami and Spherical Expansive Motions},
journal = {Discrete and Computational Geometry},
year = {2005},
volume = {3742/2005},
pages = {161-173},
doi = {10.1007/11589440_17}
}
|
| Struik DJ (1961), "Lectures on Classical Differential Geometry" Dover Publications.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{struik1961,
author = {D. J. Struik},
title = {Lectures on Classical Differential Geometry},
publisher = {Dover Publications},
year = {1961},
edition = {Second}
}
|
| Svendsen B (2001), "On the continuum modeling of materials with kinematic structure", Acta Mechanica. Vol. 152(152), pp. 49-79. |
| Abstract: In this work, a phenomenological field-based approach to the formulation of models for structured materials or continua is presented. The corresponding results are in particular relevant to that class of such materials for which thedistribution of (micro)structure at each material point and the evolution of this distribution may influence the behavior of the material as a whole (e.g., in nematic liquid crystals with variable orientation). Essential to the underlying approach is the assumption or idealization that the structured continuum in question is characterized kinematically by additional degrees of freedom in comparison to standard continua. On this basis, the kinematics and balance relations for the structure continuum are formulated with respect to a (generalized) kinematic space via direct generalization of standard kinematics and balance relations. In particular, the formation of the latter for the structured continuum is based on the corresponding (total) energy balance. Indeed, analogous to the standard case, the assumed Euclidean frame-indifference of this balance, together with the transformation properties of the fields appearing in it, determine the forms of the remaining balance relations for the structured continuum. With these general results in hand, account is next taken of the fact that the degrees of freedom of the standard continuum constitute a subset of those of the structured continuum. As already established in previous work, this fact can be represented in a mathematically-precise fashion as a fibre bundle, with base space the standard kinematic space, i.e., three-dimensional Euclidean point space, and total space the kinematic space for the structured continuum. In this context, the kinematic space for the structure itself is represented by the typical fibre of the fibre bundle. Among other results, one obtains on this basis a split of the momentum balance for the structured continuum into momentum balances for the standard continuum and for the structure. Further, the fibre bundle representation induces naturally forms of all fields and balance relations with respect to standard kinematic space, i.e., forms averaged over the degrees of freedom of the structure. In the last part of the work, the results of the current approach are applied to the special cases of rigid-rod- and rigid-body-like structure, and compared with previous work. |
BibTeX:
@article{svendsen2001,
author = {B. Svendsen},
title = {On the continuum modeling of materials with kinematic structure},
journal = {Acta Mechanica},
year = {2001},
volume = {152},
number = {152},
pages = {49-79},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/v524148480x7w24l/?p=607432e49c634c46a137d59d04b38913&pi=4}
}
|
| de Swart J (1955), "Panel Material", US Patent 2858247. |
BibTeX:
@misc{swart1955,
author = {J. de Swart},
title = {Panel Material},
howpublished = {US Patent 2858247},
year = {1955},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2858247.html}
}
|
| Szilvasi-nagy M (2006), "About Curvatures on Triangle Meshes", Scientific and Professional Journal of the Croatian Society for Geometry and Graphics. Vol. 10, pp. 13-17. |
| Abstract: A face-based curvature estimation on tirangle meshes is presented in this paper. A flexible disk is laid on the mesh around a given triangle. Such a bent disk is used as a geodesic neighborhood of the face for approximating normal and principal curvatures. The radius of the disk is free input data in the algorithm. Its influence on the curvature values and the stability of the estimated principal directions are investigated in the examples. |
BibTeX:
@article{szilvasi-nagy2006,
author = {M. Szilvasi-nagy},
title = {About Curvatures on Triangle Meshes},
journal = {Scientific and Professional Journal of the Croatian Society for Geometry and Graphics},
year = {2006},
volume = {10},
pages = {13--17},
url = {http://www.hdgg.hr/kog/index.html}
}
|
| Tachi T (2009), "Simulation of Rigid Origami", In Origami 4: Fourth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (4OSME). , pp. 175-188. A K Peters. |
| Abstract: This paper presents a system for computer based interactive simulation of origami, based on rigid origami model. Our system shows the continuous process of folding a piece of paper into a folded shape by calculating the configuration from the crease pattern. The configuration of the model is represented by crease angles, and the trajectory is calculated by projecting angles motion to the constrained space. Additionally, polygons are triangulated and crease lines are adjusted in order to make the model more flexible. Flexible motion and comprehensible representation of origami help users to understand the structure of the model and to fold the model from a crease pattern. |
BibTeX:
@incollection{tachi2006,
author = {Tomohiro Tachi},
editor = {R. J. Lang},
title = {Simulation of Rigid Origami},
booktitle = {Origami 4: Fourth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (4OSME)},
publisher = {A K Peters},
year = {2009},
pages = {175-188}
}
|
| Tachi T (2009), "Generalization of Rigid Foldable Quadrilateral Mesh Origami", Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures. Vol. 50(3), pp. 173-179. |
| Abstract: In general, a quadrilateral-mesh surface does not enable a continuous rigid motion because an overconstrained system, in which the number of constraints around degree-4 vertices (three for each vertex) exceeds the number of variables (the number of hinges), is constructed. However, it is known that the developable double corrugation surface, known as Miura-ori, produces a rigid deployment mechanism. The rigid-foldability of Miura-ori is due to the singularity in its pattern, where a single vertex is repeated. We generalize the geometric condition for enabling rigid motion in general quadrilateral-mesh origami without simple repeating symmetry. To ensure the existence of a finite motion, we derive the identity of functions from the formula for degree-4 single-vertex origami. This yields a variety of unexplored generalized shapes of quadrilateral-mesh origami that preserve one-DOF finite rigid-foldability in addition to developability and flat-foldability. |
BibTeX:
@article{tachi2009a,
author = {Tomohiro Tachi},
title = {Generalization of Rigid Foldable Quadrilateral Mesh Origami},
journal = {Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures},
year = {2009},
volume = {50},
number = {3},
pages = {173-179}
}
|
| Tachi T (2009), "One-DOF Cylindrical Deployable Structures with Rigid Quadrilateral Panels", In Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009. Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain, 28 September -- 2 October, 2009. , pp. 2295-2305. |
| Abstract: In this paper, we present a novel cylindrical deployable structure and variations of its design with the following characteristics: 1. Flat-foldable: The shape flattens into a compact 2D configuration. 2. Rigid-foldable: Each element does not deform throughout the transformation. 3. One-DOF: The mechanism has exactly one degree of freedom. 4. Thick: Facets can be substituted with thick or multilayered panels without introducing the distortion of elements. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{tachi2009b,
author = {Tomohiro Tachi},
editor = {A. Domingo and C. Lazaro},
title = {One-DOF Cylindrical Deployable Structures with Rigid Quadrilateral Panels},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009},
year = {2009},
pages = {2295-2305}
}
|
| Tachi T (2009), "Origamizing Polyhedral Surfaces", IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. Vol. 99, pp. 298-311. |
| Abstract: This paper presents the first practical method for "origamizing” or obtaining the folding pattern that folds a single sheet of material into a given polyhedral surface without any cut. The basic idea is to tuck fold a planar paper to form a three-dimensional shape. The main contribution is to solve the inverse problem; the input is an arbitrary polyhedral surface and the output is the folding pattern. Our approach is to convert this problem into a problem of laying out the polygons of the surface on a planar paper by introducing the concept of tucking molecules. We investigate the equality and inequality conditions required for constructing a valid crease pattern. We propose an algorithm based on two-step mapping and edge splitting to solve these conditions. The two-step mapping precalculates linear equalities and separates them from other conditions. This allows an interactive manipulation of the crease pattern in the system implementation. We present the first system for designing three-dimensional origami, enabling a user can interactively design complex spatial origami models that have not been realizable thus far. |
BibTeX:
@article{tachi2009c,
author = {Tomohiro Tachi},
title = {Origamizing Polyhedral Surfaces},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
year = {2009},
volume = {99},
pages = {298-311},
doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TVCG.2009.67}
}
|
| Tachi T (2011), "Rigid-Foldable Thick Origami", In Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME). CRC Press. |
| Abstract: In this paper, a method is proposed for geometrically constructing thick panel structures that follow the kinetic behavior of rigid origami by using tapered or two-ply panels and hinges located at their edges. The proposed method can convert generalized pattern of rigid-foldable origami into thick panels structure with kinetic motion, which leads to novel designs of origami for various engineering purposes including architecture. |
BibTeX:
@incollection{tachi2010,
author = {T. Tachi},
editor = {Patsy Wang-Iverson and R. J. Lang and Mark YIM},
title = {Rigid-Foldable Thick Origami},
booktitle = {Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME)},
publisher = {CRC Press},
year = {2011}
}
|
| Tachi T (2010), "Geometric Considerations for the Design of Rigid Origami Structures", In Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2010. Shanghai, China, November 8-12, 2010. |
| Abstract: Transformable polyhedral surfaces with rigid facets, i.e., rigid origami, are useful for designing kinetic and deployable structures. In order to apply rigid origami to various architectural and other engineering design purposes, it is essential to consider the geometry of origami in kinetic motion and provide sufficiently generalized methods to produce controlled variations of shapes that suit the given design conditions. In this paper, we introduce the author’s recent studies and their extensions on the geometry of rigid origami for designing transformable and deployable structures. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{tachi2010b,
author = {Tomohiro Tachi},
title = {Geometric Considerations for the Design of Rigid Origami Structures},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2010},
year = {2010}
}
|
| Tachi T (2010), "Freeform Rigid-Foldable Structure using Bidirectionally Flat-Foldable Planar Quadrilateral Mesh", In Advances in Architectural Geometry 2010. , pp. 87-102. Springer Vienna. |
| Abstract: This paper presents a computational design method to obtain collapsible variations of rigid-foldable surfaces, i.e., continuously and finitely transformable polyhedral surfaces, homeomorphic to disks and cylinders. Two novel techniques are proposed to design such surfaces: a technique for obtaining a freeform variation of a rigid-foldable and bidirectionally flat-foldable disk surface, which is a hybrid of generalized Miura-ori and eggbox patterns, and a technique to generalize the geometry of cylindrical surface using bidirectionally flat-foldable planar quadrilateral mesh by introducing additional constraints to keep the topology maintained throughout the continuous transformation. Proposed methods produce freeform variations of rigid-foldable structures that have not been realized thus far. Such a structure forms a one-DOF mechanism with two possible flat states. This enables the designs of deployable structures useful for packaging the boundary of architectural spaces, space structures, and so on. |
BibTeX:
@incollection{tachi2010c,
author = {Tomohiro Tachi},
editor = {C. Ceccato and L. Hesselgren and M. Pauly and H. Pottmann and J. Wallner},
title = {Freeform Rigid-Foldable Structure using Bidirectionally Flat-Foldable Planar Quadrilateral Mesh},
booktitle = {Advances in Architectural Geometry 2010},
publisher = {Springer Vienna},
year = {2010},
pages = {87-102},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0309-8_6}
}
|
| Tachi T (2010), "Architectural Origami - Architectural Form Design Systems based on Computational Origami", Lecture notes for MIT 6.849, Fall 2010. |
BibTeX:
@misc{tachi2010d,
author = {T. Tachi},
title = {Architectural Origami - Architectural Form Design Systems based on Computational Origami},
howpublished = {Lecture notes for MIT 6.849, Fall 2010},
year = {2010},
url = {http://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.849/fall10/lectures/}
}
|
| Tachi T and Epps G (2011), "Designing One-DOF Mechanisms for Architecture by Rationalizing Curved Folding", In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Algorithmic Design for Architecture and Urban Design ALGODE TOKYO 2011. Tokyo, Japan, March 14-16, 2011. |
| Abstract: We propose a modeling method based on rationalizing curved folding in order to find the form variations of 1DOF origami mechanism. We interact with a physical paper model of curved folding and then discretize a curved folding by identifying and fixing the rulings. The discretized form is a rigid origami structure with at most one degree of freedom. The form adjustment follows the discretization so that it is sure to realize a mechanism. The workshop performed by the authors based on the proposed design method is reported. The objective of the workshop was to utilize the 1DOF characteristic of discretized curved folds as a constraint in the design of dynamic architectural components. The results showed the feasibility of the method and suggested a novel methodology for designing. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{tachi2011,
author = {T. Tachi and G. Epps},
title = {Designing One-DOF Mechanisms for Architecture by Rationalizing Curved Folding},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Symposium on Algorithmic Design for Architecture and Urban Design ALGODE TOKYO 2011},
year = {2011}
}
|
| Tachi T and Miura K (2011), "Cellular Origami Structure from Foldable Tubes", In Proceedings of IASS Structural Morphology Group Seminar. London, UK, September 17-18th, 2011. |
| Abstract: We propose a novel type of rigid foldable and flat-foldable cellular origami structures by assembling rigid-foldable tubular structures from parallelogram panels. Such cellular foldable structures can be used as volumetric materials with special kinetic and static properties in a macroscopic sense. We investigate the geometry of the structures to characterize their dynamic and static properties. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{tachi2011b,
author = {T. Tachi and K. Miura},
title = {Cellular Origami Structure from Foldable Tubes},
booktitle = {Proceedings of IASS Structural Morphology Group Seminar},
year = {2011}
}
|
| Talakov M (2010), "Investigation of folded structure geometry with double curvature", Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). Vol. 53, pp. 334-338. |
| Abstract: We describe principles for constructing a folded structure that is formed from sheet material and has both longitudinal and lateral curvature. The relations are proposed for calculating parameters of the folded structure pattern based on the specified internal geometry parameters. |
BibTeX:
@article{talakov2010,
author = {Talakov, M.},
title = {Investigation of folded structure geometry with double curvature},
journal = {Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)},
year = {2010},
volume = {53},
pages = {334-338},
doi = {10.3103/S1068799810030141}
}
|
| Talbi N, Batti A, Ayad R and Guo Y (2009), "An analytical homogenization model for finite element modelling of corrugated cardboard", Composite Structures. Vol. 88(2), pp. 280 - 289. |
| Abstract: n this paper, an analytical homogenization model for corrugated cardboard and its numerical implementation in a shell element are presented. Taking into account the geometric and mechanical properties of the corrugated board components, this homogenization model leads to an elastic stiffness matrix relative to the generalized strains and internal efforts for an equivalent orthotropic plate. Special attentions are paid to the corrugated cardboard behaviours under the transverse shear efforts and torsion moments. Both laminated and sandwich plate theories are studied and some important improvements are proposed. This model is then implemented into a 3-node shell element called T3γ18 for the linear and buckling analyses. The results obtained by the present model are compared to those given by 3D shell simulations and experiments. The comparison shows the efficiency and accuracy of our homogenization model. |
BibTeX:
@article{talbi2009,
author = {N. Talbi and A. Batti and R. Ayad and Y.Q. Guo},
title = {An analytical homogenization model for finite element modelling of corrugated cardboard},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2009},
volume = {88},
number = {2},
pages = {280 - 289},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TWP-4S85DPW-1/2/de8e99dd8c123764a647eef7722e8e1b},
doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.04.008}
}
|
| Tanizawa K and Miura K (1975), "Stress Analysis of a Concave Polyhedral Shell", ISAS report., Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, University of Tokyo report, no 523. Vol. 40(3), pp. 39-60. |
| Abstract: The stress analysis of the PCCP shell, which is a kind of concave polyhedral shells, is presented. Both the numerical method (FEM) and the experimental method are used in the analysis. Resultantly, the elastic behaviour and stress distributions of the PCCP shell subjected to either axial compression or hydrostatic pressure are made clear. The higher buckling pressures of PCCP shells in comparison with that of the circular cylinder are obtained experimentally. Besides, it was found that the particular stress distribution observed in PCCP shells in axial compression gave a basis for Miura's hypothesis to explain the collapsing mechanism of general cylindrical shells. |
BibTeX:
@article{tanizawa1975,
author = {K. Tanizawa and K. Miura},
title = {Stress Analysis of a Concave Polyhedral Shell},
journal = {ISAS report},
year = {1975},
volume = {40},
number = {3},
pages = {39--60},
note = {Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, University of Tokyo report, no 523},
url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001101848/en/}
}
|
| Tanizawa K and Miura K (1978), "Large Displacement Configurations of Bi-Axially Compressed Infinite Plate", Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences. Vol. 20(50), pp. 177-187. |
| Abstract: The solution of von Karman's large displacement equations for infinite plates subject to bi-axial compression is investigated with the intention of verifying the presumption that it might be the developable double corrugation surface (DDCS). The DDCS is a polyhedral surface constructed by congruent parallelograms and is a plane macroscopically. The computation is carried out in the case where each unit shortening in orthogonal directions is identical. As a result, it is found that one of the solutions approaches the DDCS either as the ratio of the thickness to the fundamental wavelength is decreased or as the value of the unit shortening is increased, and that the value of the total strain energy of the solution which corresponds to the DDCS is the lowest among those of the solutions. In addition, in the problem where the infinite plate on an elastic foundation is subject to biaxial compression, a continuous transition from the postbuckling configuration to the double corrugation surface is shown. |
BibTeX:
@article{tanizawa1978,
author = {K. Tanizawa and K. Miura},
title = {Large Displacement Configurations of Bi-Axially Compressed Infinite Plate},
journal = {Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences},
year = {1978},
volume = {20},
number = {50},
pages = {177-187}
}
|
| Tarnai T (1994), "Folding of Uniform Plane Tesselations", In Origami Science & Art, Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami. Seian University of Art and Design, Otsu, Shiga, Japan, November 29 -- December 2, 1994. |
| Abstract: In this paper it will be shown that the semiregular tessellation, in which two triangles, a square, a triangle and a square (in this order) surround a vertex, can be rolled up onto a "cylinder" by folding. The way of folding is not unique but there are many different possibilities. In the paper it is also shown how the folded tessellations can be used for approximation of local buckling pattern of axially compressed polygonal box columns. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{tarnai1994,
author = {Tibor Tarnai},
editor = {Koryo Miura and Tomoko Fuse and Toshikazu Kawasaki and Jun Maekawa},
title = {Folding of Uniform Plane Tesselations},
booktitle = {Origami Science & Art, Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Tarnai T and Szabo J (2002), "Rigidity and Stability of Prestressed Infinitesimal Mechanisms", In New Approaches to Structural Mechanics, Shells and Biological Structures. , pp. 245-256. Kluwer Academic Publishers. |
| Abstract: This paper is concerned with both statically and kinematically inderminate bar-and-joint assemblies. It investigates whether the kinematic indeterminacy appears in the form of a first-order or a higher-order infinitesimal mechanism. It is shown that the method by Calladine and Pellegrino and the method by Kuznetsov can be synthesized in a unified approach based on the Hellinger-Reissner principle. In the case of a single state of self-stress, examples are presented. |
BibTeX:
@inbook{tarnai2002,
author = {T. Tarnai and J. Szabo},
editor = {H. R. Drew and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Rigidity and Stability of Prestressed Infinitesimal Mechanisms},
booktitle = {New Approaches to Structural Mechanics, Shells and Biological Structures},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
year = {2002},
pages = {245--256}
}
|
| Taubin G (1995), "Estimating the tensor of curvature of a surface from a polyhedral approximation", In ICCV '95: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision. Washington, DC, USA , pp. 902 - 907. IEEE Computer Society. |
| Abstract: Estimating principal curvatures and principal directions of a surface from a polyhedral approximation with a large number of small faces, such as those produced by iso-surface construction algorithms, has become a basic step in many computer vision algorithms, particularly in those targeted at medical applications. We describe a method to estimate the tensor of curvature of a surface at the vertices of a polyhedral approximation. Principal curvatures and principal directions are obtained by computing in closed form the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of certain 3/spl times/3 symmetric matrices defined by integral formulas, and closely related to the matrix representation of the tensor of curvature. The resulting algorithm is linear, both in time and in space, as a function of the number of vertices and faces of the polyhedral surface. |
BibTeX:
@conference{taubin1995,
author = {G. Taubin},
title = {Estimating the tensor of curvature of a surface from a polyhedral approximation},
booktitle = {ICCV '95: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
year = {1995},
pages = {902 - 907},
doi = {10.1109/ICCV.1995.466840}
}
|
| Temmerman ND (2007), "Design and Analysis of Deployable Bar Structures for Mobile Architectural Applications". Thesis at: Vrije Universiteit Brussel. |
| Abstract: Deployable structures have the ability to transform themselves from a small, closed or stowed configuration to a much larger, open or deployed configuration. Mobile deployable structures have the great advantage of speed and ease of erection and dismantling compared to conventional building forms. Deployable structures can be classified according to their structural system. In doing so, four main groups can be distinguished: spatial bar structures consisting of hinged bars, foldable plate structures consisting of hinged plates, tensegrity structures and membrane structures. Because of their wide applicability in the field of mobile architecture, their high degree of deployability and a reliable deployment, two sub-categories are studied in greater detail: scissor structures and foldable plate structures. Scissor structures are lattice expandable structures consisting of bars, which are linked by hinges, allowing them to be folded into a compact bundle. Foldable plate structures consist of plate elements which are connected by line joints allowing one rotational degree of freedom. A wide variety of singly curved as well as doubly curved structures are possible. Although many impressive architectural applications for these mechanisms have been proposed, due to the mechanical complexity of their systems during the folding and deployment process few have been constructed at full-scale. The aim of the work presented in this dissertation is to develop novel concepts for deployable bar structures and propose variations of existing concepts which will lead to viable solutions for mobile architectural applications. It is the intention to aid in the design of deployable bar structures by first explaining the essential principles behind them and subsequently applying these in several cases studies. Starting with the choice of a suitable geometry based on architecturally relevant parameters, followed by an assessment of the kinematics of the system, to end with a structural feasibility study, the complete design process has been demonstrated, exposing the strengths and weaknesses of the chosen configuration. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{detemmerman_thesis2007,
author = {Niels De Temmerman},
title = {Design and Analysis of Deployable Bar Structures for Mobile Architectural Applications},
school = {Vrije Universiteit Brussel},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.vub.ac.be/infovoor/onderzoekers/research/person_theses.php?person_id=25204}
}
|
| Tesch GH (1972), "Flexible Materials", US Patent 3655501. |
| Abstract: A sheet material having at least one adhesive surface or one non-slip surface, respectively, and provided with slits which allow the sheet material to expand in at least one direction. |
BibTeX:
@misc{tesch1972,
author = {G. H. Tesch},
title = {Flexible Materials},
howpublished = {US Patent 3655501},
year = {1972},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3655501.html}
}
|
| Teughels A (1999), "Continuum modellering van twee- en driedimensionale vakwerkconstructies". Thesis at: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{teughels_mscthesis_1999,
author = {Anne Teughels},
title = {Continuum modellering van twee- en driedimensionale vakwerkconstructies},
school = {Katholieke Universiteit Leuven},
year = {1999}
}
|
| Teughels A and Roeck GD (2000), "Continuum models for beam- and platelike lattice structure", In Proceedings IASS-IACM 2000, 4th International Colloquium on Computation of Shell & Spatial Structures. Chania, Crete, Greece, June 5-7, 2000. |
| Abstract: A general procedure for determining beam and plate properties for beam- and platelike lattice structures is presented. In the literature several methods for the calculation of the equivalent stiffnesses of lattice structures exist. In this document an energy approach is used to derive explicit expressions for the equivalent stiffnesses of the most common types of plane trusses. Plane trusses can be combined to form threedimensional beamlike structures: based on the results of the plane trusses, the equivalent continuum properties of threedimensional beam elements, like the bending stiffnesses, the shear stiffnesses, the torsional stiffness, the position of the shear centre can be determined. Finally it is shown that platelike lattice structures can be modelled with Mindlin plate elements which incorporate bending as well as shear deformation. The approach is compared with an energy based method found in the literature. The accuracy of the continuum models is demonstrated by a number of representative examples. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{teughels2000,
author = {A. Teughels and G. De Roeck},
title = {Continuum models for beam- and platelike lattice structure},
booktitle = {Proceedings IASS-IACM 2000, 4th International Colloquium on Computation of Shell & Spatial Structures},
year = {2000},
url = {http://www.kuleuven.be/bwm/papers/teugip00.pdf}
}
|
| Tewes WA (1966), "Structural Characteristics of Sheet Metal Embossed with an Irregular Design" (MEL-111/6) |
| Abstract: To reduce weight but not strength of structures, the use of sheet metal stiffened by an embossed design instead of heavier plain metal sheets is well known. The characteristics and the potential of a particular stiffened sheet were investigated. An L-shaped element (dimple) was chosen to be embossed in 0.062-inch-thick sheet metal in a multielement pattern. Under simple bending conditions, the substitution of dimpled sheets for plain sheets of the same stiffness realized a weight reduction of 18 to 59 percent. An equation for the deflection of the dimpled sheets could not be developed because there is no established theory to which the deflections would comply when the sheets were loaded to produce an anticlastic surface. The principal deficiency of the dimpled sheet is the anisotropic elastic properties that result from the pattern arrangement and discontinuity of the elements |
BibTeX:
@techreport{tewes1966,
author = {W. A. Tewes},
title = {Structural Characteristics of Sheet Metal Embossed with an Irregular Design},
year = {1966},
number = {MEL-111/6},
url = {http://www.dtic.mil/srch/doc?collection=t3&id=AD0633260}
}
|
| Thill C, Etches JA, Bond IP, Potter KD and Weaver PM (2010), "Composite corrugated structures for morphing wing skin applications", Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 19(12), pp. 124009. |
| Abstract: Composite corrugated structures are known for their anisotropic properties. They exhibit relatively high stiffness parallel (longitudinal) to the corrugation direction and are relatively compliant in the direction perpendicular (transverse) to the corrugation. Thus, they offer a potential solution for morphing skin panels (MSPs) in the trailing edge region of a wing as a morphing control surface. In this paper, an overview of the work carried out by the present authors over the last few years on corrugated structures for morphing skin applications is first given. The second part of the paper presents recent work on the application of corrugated sandwich structures. Panels made from multiple unit cells of corrugated sandwich structures are used as MSPs in the trailing edge region of a scaled morphing aerofoil section. The aerofoil section features an internal actuation mechanism that allows chordwise length and camber change of the trailing edge region (aft 35% chord). Wind tunnel testing was carried out to demonstrate the MSP concept but also to explore its limitations. Suggestions for improvements arising from this study were deduced, one of which includes an investigation of a segmented skin. The overall results of this study show that the MSP concept exploiting corrugated sandwich structures offers a potential solution for local morphing wing skins for low speed and small air vehicles. |
BibTeX:
@article{thill2010,
author = {C Thill and J A Etches and I P Bond and K D Potter and P M Weaver},
title = {Composite corrugated structures for morphing wing skin applications},
journal = {Smart Materials and Structures},
year = {2010},
volume = {19},
number = {12},
pages = {124009},
doi = {10.1088/0964-1726/19/12/124009}
}
|
| Thill C, Etches J, Bond I, Potter K and Weaver P (2008), "Morphing skins - A review", The Aeronautical Journal. Vol. 112(1129), pp. 117-138. |
| Abstract: A review of morphing concepts with a strong focus on morphing skins is presented. Morphing technology on aircraft has found increased interest over the last decade because it is likely to enhance performance and efficiency over a wider range of flight conditions. For example, a radical change in configuration, i.e. wing geometry in flight may improve overall flight performance when cruise and dash are important considerations. Although many morphing aircraft concepts have been elaborated only a few deal with the problems relating to a smooth and continuous cover that simultaneously deforms and carries loads. It is found that anisotropic and variable stiffness structures offer potential for shape change and small area increase on aircraft wings. Concepts herein focus on those structures where primary loads are transmitted in the spanwise direction and a morphing function is achieved via chordwise flexibility. To meet desirable shape changes, stiffnesses can either be tailored or actively controlled to guarantee flexibility in the chordwise (or spanwise) direction with tailored actuation forces. Hence, corrugated structures, segmented structures, reinforced elastomers or flexible matrix composite tubes embedded in a low modulus membrane are all possible structures for morphing skins. For large wing area changes a particularly attractive solution could adopt deployable structures as no internal stresses are generated when their surface area is increased. |
BibTeX:
@article{thill2008,
author = {C. Thill and J. Etches and I. Bond and K. Potter and P. Weaver},
title = {Morphing skins - A review},
journal = {The Aeronautical Journal},
year = {2008},
volume = {112},
number = {1129},
pages = {117--138},
url = {http://www.aer.bris.ac.uk/research/fibres/morph%20pics/RoyAeroSocMorphSkin.pdf}
}
|
| Thill C, Etches J, Bond IP, Potter KD and Weaver PM (2007), "Corrugated composite structures for aircraft morphing skin applications", In 18th International Conference Of Adaptive Structures And Technologies. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada., October 3--5, 2007. |
| Abstract: A morphing skin for an aircraft wing application needs to combine at least two inherently different properties: in-plane and out-of-plane compliance in the chordwise direction to allow for shape changes and increases in surface area; and stiffness in the spanwise direction to carry aerodynamic and inertial loads. A potential solution could be to develop extremely anisotropic structures such as a corrugated composite laminates. This study has undertaken tensile and flexural experimental testing on various corrugated laminate designs both longitudinal and transverse to the corrugations. The corrugated specimens were made using a variety of woven fibre/epoxy prepreg materials (aramid, glass and carbon) and parameters such as number of plies and corrugation pitch were investigated. The aim was to investigate the effects of constituent material and corrugation geometry on the overall mechanical properties of the structure. The results give an initial indication of the viability and prospects for such designs in morphing skin applications and highlight some critical factors affecting their performance. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{thill2007,
author = {C. Thill and J. Etches and I. P. Bond and K. D. Potter and P. M. Weaver},
title = {Corrugated composite structures for aircraft morphing skin applications},
booktitle = {18th International Conference Of Adaptive Structures And Technologies},
year = {2007}
}
|
| Timoshenko S (1964), "The Theory of Plates and Shells" McGraw-Hill.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{timoshenko1964,
author = {S. Timoshenko},
editor = {2nd},
title = {The Theory of Plates and Shells},
publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
year = {1964}
}
|
| Tonon OL (1991), "Geometry of Spatial Folded Forms", International Journal of Space Structures. Vol. 6(3), pp. 227-240. |
| Abstract: A series of interesting spatial forms can be created by means of the folding of laminar plane elements. This paper illustrates methods to describe and solve some of them from the geometric point of view, taking the analysis towards those forms which have their origin in bellows type folds. |
BibTeX:
@article{tonon1991,
author = {Osvaldo L. Tonon},
title = {Geometry of Spatial Folded Forms},
journal = {International Journal of Space Structures},
year = {1991},
volume = {6},
number = {3},
pages = {227--240}
}
|
| Trautz M and Künstler A (2009), "Deployable folded plate structures – folding patterns based on 4-fold-mechanism using stiff plates", In Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009. Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain, 28 September –- 2 October, 2009. , pp. 2306-2317. |
| Abstract: Four-fold-mechanisms, such as the Miura-Ori-pattern, and its possible combinations are investigated by completing the mathematical description of a thin paper model done by Haas [1], with influences resulting from the thickness of the plate material. Additionally, different planning and realisation factors are analysed, focusing particularly on the elasticity of the plate material, the folding pattern, the realistic simulation of the hinge position and its necessity of kinematical freedom, as well as the inner friction resistance, resulting from the deployment of the necessary drive mechanism. Possible combinations of single four-fold-mechanisms to larger patterns featuring these characteristics are investigated, taking into account the previously mentioned conditions for planning and realisation. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{kuenstler2009,
author = {M. Trautz and A. Künstler},
editor = {A. Domingo and C. Lazaro},
title = {Deployable folded plate structures – folding patterns based on 4-fold-mechanism using stiff plates},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009},
year = {2009},
pages = {2306--2317}
}
|
| Triantafyllou M (1984), "The Dynamics of Taut Inclined Cables", Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 37(3), pp. 421-440. |
| Abstract: A general asymptotic solution to the linear dynamics of a taut inclined cable is derived. All known analytic solutions can be obtained as special cases, while it is demonstrated that the most important parameter is proportional to the product of the square of the local curvature and the elastic stiffness. At certain values of this parameter the distance between the natural frequencies of a symmetric and an antisymmetric mode is very small but they never coincide, while both modes become hybrid modes, a mixture of symmetric and antisymmetric shapes, with a significant effect on the dynamic tension. |
BibTeX:
@article{triantafyllou1984,
author = {Triantafyllou, M.S.},
title = {The Dynamics of Taut Inclined Cables},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics},
year = {1984},
volume = {37},
number = {3},
pages = {421-440},
doi = {10.1093/qjmam/37.3.421}
}
|
| Triantafyllou MS and Triantafyllou GS (1991), "Frequency coalescence and mode localization phenomena: A geometric theory", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 150(3), pp. 485-500. |
| Abstract: Physical systems, the natural frequencies of which depend parametrically on certain quantities, may exhibit the phenomenon of frequency coalescence, when two or more natural frequencies become equal; or the phenomenon of avoided crossings, when two or more frequencies approach rapidly and then avoid crossing each other. In the process, the natural modes undergo significant variations. It is shown that both phenomena can be described in a unified manner from the singularities of the mapping from the complex parameter plane into the complex frequency plane. In particular, the formation of a saddle point in the frequency plane and a branch point in the parameter space is the basis for explaining the properties associated with these phenomena. The question of sensitivity of the system response near such singularities is subsequently examined. It is shown that the development of a branch point singularity in the complex parameter plane can cause large or even infinite sensitivity of the system about this point, depending on the distance of the branch point from the real axis in the parameter space. It is further shown that mode localization is also associated with the appearance of a branch point near the real axis of the complex parameter plane, which causes the large sensitivity that characterizes the phenomenon. The theory is applied to examples of conservative and dissipative systems undergoing free vibrations. |
BibTeX:
@article{triantafyllou1991,
author = {M. S. Triantafyllou and G. S. Triantafyllou},
title = {Frequency coalescence and mode localization phenomena: A geometric theory},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {1991},
volume = {150},
number = {3},
pages = {485-500},
doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(91)90899-U}
}
|
| Trometer S and Krupna M (2006), "Development and Design of Glass Folded Plate Structures", Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures. Vol. 47(3), pp. 253-260. |
| Abstract: This paper presents the development of glass folded plate structures. Glass will not only be used as a transparent covering but as a load-bearing element for the whole structure. A complete outline ranging from the architectural approach including simple paper models to structural analysis will be presented. The structural concept and its functional characteristics will be confirmed by Finite Element Analysis. Moreover this paper will also put into focus the geometrical diversity and individuality and will present mathematical algorithms as definitions of the geometrical freeform. |
BibTeX:
@article{trometer2006,
author = {Stefan Trometer and Mathias Krupna},
title = {Development and Design of Glass Folded Plate Structures},
journal = {Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures},
year = {2006},
volume = {47},
number = {3},
pages = {253-260}
}
|
| Tuczek F (2007), "Double-curved shell", US Patent Application 20070251161. |
| Abstract: Triangulated shells can be free-formed but are uneconomical compared to translational shells that can only be flat. Scale-trans shells are limited in terms of number and arrangement of the openings. The present invention provides a free-formed, custom-tailored shell surface and a regularly shaped, mass-produced shell surface that can be assembled fairly evenly from advantageously quadrangular mesh elements having coplanar node points. The flexibility of a triangle net of shell pieces in a large scale is combined with the evenness of a quad net for meshes in a small scale, whereby triangular meshes at the shared side of adjoining square nets are combined in pairs to give irregular quadrangular meshes having coplanar vertices. The inventive shell is especially suitable for use as an energy-saving building such as a weekend home, emergency shelter, cupola of an observatory, roof of a building or an inner courtyard, as the shell of a large multi-story building or as a sports hall or factory building. It is also suitable as a part of a vault, and as a complex shell consisting of a single continuous surface for exhibition or station buildings. Parts of a Bohemian dome, cushion-roof, Isler shell or blob can be combined within any individual shell. |
BibTeX:
@misc{tuczek2007,
author = {F. Tuczek},
title = {Double-curved shell},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20070251161},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20070251161.html}
}
|
| Tysmans T, Adriaenssens S, Cuyper H and Wastiels J (2009), "Structural analysis of small span textile reinforced concrete shells with double curvature ", Composites Science and Technology. Vol. 69(11-12), pp. 1790-1796. |
| Abstract: The reinforcement of cement with glass fibre textiles imbues the composite with a tensile as well as compressive load-bearing capacity. The tensile capacity allows the elimination of steel reinforcement as well as the concrete corrosion cover in structural applications. With textile reinforced concrete (TRC) thin and/or free form shells could be realized. In this paper, a parametric study is used to evaluate the structural applicability of TRC for small span (2–15 m) doubly curved roof shells. The application of two different, existing TRC material combinations demonstrates the influence of the applied composite material on the design of the shell. |
BibTeX:
@article{tysmans2009,
author = {Tine Tysmans and Sigrid Adriaenssens and Heidi Cuyper and Jan Wastiels},
title = {Structural analysis of small span textile reinforced concrete shells with double curvature },
journal = {Composites Science and Technology},
year = {2009},
volume = {69},
number = {11-12},
pages = {1790-1796},
doi = {10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.09.021}
}
|
| Veltkamp M (2007), "Free Form Structural Design: Schemes, systems and prototypes of structures for irregular shaped buildings". Thesis at: Delft University of Technology. |
| Abstract: Irregularly shaped buildings with double curved surfaces, also known as free forms or Blobs, have regained interest from architects. Those actually built however, despite their futuristic look, have load-bearing structures which are still based on conventional principles, as building systems suitable for these new shapes do not exist. The present research aims at proposing structural systems which are appropriate for free-form building designs, that is to say, which are able to follow the architectural shape and still can be built. For this, a) fabrication techniques, b) geometrical descriptions and c) principles of load transfer have been inventoried. Built examples of free-form buildings and similar objects were studied and categorised according to the inventory. From this study, search directions have been defined. Exploration of these has resulted in 23 highly abstract structural schemes. These have been developed further into 3 structural systems. The systems resulting from the research offer unprecedented freedom to shape load-bearing structures, while they can also be rationally built. Furthest developed (including prototypes) of these proposed solutions is the Delta Ribs system. In this system, steel members called Delta Ribs are applied in a network structure in which each rib shapes itself with respect to the local geometry and the required structural capacity at that point. Load-bearing structures can now be fully and effectively integrated in free-form building shapes. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{veltkamp2007,
author = {M. Veltkamp},
title = {Free Form Structural Design: Schemes, systems and prototypes of structures for irregular shaped buildings},
school = {Delft University of Technology},
year = {2007},
url = {http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid%3Aa6c9d911-a548-4092-9d89-12ca37ceb8c3/}
}
|
| Veltkamp M, Basso P and Lago A (2011), "Shape Invariant Stiffness Optimisation of Shell-like Structures", In Proceedings of IASS Structural Morphology Group Seminar. London, UK, September 17-18, 2011, 2011. |
| Abstract: This research investigates how the stiffness of single-layer structures can be affected by introducing local folding patterns on the surface. The overall geometry of the surface is not affected and is thus shape-invariant. Changes to the stiffness naturally have an impact on the static performance, but are also an important means to improve the structure’s dynamic behaviour. Also the impact on the sensitivity to buckling is investigated. The research is conducted through parametric studies on base surfaces of various curvatures. The results will be used to inform an optimisation algorithm that considers the static as well as the dynamic performances. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{veltkamp2011,
author = {M. Veltkamp and P. Basso and A. Lago},
title = {Shape Invariant Stiffness Optimisation of Shell-like Structures},
booktitle = {Proceedings of IASS Structural Morphology Group Seminar},
year = {2011}
}
|
| Venkataramani SC (2004), "Lower bounds for the energy in a crumpled elastic sheet—a minimal ridge", Nonlinearity. Vol. 17(1), pp. 301. |
| Abstract: We study the linearized Föppl–von Karman theory of a long, thin rectangular elastic membrane that is bent through an angle 2 α. We prove rigorous bounds for the minimum energy of this configuration in terms of the plate thickness, σ, and the bending angle. We show that the minimum energy scales as σ5/3 α7/3. This scaling is in sharp contrast with previously obtained results for the linearized theory of thin sheets with isotropic compression boundary conditions, where the energy scales as σ. |
BibTeX:
@article{venkataramani2004,
author = {Shankar C Venkataramani},
title = {Lower bounds for the energy in a crumpled elastic sheet—a minimal ridge},
journal = {Nonlinearity},
year = {2004},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {301},
doi = {10.1088/0951-7715/17/1/017}
}
|
| Vidal H and Muelas-medrano S (1987), "Method and apparatus for moulding curved concrete sections", European Patent EP0238168. |
| Abstract: Apparatus for moulding curved concrete sections for use in the construction of arched or vaulted structures comprises a curved, upwardly convex mould (6) made up of a series of reusable substantially flat mould plates (7) pivotally supported by vertical pillars (11) of adjustable height. The mould plates are hingedly connected to each other such that the angle of each plate to the adjacent plate is adjustable. The spacing between the vertical pillars (11) is also adjustable, so that the mould plates (7) provide a polygonal mould surface adjustable for moulding prefabricated concrete sections of different curvatures. |
BibTeX:
@misc{vidal1987,
author = {H. Vidal and S. Muelas-medrano},
title = {Method and apparatus for moulding curved concrete sections},
howpublished = {European Patent EP0238168},
year = {1987},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP0238168.html}
}
|
| Vidal H and Muelas-medrano S (1989), "Moulding process and apparatus for making arch-shaped concrete structures", US Patent 4826639. |
| Abstract: An apparatus for moulding prefabricated curved concrete sections for use in the construction of arched or vaulted structures comprises a curved, upwardly convex mould made up of a series of reusable substantially flat mould plates pivotally supported by vertical pillars of adjustable height. The mould plates are hingedly connected to each other such that the angle of each plate to the adjacent plate is adjustable. The spacing between the vertical pillars is also adjustable, so that the mould plates provide a polygonal mould surface adjustable for moulding prefabricated concrete sections of different curvatures. |
BibTeX:
@misc{vidal1989,
author = {H. Vidal and S. Muelas-medrano},
title = {Moulding process and apparatus for making arch-shaped concrete structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 4826639},
year = {1989},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4826639.html}
}
|
| Vidoli S and Vestroni F (2005), "Veering Phenomena in Systems With Gyroscopic Coupling", Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 72(5), pp. 641-648. |
| Abstract: The sharp divergence of two root-loci for a critical value of the parameters is called veering. Veering phenomena are interesting since they involve relevant energetic exchanges between the eigenmodes and strongly affect the undamped forced response of the system. A straightforward perturbation approach has already been used in the literature to analyze the dependence of the eigensprectrum on a system parameter and formulate a veering criterion. This perturbation approach and other ideas are generalized to the study of veering in discrete and continuous systems with gyroscopic operators of internal coupling and the results applied to a real electromechanical interaction. |
BibTeX:
@article{vidoli2005,
author = {Stefano Vidoli and Fabrizio Vestroni},
title = {Veering Phenomena in Systems With Gyroscopic Coupling},
journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {2005},
volume = {72},
number = {5},
pages = {641-648},
doi = {10.1115/1.1940666}
}
|
| Villoresi C (1958), "Elastic Packing Paper and Method of Making Same", US Patent 2826239. |
BibTeX:
@misc{villoresi1958,
author = {C. Villoresi},
title = {Elastic Packing Paper and Method of Making Same},
howpublished = {US Patent 2826239},
year = {1958},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2826239.html}
}
|
| Vincent JFV (2000), "Smart by name, smart by nature", Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 9(3), pp. 255-259. |
| Abstract: Animals and plants have evolved a large variety of reliable and relatively simple mechanisms. Complexity is an emergent property. Using modern analytical techniques of molecular and materials science we can understand many of these mechanisms and incorporate them into our own technology, The examples chosen are insect mechanoreceptors, fibrous elastic materials, hydratable gels contained within stiff membranes for producing high forces, turgor and spring mechanisms in plants, leaf origami, the nematocyst, rip-stop skin, self-designing trees and wound healing in plants. |
BibTeX:
@article{vincent2000,
author = {J. F. V. Vincent},
title = {Smart by name, smart by nature},
journal = {Smart Materials and Structures},
year = {2000},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {255-259},
url = {http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0964-1726/9/3/301/},
doi = {10.1088/0964-1726/9/3/301}
}
|
| Vincent JFV (2000), "Deployable Structures in Nature: Potential for Biomimicking", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. Vol. 214(1), pp. 1-10. |
| Abstract: Biology contains many examples of deployable structures. They can be grouped as planar, cylindrical, stiff and compliant, and space frame combining both stiff and compliant elements (ten-segrity structures). Deployment occurs due to high strain elastic materials, or folds and curves that can be actuated by springs, changes in shape (mediated by hydraulic or contractile mechanisms) or changes in stiffness. Evolution filters out inefficiency. Transfer of nature's technology requires understanding of the optimizations in the biological system. The concepts can then be used in aerospace, deployable camouflage, packaging, emergency shelters, capture systems, etc. |
BibTeX:
@article{vincent2000b,
author = {J F V Vincent},
title = {Deployable Structures in Nature: Potential for Biomimicking},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science},
year = {2000},
volume = {214},
number = {1},
pages = {1--10},
url = {http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/24023p31l7517614/}
}
|
| Wadley HNG (2006), "Multifunctional periodic cellular metals", Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A. Vol. 364(1838), pp. 31-68. |
| Abstract: Periodic cellular metals with honeycomb and corrugated topologies are widely used for the cores of light weight sandwich panel structures. Honeycombs have closed cell pores and are well suited for thermal protection while also providing efficient load support. Corrugated core structures provide less efficient and highly anisotropic load support, but enable cross flow heat exchange opportunities because their pores are continuous in one direction. Recent advances in topology design and fabrication have led to the emergence of lattice truss structures with open cell structures. These three classes of periodic cellular metals can now be fabricated from a wide variety of structural alloys. Many topologies are found to provide adequate stiffness and strength for structural load support when configured as the cores of sandwich panels. Sandwich panels with core relative densities of 2–10% and cell sizes in the millimetre range are being assessed for use as multifunctional structures. The open, three-dimensional interconnected pore networks of lattice truss topologies provide opportunities for simultaneously supporting high stresses while also enabling cross flow heat exchange. These highly compressible structures also provide opportunities for the mitigation of high intensity dynamic loads created by impacts and shock waves in air or water. By filling the voids with polymers and hard ceramics, these structures have also been found to offer significant resistance to penetration by projectiles. |
BibTeX:
@article{wadley2006,
author = {H. N. G Wadley},
title = {Multifunctional periodic cellular metals},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A},
year = {2006},
volume = {364},
number = {1838},
pages = {31-68},
doi = {10.1098/rsta.2005.1697}
}
|
| Wandel K (1970), "Corrugated Board", US Patent 3542636. |
| Abstract: A corrugated member comprising a plurality of strips of elongated material folded into trough-shapes longitudinally thereof and secured together with the through-shaped sides of alternate strips facing in opposite directions. |
BibTeX:
@misc{wandel1970,
author = {K. Wandel},
title = {Corrugated Board},
howpublished = {US Patent 3542636},
year = {1970},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3542636.html}
}
|
| Watanabe N and Kawaguchi K (2009), "The Method for Judging Rigid Foldability", In Origami 4: Fourth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (4OSME). , pp. 165-174. A K Peters.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{watanabe2006,
author = {Naohiko Watanabe and Ken’ichi Kawaguchi},
editor = {R. J. Lang},
title = {The Method for Judging Rigid Foldability},
booktitle = {Origami 4: Fourth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (4OSME)},
publisher = {A K Peters},
year = {2009},
pages = {165--174}
}
|
| Weaver PM (2009), "Multifunctionality through bistable composites applied to a helicopter rotor blade", In ICCM 17. Edingburgh
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{weaver2009,
author = {P. M. Weaver},
title = {Multifunctionality through bistable composites applied to a helicopter rotor blade},
booktitle = {ICCM 17},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Weber G and Rupflin M (1975), "Verstellbare Mauerbogenschalung", DE Patent DE2334020. |
BibTeX:
@misc{weber1975,
author = {G. Weber and M. Rupflin},
title = {Verstellbare Mauerbogenschalung},
howpublished = {DE Patent DE2334020},
year = {1975},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19750123&CC=DE&NR=2334020A1&KC=A1}
}
|
| Weinstock M (2008), "Can Architectural Design Be Research? Fabricating Complexity", Architectural Design. Vol. 78(4), pp. 126-129. |
BibTeX:
@article{weinstock2008,
author = {Michael Weinstock},
title = {Can Architectural Design Be Research? Fabricating Complexity},
journal = {Architectural Design},
year = {2008},
volume = {78},
number = {4},
pages = {126-129},
doi = {10.1002/ad.719}
}
|
| Weischede D (2007), "Curved roof support system for covering e.g. apartments comprises longitudinally adjustable tension rods and a pyramidal network integrated into a further pyramidal network with pressure rods fixed to each node", DE Patent DE102006026122. |
| Abstract: Curved roof support system comprises longitudinally adjustable tension rods (1) and a pyramidal network (50) integrated into a further pyramidal network (40) with pressure rods (4) fixed to each node (3) on which the tension rods are placed. The tension rods are placed in an orthogonal manner to each node. Preferred Features: Flexible flat pockets are arranged on the roof skin (2) and are filled with sand or other granular material. |
BibTeX:
@misc{weischede2007,
author = {D. Weischede},
title = {Curved roof support system for covering e.g. apartments comprises longitudinally adjustable tension rods and a pyramidal network integrated into a further pyramidal network with pressure rods fixed to each node},
howpublished = {DE Patent DE102006026122},
year = {2007},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20071206&CC=DE&NR=102006026122A1&KC=A1}
}
|
| Weisstein EW (), "Dual Tessellation", From MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DualTessellation.html. |
BibTeX:
@misc{mw_dualtess,
author = {Eric W. Weisstein},
title = {Dual Tessellation},
howpublished = {From MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DualTessellation.html},
url = {http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DualTessellation.html}
}
|
| Wells D (1991), "Hinged Tessellations", In The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry. , pp. 101-103. Penguin Books.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inbook{wells1991,
author = {David Wells},
title = {Hinged Tessellations},
booktitle = {The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry},
publisher = {Penguin Books},
year = {1991},
pages = {101--103}
}
|
| West M and Araya R (2009), "Fabrid Formwork for Concrete Structures and Architecture", In International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, STRUCTURAL MEMBRANES. |
| Abstract: Fabric formwork uses a flexible textile membrane in place of the rigid formwork materials usually used in concrete construction. When wet concrete is contained by a thin formwork membrane, the flexible fabric container deflects into a repertoire of precise tension geometries. This produces naturally efficient structural curves, unprecedented sculptural forms, and extraordinary surface finishes. Fabric formworks can be used to form columns, walls, beams, trusses, slabs, panels, and thin-shell structures in both precast and in-situ construction. Due to the great efficiency of tension membrane formworks, the formwork itself is extraordinarily light. Further reductions in materials consumed in construction can be achieved by more efficiently shaping the concrete members formed in these flexible molds. These savings provide a direct means to more sustainable architectural and engineering constructions in both advanced and basic building economies. Of particular interest in this presentation are funicular thin-shell structures formed from simple fabric sheet molds. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{west2009,
author = {M. West and R. Araya},
editor = {B. Kröplin and E. Oñate},
title = {Fabrid Formwork for Concrete Structures and Architecture},
booktitle = {International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, STRUCTURAL MEMBRANES},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Williams CF (1932), "Unit formed of sheet material", US Patent 1875188. |
BibTeX:
@misc{williams1932,
author = {C. F. Williams},
title = {Unit formed of sheet material},
howpublished = {US Patent 1875188},
year = {1932},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1875188.html}
}
|
| Witten TA (2007), "Stress focusing in elastic sheets", Reviews of Modern Physics. Vol. 79(2), pp. 643-675. American Physical Society. |
| Abstract: This paper reviews recent progress in understanding phenomena such as crumpling, in which elastic membranes or sheets subject to structureless forces develop sharply curved structure over a small fraction of their surface. In the limit of zero thickness, these structures become singular. After reviewing several related phenomena, the paper recalls the physical elements that give rise to the singular behavior: elasticity and the nearly inextensible behavior of thin sheets. This singular behavior has counterparts in higher dimensions. Then the paper discusses the most basic of these singularities, the vertex. The paper recounts mathematical progress in describing the d-cone, a simple realization of a vertex. After discussing the size of the core that governs departure from singularity, the paper concludes that fundamental understanding is lacking. It points out further mysterious behavior at the region where a d-cone is supported. Next comes a discussion of an emergent singularity that appears when two or more vertices are present: the stretching ridge. The paper offers several explanations of the scale of this singularity, ranging from qualitative scaling arguments to a formal asymptotic analysis. It discusses recent experiments and theories about the interaction of ridges and vertices and reviews evidence that these ridges dominate the mechanics of crumpled sheets. |
BibTeX:
@article{witten2007,
author = {Witten, T. A.},
title = {Stress focusing in elastic sheets},
journal = {Reviews of Modern Physics},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
year = {2007},
volume = {79},
number = {2},
pages = {643--675},
doi = {10.1103/RevModPhys.79.643}
}
|
| Wong HT (2005), "Behaviour and Modelling of Steel-concrete Composite Shell Roofs". Thesis at: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{wong2005,
author = {H. T. Wong},
title = {Behaviour and Modelling of Steel-concrete Composite Shell Roofs},
school = {The Hong Kong Polytechnic University},
year = {2005},
url = {http://www.cse.polyu.edu.hk/~cejgt/comshell/publications.htm}
}
|
| Wu W and You Z (2011), "A solution for folding rigid tall shopping bags", Proceedings of the Royal Society A. |
| Abstract: Rigid origami is concerned with the folding of rigid thin-walled structures. The materials from which the structures are made are not allowed to deform or bend, but can rotate freely about pre-arranged creases. One of the challenges in rigid origami is the flat folding of a shopping bag with a rectangular base if the bag is made of rigid materials. The problem is not only mathematically interesting but also has practical implications as many consumer goods are packaged in box-shaped cartons or cardboard boxes. In this paper, a new crease pattern has been proposed that allows a tall box-shaped bag with a rectangular base to be rigidly folded flat. Rigid folding conditions are established, and solutions that meet these conditions are found numerically. Simulations and experiments carried out demonstrate that the solution works. The new pattern represents the first practical solution for tall bags and can lead to direct applications in the packaging industry. Moreover, the folding analysis can be used to design an automated packaging process for folding box-shaped stiff cartons. |
BibTeX:
@unpublished{wu2011,
author = {Weina Wu and Zhong You},
title = {A solution for folding rigid tall shopping bags},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A},
year = {2011},
note = {Accepted for publication in Proceedings of the Royal Society A},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.2011.0120}
}
|
| Wu W and You Z (2010), "Modelling rigid origami with quaternions and dual quaternions", Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Vol. 466(2119), pp. 2155-2174. |
| Abstract: This paper examines the mathematical modelling of rigid origami, a type of origami where all the panels are rigid and can only rotate about crease lines. The rotating vector model is proposed, which establishes the loop-closure conditions among a group of characteristic vectors. By building up an explicit relationship between the single-vertex origami and the spherical linkage mechanism, the rotating vector model can conveniently and directly describe arbitrary three-dimensional configurations and can detect some self-intersection. Quaternion and dual quaternion are then employed to represent the origami model, based on which two numerical methods have been developed. Through examples, it has been shown that the first method can effectively track the entire rigid-folding procedure of an initially flat or a non-flat pattern with a single vertex or multiple vertices, and thereby provide judgment for its rigid foldability and flat foldability. Furthermore, its ability to rule out some self-intersecting configurations during folding is illustrated in detail, leading to its ability of checking rigid foldability in a more or less sufficient way. The second method is especially for analysing the multi-vertex origami. It can also effectively track the trajectories of multiple vertices during folding. |
BibTeX:
@article{you2010,
author = {W. Wu and Z. You},
title = {Modelling rigid origami with quaternions and dual quaternions},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A},
year = {2010},
volume = {466},
number = {2119},
pages = {2155-2174},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.2009.0625}
}
|
| Wu Z, Hagiwara I and Tao X (2007), "Optimisation of crush characteristics of the cylindrical origami structure", International Journal of Vehicle Design. Vol. 43(1-2), pp. 66-81. |
| Abstract: This paper introduces an application of progressive collapse deformation structure that is called the Cylindrical Origami Structure (COS), which has the ability to absorb the shock of impact. The geometric analysis of COS is presented first. Then the characteristics of COS are further optimised using the most probable optimisation design. After that, the numerical models of COS are constructed and analyses are performed by using the finite element method. Finally, based on the optimised model, two kinds of subdivision scheme (Loop and Modified Butterfly) are employed to smooth the shape of it. |
BibTeX:
@article{wu2007,
author = {Z. Wu and I. Hagiwara and X. Tao},
title = {Optimisation of crush characteristics of the cylindrical origami structure},
journal = {International Journal of Vehicle Design},
year = {2007},
volume = {43},
number = {1--2},
pages = {66-81},
doi = {10.1504/IJVD.2007.012296}
}
|
| Yancey RW (1975), "Article of manufacture with twisted web", US Patent 3869778. |
| Abstract: An article of manufacture wherein one or more pairs of spaced parallel ribbons are connected by at least one integral web, with webs connecting ribbon portions that are disposed in oppositely inclined ploanes. One end portion of each web is disposed in the plane of a first ribbon, and the opposite end portion of the web is disposed in the plane of a second ribbon, with the intermediate web portion being twisted througout its length. The article is preferably fabricated from a sheet of metal or other suitable material which each of the ribbons being deformed to include alternating, longitudinally spaced crests and troughs, the crests on each ribbon being aligned with a trough on an adjacent ribbon. The article is fabricated by a process including the step of simultaneously imparting a multi-planar torsional deformation to each of the webs of the sheet while deforming the ribbons to form the crests and throughs. |
BibTeX:
@misc{yancey1975,
author = {R. W. Yancey},
title = {Article of manufacture with twisted web},
howpublished = {US Patent 3869778},
year = {1975},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3869778.html}
}
|
| Yang W, Li Z-M, Shi W, Xie B-H and Yang M-B (2004), "Review on auxetic materials", Journal of Materials Science. Vol. 39(10), pp. 3269-3279. |
| Abstract: Although a negative Poisson's ratio (that is, a lateral extension in response to stretching) is not forbidden by thermodynamics, for almost all common materials the Poisson's ratio is positive. In 1987, Lakes first discovered negative Poisson's ratio effect in polyurethane (PU) foam with re-entrant structures, which was named anti-rubber, auxetic, and dilatational by later researchers. In this paper, the term 'auxetic' will be used. Since then, investigation on the auxetic materials has held major interest, focusing on finding more materials with negative Poisson's ratio, and on examining the mechanisms, properties and applications. Therefore, more materials were found to have the counter-intuitive effect of auxeticity due to different structural or microstructrual mechanisms. The present article reviews the latest advances in auxetic materials, their structural mechanisms, performance and applications. |
BibTeX:
@article{yang2004,
author = {Wei Yang and Zhong-Ming Li and Wei Shi and Bang-Hu Xie and Ming-Bo Yang},
title = {Review on auxetic materials},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science},
year = {2004},
volume = {39},
number = {10},
pages = {3269-3279},
doi = {10.1023/B:JMSC.0000026928.93231.e0}
}
|
| Ye H (2007), "Bistable Cylindrical Space Frames". Thesis at: University of Cambridge. |
| Abstract: Bistable structures are structures that have two different stable configurations. Due to this interesting and distinguishing property, they are gaining popularity in many applications, such as consumer products, deployable structures, robotics and micro-structural systems. Whereas current bistable structures are fairly limited and previous research in the field has mainly focused on composite and metallic structures, this dissertation expands the range of bistable structures to a new structural form, space frames. Double-layer cylindrical space frames, whose top and bottom layers are coaxial and have the same architecture, are the main object of this research. We will explore whether this kind of space frames can be made bistable; under what conditions they are bistable, what are the geometric relationships between their two stable configurations and how the bistability changes with changes of the structural properties of the space frames. The investigation will start with an analytical approach to preliminarily assess the bistability of several space frames, which is followed by detailed finite element analysis and finally a demonstration using a physical model. In the analytical approach, the equivalent stiffness matrix is introduced to describe the static structural properties of space frames through an equivalent continuum approach. A two-parameter inextensional deformation model is selected for the deformation of a cylindrical space frame, assuming that the mid-surface of the space frame remains cylindrical at all times but the structure is allowed to twist and change curvature. Based on this analysis, and analytical framework is developed to obtain the strain energy of a space frame under any inextensional deformation and so the bistability of space frames can be checked by looking for the existence of local minima in their strain energy contour plots. Space frames based on a lattice of squares, right-angle triangles, isosceles triangles and a particular type of negative Poisson's ratio structure are all found to be bistable under certain conditions. The relationships between their curvatures in the two stable configurations are also presented. A computational analysis of space frames based on these four lattices is then carried out to further investigate this bistable property. Finite element models are set up in ABAQUS and a nonlinear geometrical analysis is carried out to confirm the bistability of these space frames. The elements of these space frames are simulated as both pin-jointed truss elements and rigid-jointed beam elements and the computational results are compared with corresponding analytical results. We discuss in detail how changes of the structural parameters will change the bistability of the space frames and how to make the simulation converge more easily. Rapid-prototyping techniques to fabricate complex structures are reviewed an the Selective Laser Sintering technique is selected to build a physical model that demonstrates the accuracy of our analysis. A double-layer cylindrical space frame based on a lattice of squares has been built with Nylon 12 using the SLS method. On this model, experiments have been carried out to change the configuration of the model and to test its bistability. We have found that the physical model is indeed bistable, and measurements of the curvature of the second stable configuration of the model show good agreement with the computational analysis where the elements of the space frame are simulated by beam elements. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{ye2007,
author = {Hua Ye},
title = {Bistable Cylindrical Space Frames},
school = {University of Cambridge},
year = {2007}
}
|
| Yokozeki T, ichi Takeda S, Ogasawara T and Ishikawa T (2006), "Mechanical properties of corrugated composites for candidate materials of flexible wing structures", Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 37(10), pp. 1578-1586. |
| Abstract: Corrugated-form composites are expected to be very flexible in the corrugation direction and stiff in the direction perpendicular to the corrugation. In this study, the corrugated composites manufactured from carbon fiber plain woven fabrics draw attention as a candidate material for flexible structural components, e.g. morphing wings. In-plane stiffness and strength of the original corrugated composites are evaluated through the tensile and bending tests in both in-plane longitudinal and transverse directions. A simple analytical model for the initial stiffness of the corrugated composites is developed, and the predictions are compared with the experimental results. Moreover, some improvements, installing of stiff rod and flexible rubber, are attempted for the creation of smooth aerodynamic surface and the improvement of stiffness. Mechanical properties of the modified corrugated composites are also evaluated and compared with those of the original corrugated composites. The applicability of the corrugated composites to the flexible wing structures are discussed based on the specific stiffness, longitudinal-to-transverse stiffness ratio, etc. |
BibTeX:
@article{yokozeki2006,
author = {Tomohiro Yokozeki and Shin-ichi Takeda and Toshio Ogasawara and Takashi Ishikawa},
title = {Mechanical properties of corrugated composites for candidate materials of flexible wing structures},
journal = {Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing},
year = {2006},
volume = {37},
number = {10},
pages = {1578-1586},
doi = {10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.10.015}
}
|
| Yoshimura Y (1955), "On the mechanism of buckling of a circular cylindrical shell under axial compression" (NACA-TM-1390) |
| Abstract: The present paper deals with the buckling of a circular cylindrical shell under axial compression from the viewpoint of energy and the characteristics of deformation. It is shown first, both theoretically and experimentally, that the reason why the buckling of a cylindrical shell is quite different from that of a flat plate is attributable to the existence of a nearly developable surface far apart from the original cylindrical surface. Based upon this result, the experimental fact that the buckling is really not general but local, that is, that the buckled region is limited axially to a range of 1.5 times the wave length of the lobe, is explained by the theoretical result that the minimum buckling load is smaller in the local buckling than in the general buckling case. The occurrence of local buckling is affirmed also from the viewpoint of the energy barrier to be jumped over during buckling, and from a comparison of the theoretical post-buckling state with the experimental results. Finally, the local buckling with the load applied by a spring is analyzed, and it is proved that the minimum buckling load increased with an increase of rigidity of the spring. |
BibTeX:
@techreport{yoshimura1955,
author = {Y. Yoshimura},
title = {On the mechanism of buckling of a circular cylindrical shell under axial compression},
year = {1955},
number = {NACA-TM-1390},
url = {http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=12368&id=7&qs=No%3D10%26Ne%3D25%26N%3D17%2B156%2B293}
}
|
| You Z (2007), "Motion structures extend their reach", Materials Today. Vol. 10(12), pp. 52-57. |
| Abstract: Motion structures are assemblies of resistant bodies connected by movable joints. Unlike conventional structures, they are designed to contain internal mobilities that allow large shape transformations to satisfy practical requirements. Their applications range from satellite solar panels and space antennas to shelters, exhibition stands, and medical implants. We introduce the characteristics of motion structures, the principles used to create such structures, and their applications. This brief survey is based on the latest research in this thriving field. |
BibTeX:
@article{you2007,
author = {Zhong You},
title = {Motion structures extend their reach},
journal = {Materials Today},
year = {2007},
volume = {10},
number = {12},
pages = {52-57},
doi = {10.1016/S1369-7021(07)70308-5}
}
|
| You Z (2006), "Deployable stent", US Patent Application 20060265052. |
| Abstract: A stent 1 comprises a sheet 2 of biocompatible material having a tubular shape and folded with a pattern of folds allowing the sheet 2 to be collapsed for deployment. The pattern of folds comprises a unit cell repeated over the sheet 2. The unit cell comprises: two longitudinal folds extending away from a common point along the tubular shape of the sheet, the first longitudinal fold being of the first type and the second longitudinal fold being of the second type; an outer circumferential ring of four edge folds of the first type, comprising, on each side of the longitudinal folds, a minor edge fold extending from the outer end of the first longitudinal fold and a major edge fold extending from the outer end of the second longitudinal fold, the outer ends of the minor edge fold and the major edge fold on the same side of the longitudinal folds intersecting one another; and two angular folds of the second type, each extending from the intersection of a major edge fold with a minor edge fold to the common point from which the longitudinal folds extend. The stent 1 prevents tissue in-growth because it is formed of a continuous sheet 2. |
BibTeX:
@misc{zhongyou2006,
author = {Zhong You},
title = {Deployable stent},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20060265052},
year = {2006},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060265052.html}
}
|
| You Z and Kuribayashi K (2009), "Expandable tubes with Negative Poisson's Ratio and Their Application in Medicine", In Origami 4, Fourth International Conference on Origami in Science, Mathematics, and Education (4OSME). , pp. 117-128. A K Peters.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{you2009,
author = {Z. You and K. Kuribayashi},
editor = {R. J. Lang},
title = {Expandable tubes with Negative Poisson's Ratio and Their Application in Medicine},
booktitle = {Origami 4, Fourth International Conference on Origami in Science, Mathematics, and Education (4OSME)},
publisher = {A K Peters},
year = {2009},
pages = {117--128}
}
|
| Zabel M (1891), "Verstellbarer Lehrbogen zur Herstellung von Gewolben", DE Patent DE58516. |
BibTeX:
@misc{zabel1891,
author = {M. Zabel},
title = {Verstellbarer Lehrbogen zur Herstellung von Gewolben},
howpublished = {DE Patent DE58516},
year = {1891},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=&CC=DE&NR=58516C&KC=C}
}
|
| Zakirov I, Katayev Y and Nikitin A (2004), "Folded-Plate Structures Alteration When Bent", Sci Tech J ‘Polyot’. (2), pp. 50-53. |
| Abstract: The article deals with the issues of folded-plate structure geometry measurements after bending it by a deforming moment of deflection. |
BibTeX:
@article{zakirov2004,
author = {I.M. Zakirov and Y.P. Katayev and A.V. Nikitin},
title = {Folded-Plate Structures Alteration When Bent},
journal = {Sci Tech J ‘Polyot’},
year = {2004},
number = {2},
pages = {50--53}
}
|
| Zakirov I, Nikitin A, Alekseev KA and Mudra C (2006), "Folded Structures: Performance, Technology and Production", In ``Latest Advancements of Applied Composite Technologies'' Proceedings of the 27th International SAMPE Europe Conference 2006. Paris, March 27th - 29th, 2006. , pp. 234-239. |
| Abstract: The paper presents results of research activities on folded paper core as applied to structural sandwich panels. Analyses are shown with respect to folded core transverse compressive strength. Different opportunities are reviewed to improve the strength of folded structures. Process flowsheets are shown to fabricate different folded core structures. Prior to given manufacturing settings, equipment developments and technological operations for folded core fabrication is shown. An industrial process of continiuous folded structure production using a rotary folding device is presented. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{zakirov2006c,
author = {I. Zakirov and A. Nikitin and K. A. Alekseev and C. Mudra},
title = {Folded Structures: Performance, Technology and Production},
booktitle = {``Latest Advancements of Applied Composite Technologies'' Proceedings of the 27th International SAMPE Europe Conference 2006},
year = {2006},
pages = {234--239}
}
|
| Zakirov I, Paimushin VN and Alekseev K (2010), "Composite Structures from Polymer Matrix Materials for the Aerospace Sector", In Proceedings of the 3rd Congress for the Polymer Composite Materials Technologies. Modena, Italy
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{zakirov2010,
author = {I.M. Zakirov and V. N. Paimushin and K.A. Alekseev},
title = {Composite Structures from Polymer Matrix Materials for the Aerospace Sector},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Congress for the Polymer Composite Materials Technologies},
year = {2010}
}
|
| Zakirov IM and Alekseev KA (2007), "Parameters of a creasing-bending machine as applied to the scheme of transverse rotary shaping of chevron structures", Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). Vol. 50(2), pp. 186-192. |
| Abstract: Based on the topological representation and transformation of the elementary chevron structure module, we propose the dependences that relate the geometrical parameters of rollers with the chevron structure element sizes for the transverse scheme of rotary creasing and bending. The calculation scheme is realized in the form of the parametrized geometrical model using CAD SolidWorks aids. |
BibTeX:
@article{zakirov2007,
author = {I. M. Zakirov and K. A. Alekseev},
title = {Parameters of a creasing-bending machine as applied to the scheme of transverse rotary shaping of chevron structures},
journal = {Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)},
year = {2007},
volume = {50},
number = {2},
pages = {186-192},
doi = {10.3103/S1068799807020122}
}
|
| Zakirov IM, Nikitin AV and Akishev NI (2006), "Sheet material corrugator", Russian patent RU2284916. |
| Abstract: FIELD: mechanical engineering. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to devices for corrugating sheet material by bending and it can be used in production of light filler for multilayer panels, filter elements and packing material. Proposed device contains forming mandrel consisting of flat forming members connected to each other by means to tight cloth to form hinge joints at edges of forming members, transforming device and vacuum bag. Forming mandrel is of equilibrium relief make, and its hinge joints are made of elastically deformable material to change position of forming members in space owing to spring to provide transformation of forming mandrel together with blank from stretched flat state of forming mandrel into its intermediate equilibrium relief state. Said transforming device is made to provide stretching of mandrel from its equilibrium relief state into flat state and transformation of forming mandrel into maximum compressed state at application of compression forces to its edges in horizontal direction. EFFECT: enlarged operating capabilities of device, improved quality of formed articles of material with elastic characteristics at flexing. |
BibTeX:
@misc{zakirov2006,
author = {Zakirov, I. M. and Nikitin, A. V. and Akishev, N. I.},
title = {Sheet material corrugator},
howpublished = {Russian patent RU2284916},
year = {2006}
}
|
| Zakirov IM, Nikitin AV and Akishev NI (2006), "Device for manufacture of corrugated single curvature filler", Russian Patent RU2284915. |
| Abstract: FIELD: mechanical engineering. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to devices for bending sheet material to form corrugations and it can be used in devices for manufacture of folding single curvature filler used in production of curvilinear panels for aircraft and other transport vehicles. For manufacture of corrugated filler with saw-tooth corrugations with creates and hollows in form of zigzag lines device is used which contains forming mandrel consisting of row of flat forming members interconnected by tight cloth glued to their lower surfaces to form hinge joints at edges of forming members and to provide at compression by forming mandrel saw-tooth corrugations with crests and hollows in form of zigzag lines, device to change position of forming members in space and vacuum bag.; Flat members are glued on cloth to provide forming saw-tooth lines of corrugated filler between rows of hinge joints in form of isosceles triangles with common bases along zigzag lines of crests formed at compression of forming mandrel to form zigzag line of crests of corrugated filler. Crests of isosceles triangles opposite to common base are orientated along saw-tooth corrugation formed at compression of forming mandrel to form zigzag line of hollows of corrugated filler. EFFECT: provision of regular cylindrical form in cross direction of assembled multiple layer panel with corrugated filler with preset radius of curvature without internal stresses. |
BibTeX:
@misc{zakirov2006b,
author = {Zakirov, I. M. and Nikitin, A. V. and Akishev, N. I.},
title = {Device for manufacture of corrugated single curvature filler},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2284915},
year = {2006}
}
|
| Zakirov IM, Nikitin AV, Akishev NI and Gajnutdinov IR (2007), "Method for manufacture of folded structure and device for creasing of sheet material", RU Patent RU2356674.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{zakirov2007b,
author = {I. M. Zakirov and A. V. Nikitin and N. I. Akishev and I. R. Gajnutdinov},
title = {Method for manufacture of folded structure and device for creasing of sheet material},
howpublished = {RU Patent RU2356674},
year = {2007}
}
|
| Zakirov IM, Nikitin AV, Akishev NI and Karimullin NV (2008), "Method for production of chevron filler and device for its realisation", Russian Patent RU2341347. |
| Abstract: FIELD: technological processes; metallurgy. SUBSTANCE: creasing is made on sheet billet of paper type from its both sides. Billet is bent to provide relief with two-sided angles along creasing lines. Bending moment for bending of billet is created by point application of force in key zones of chevron structure along lines of cavities on both sides of billet. Device for filler production contains the following components that are serially installed and connected to main drive gear: decoiler, mechanism of preliminary corrugation, mechanism for corrugations approaching and calibration mechanism.; At that mechanism of preliminary corrugation is arranged in the form of molding rollers that represent pairs of conjugated shafts that carry figure protrusions on the surface that perform the function of puncheons, with working edges that correspond in shape and size to bending lines on both sides of flat billet of chevron structure part, and also installed in the space between protrusions and connected to the shaft surface elastic elements that perform function of matrix for mentioned protrusions. Mechanism of corrugations approaching is arranged in the form of oppositely located and installed with the possibility of control of center-to-center distance of assembly rollers that have radially oriented assembly fingers. EFFECT: higher quality and expansion of technological resources. |
BibTeX:
@misc{zakirov2008,
author = {Zakirov, I. M. and Nikitin, A. V. and Akishev, N. I. and Karimullin, N. V.},
title = {Method for production of chevron filler and device for its realisation},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2341347},
year = {2008}
}
|
| Zakirov IM, Nikitin AV, Akishev NI and Movchan GV (2009), "Device for continuous corrugating of rolled material", Russian Patent RU2357828. |
| Abstract: FIELD: mechanics. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to mechanical engineering, particularly to equipment which is designed to corrugate sheet rolled material by forming method. The invention may be used in lightweight aggregate production for multi-layer panels, filtering elements and packing materials. The forming punch with equal moulding flat elements is placed in the basis of the device. The said moulding elements are hinge connected with each other at their edges. There is also a facility changing the above elements position in the space. In addition, the device includes drum with rotary drive being installed on bearing supports, spring-loaded lever to bring forming punch into the flat state and a mechanism to press rolled material to the outer surface of forming punch. The forming punch is implemented with a closed strip being rolled on the said drum so that it can contact the facility changing moulding elements position in the space by their side line edges and upper surface of the moulding elements. EFFECT: wide range of technological possibilities. |
BibTeX:
@misc{zakirov2009,
author = {I. M. Zakirov and A. V. Nikitin and N. I. Akishev and G. V. Movchan},
title = {Device for continuous corrugating of rolled material},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2357828},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Zimmermann G (2004), "Membrane Concrete Grid Shells", In International Symposium Shell and Spatial Structures from Models to Realization, IASS 2004. Montpellier, France, September 20-24, 2004. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{zimmermann2004,
author = {G. Zimmermann},
editor = {R. Motro},
title = {Membrane Concrete Grid Shells},
booktitle = {International Symposium Shell and Spatial Structures from Models to Realization, IASS 2004},
year = {2004},
url = {http://www.eoxia.com/lmgc/pdf/TP103.pdf}
}
|
| Zupan M, Chen C and Fleck NA (2003), "The plastic collapse and energy absorption capacity of egg-box panels", International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. Vol. 45, pp. 851-871. |
| Abstract: The plastic collapse response of aluminium egg-box panels subjected to out-of-plane compression has been measured and modelled. It is observed that the collapse strength and energy absorption are sensitive to the level of in-plane constraint, with collapse dictated either by plastic buckling or by a travelling plastic knuckle mechanism. Drop weight tests have been performed at speeds of up to 6 ms−1, and an elevation in strength with impact velocity is noted. A 3D finite element shell model is needed in order to reproduce the observed behaviours. Additional calculations using an axisymmetric finite element model give the correct collapse modes but are less accurate than the more sophisticated 3D model. The finite element simulations suggest that the observed velocity dependence of strength is primarily due to strain-rate sensitivity of the aluminium sheet, with material inertia playing a negligible role. Finally, it is shown that the energy absorption capacity of the egg-box material is comparable to that of metallic foams. |
BibTeX:
@article{zupan2003,
author = {Marc Zupan and C. Chen and N. A. Fleck},
title = {The plastic collapse and energy absorption capacity of egg-box panels},
journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Sciences},
year = {2003},
volume = {45},
pages = {851--871},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7403(03)00136-X}
}
|
| (2003), "Architecture in the digital age: design and manufacturing" Taylor & Francis. |
| Abstract: Architecture in the Digital Age addresses contemporary architectural practice in which digital technologies are radically changing how buildings are conceived, designed and produced. It discusses the digitally-driven changes, their origins, and their effects by grounding them in actual practices already taking place, while simultaneously speculating about their wider implications for the future. The book offers a diverse set of ideas as to what is relevant today and what will be relevant tomorrow for emerging architectural practices of the digital age. |
BibTeX:
@book{kolarevic2003,,
editor = {Branko Kolarevic},
title = {Architecture in the digital age: design and manufacturing},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
year = {2003}
}
|