| Aboura Z, Talbi N, Allaoui S and Benzeggagh ML (2004), "Elastic behavior of corrugated cardboard: experiments and modeling", Composite Structures. Vol. 63(1), pp. 53-62. |
| Abstract: Motivated by computed homogeneous of linear corrugated cardboard behavior, an analytical model related to the assessment of equals behavior is proposed. This model takes into account the geometrical and mechanical properties of the corrugated cardboard constituents. An experimental methodology is also proposed to obtain both the in-plane elastic properties of each constituents and the corrugated cardboard. After model validation by a comparison with the experiment results, a parametric study is conducted studying the effect of geometrical parameters on in-plane elastic properties. Moreover, in order to assess the relevance of the homogenization method, a finite element model for three-point bending test is created. Two approaches are adopted: the first one models separately the core and liner of the corrugated cardboard with thin shell element (3D approach), whereas the second approach being of particular interest in this work, considers the corrugated cardboard sandwich as a homogeneous plate and modeled therefore by a plate elements. It is shown that the simplified homogenized procedure is adequately accurate and 10 times faster than the 3D approach for effectively analyzing corrugated cardboard panel in the preliminary and optimum design stages. |
BibTeX:
@article{aboura2004,
author = {Z. Aboura and N. Talbi and S. Allaoui and M. L. Benzeggagh},
title = {Elastic behavior of corrugated cardboard: experiments and modeling},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2004},
volume = {63},
number = {1},
pages = {53-62},
doi = {10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00131-4}
}
|
| Abramczyk J (2004), "Ruled surfaces of any types as the models for corrugated building shells", In International Symposium Shell and Spatial Structures from Models to Realization, IASS 2004. Montpellier, France, September 20-24, 2004. |
| Abstract: The paper presents a method of geometrical shaping of lightweight building shells made up of deformed and profiled metal sheets placed in one row. Specific property of the method is that each sheet of this shell can be subject to the composite stress state, i.e. the flexural–torsional deformation. This method enables obtaining a large variety of shapes of the determined shells as well as a great precision in shaping of the shell. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{abramczyk2004,
author = {J. Abramczyk},
editor = {R. Motro},
title = {Ruled surfaces of any types as the models for corrugated building shells},
booktitle = {International Symposium Shell and Spatial Structures from Models to Realization, IASS 2004},
year = {2004},
url = {http://www.eoxia.com/lmgc/pdf/TP114.pdf}
}
|
| Adhikari S (1999), "Rates of Change of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in Damped Dynamic System", AIAA Journal. Vol. 37(11), pp. 1452-1458. |
BibTeX:
@article{adhikari1999,
author = {S. Adhikari},
title = {Rates of Change of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in Damped Dynamic System},
journal = {AIAA Journal},
year = {1999},
volume = {37},
number = {11},
pages = {1452--1458},
doi = {10.2514/2.622}
}
|
| Afolabi D and Mehmed O (1994), "On Curve Veering and Flutter of Rotating Blades", Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. Vol. 116(3), pp. 702-709. |
| Abstract: The eigenvalues of rotating blades usually change with rotation speed according to the Stodola-Southwell criterion. Under certain circumstances, the loci of eigenvalues belonging to two distinct modes of vibration approach each other very closely, and it may appear as if the loci cross each other. However, our study indicates that the observable frequency loci of an undamped rotating blade do not cross, but must either repel each other (leading to “curve veering”), or attract each other (leading to “frequency coalescence”). Our results are reached by using standard arguments from algebraic geometry—the theory of algebraic curves and catastrophe theory. We conclude that it is important to resolve an apparent crossing of eigenvalue loci into either a frequency coalescence or a curve veering, because frequency coalescence is dangerous since it leads to flutter, whereas curve veering does not precipitate flutter and is, therefore, harmless with respect to elastic stability. |
BibTeX:
@article{afolabi1994,
author = {D. Afolabi and O. Mehmed},
title = {On Curve Veering and Flutter of Rotating Blades},
journal = {Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power},
year = {1994},
volume = {116},
number = {3},
pages = {702-709},
doi = {10.1115/1.2906876}
}
|
| Akishev NI, Alekseev KA, Zakirov IM and Nikitin AV (2010), "Panel of curvilinear shape and method of its manufacturing", Russian Patent RU2381955. |
| Abstract: FIELD: construction. SUBSTANCE: panel of curvilinear shape comprises upper and lower linings and zigzag corrugated filler arranged in between. Filler is arranged in the form of folded construction of helical structure, which, in its finally transformed condition contains cells along each serrated line, which are limited with inclined and vertical walls produced by two pairs of adjacent facets in the form of irregular quadrangles separated with section of zigzag line inclined towards serrated line, which is common for both pairs, at the angles of 1 and 2. 1 is angle between common serrated line and section of zigzag line, which separates a pair of adjacent facets, which, in finally transformed condition produce vertical wall of cell.; 2 is angle between common serrated line and section of zigzag line, which separates a pair of adjacent facets, which, in finally transformed condition produce inclined walls of cell, at the same time condition of 1<2 is maintained. According to method for manufacturing of multilayer panel of curvilinear shape with separate shaping of linings with specified curvature and layer of filler, sheet stock at the first stage is marked with bending lines, which produce elementary modules with specified geometric parametres. At the second stage sheet stock is transformed into relief position, where it takes form of folded construction of helical structure.; At the third stage produced folded construction is shaped till finally transformed condition, which is characterised by formation of cells limited with inclined and vertical walls. EFFECT: increased strength and rigidity of panels. |
BibTeX:
@misc{akishev2010,
author = {Akishev, N. I. and Alekseev, K. A. and Zakirov, I. M. and Nikitin, A. V.},
title = {Panel of curvilinear shape and method of its manufacturing},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2381955},
year = {2010}
}
|
| Akishev NI, Zakirov IM and Nikitin AV (2007), "Device for sheet material corrugation", US Patent Application 20070098835. |
| Abstract: The device contains the transformable mandrel (12) made of plane elements (14) pivotedly connected in-between with the use of gas-proof fabric (15,16), the means for preliminary and final mandrel transformation including the flexible vacuum chamber and traverse-pusher (11) with the drive (10), and the mechanism for putting the transformable mandrel into its initial plane state made in the form of two parallel slabs (6, 7) with the drive for their reciprocal travel (9). The means for preliminary mandrel transformation is made in the form of the system of pushers placed in rows on the lower and the upper slabs with individual drives. The perforations in the slabs provide the possibility for the pushers to interact with the transformable mandrel placed between the slabs whereas the mandrel with sheet blank article is put into the vacuum chamber. |
BibTeX:
@misc{akishev2007c,
author = {N. I. Akishev and I. M. Zakirov and A. V. Nikitin},
title = {Device for sheet material corrugation},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20070098835},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20070098835.html}
}
|
| Akishev NI, Zakirov IM and Nikitin AV (2008), "Foldable mandrel for production of a single curvature folded core for a sandwich panel", US Patent 7458802. |
| Abstract: The invention can be defined in its most general form as a device for sheet material corrugation by means of bending and can be applied in the devices for production of single curvature folded core used in production of aircraft and craft curvilinear panels. The invention has for its object to broaden the technological capabilities. For that the mandrel is made in the form of a set of alternating rows of plane elements (4, 6, 7) made in the form of trapeziums (4) and isosceles triangles (6, 7) fixed on the flexible material of the base (5) forming thus the gap-pivots between the elements. At the same time the bases of the triangular elements (6, 7) face each other in pairs along the bending lines while said bending lines correspond to the protrusions lines of the core folded structure. The base of the triangular elements (6, 7) is the function of the folded core block curvature radius and the geometrical parameters of the zigzag crimp structure. The width of the gap-pivots is taken so that to provide the folding of the mandrel together with the blank forming thus the single curvature zigzag corrugated structure with the lateral direction of crimps. |
BibTeX:
@misc{akishev2008a,
author = {N. I. Akishev and I. M. Zakirov and A. V. Nikitin},
title = {Foldable mandrel for production of a single curvature folded core for a sandwich panel},
howpublished = {US Patent 7458802},
year = {2008},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7458802.html}
}
|
| Akishev NI, Zakirov IM and Nikitin AV (2008), "Method for curvilinear folded structure production", US Patent 7410455. |
| Abstract: The invention can be defined in its most general form as the method for sheet material corrugation and can be used for production of aircraft curvilinear sandwich panel folded structure light corrugated core. With the aim to broaden the technological capabilities the corrugated blank is compressed from its sides to joining of ridges providing in its lateral section the curvature radius defined by the curvilinear folded structure design parameters and fixed in such condition block is thermally treated for inner stresses relief in the article material whereupon it is stretched to the curvilinear folded structure parameters given. |
BibTeX:
@misc{akishev2008b,
author = {N. I. Akishev and I. M. Zakirov and A. V. Nikitin},
title = {Method for curvilinear folded structure production},
howpublished = {US Patent 7410455},
year = {2008},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7410455.html}
}
|
| Akishev NI, Zakirov IM and Nikitin AV (2009), "Device for sheet material corrugation", US Patent 7487658. |
| Abstract: The invention can be defined in its most general form as a device for sheet material corrugation by means of bending and can be used in production of light core for sandwich panels, and elements of heat-exchange apparatus. The device includes the pivotedly connected in-between shaping and auxiliary systems of dies (4) and the drive for their transformation including the system of vacuumization and the chamber (3) made of flexible gas-proof material where the latter of said systems is fixed. Used to set the system of shaping dies (4) into its initial plane state is the mechanism made in the form of rigid chamber with the perforated cap (2) providing the possibility to connect the chamber to the system of vacuumization. The device also includes the subsidiary flexible removable vacuum chamber (8) wherein the blank (6) from sheet material is placed in contact with the shaping system of dies (4). Said chamber and the transformation drive chamber have a common wall rigidly connected to the shaping and auxiliary systems of dies (4) at locations of their pivot connection. |
BibTeX:
@misc{akishev2009,
author = {Akishev, N. I. and Zakirov, I. M. and Nikitin, A. V.},
title = {Device for sheet material corrugation},
howpublished = {US Patent 7487658},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Alderson A, Alderson K, Chirima G, Ravirala N and Zied K (2010), "The in-plane linear elastic constants and out-of-plane bending of 3-coordinated ligament and cylinder-ligament honeycombs", Composites Science and Technology. |
| Abstract: Four novel cylinder-ligament honeycombs are described, where each cylinder has 3 tangentially-attached ligaments to form either a hexagonal or re-entrant hexagonal cellular network. The re-entrant cylinder-ligament honeycombs are reported for the first time. The in-plane linear elastic constants and out-of-plane bending response of these honeycombs are predicted using finite element (FE) modelling and comparison made with hexagonal and re-entrant hexagonal honeycombs without cylinders. A laser-crafted re-entrant cylinder-ligament honeycomb is manufactured and characterized to verify the FE model. The re-entrant honeycombs display negative Poisson’s ratios and synclastic curvature upon out-of-plane bending. The hexagonal and ‘trichiral’ honeycombs possess positive Poisson’s ratios and anticlastic curvature. The ‘anti-trichiral’ honeycomb (short ligament limit) displays negative Poisson’s ratios when loaded in the plane of the honeycomb, but positive Poisson’s ratio behaviour (anticlastic curvature) under out-of-plane bending. These responses are understood qualitatively through considering deformation occurs via direct ligament flexure and cylinder rotation-induced ligament flexure. |
BibTeX:
@article{alderson2010,
author = {A. Alderson and K.L. Alderson and G. Chirima and N. Ravirala and K.M. Zied},
title = {The in-plane linear elastic constants and out-of-plane bending of 3-coordinated ligament and cylinder-ligament honeycombs},
journal = {Composites Science and Technology},
year = {2010},
doi = {10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.07.010}
}
|
| Alderson A and Alderson KL (2007), "Auxetic materials", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. Vol. 221(4), pp. 565-575. |
| Abstract: The current status of research into auxetic (negative Poisson's ratio) materials is reviewed, with particular focus on those aspects of relevance to aerospace engineering. Developments in the modelling, design, manufacturing, testing, and potential applications of auxetic cellular solids, polymers, composites, and sensor/actuator devices are presented. Auxetic cellular solids in the forms of honeycombs and foams are reviewed in terms of their potential in a diverse range of applications, including as core materials in curved sandwich panel composite components, radome applications, directional pass band filters, adaptive and deployable structures, MEMS devices, filters and sieves, seat cushion material, energy absorption components, viscoelastic damping materials, and fastening devices. The review of auxetic polymers includes the fabrication and characterization of microporous polymer solid rods, fibres, and films, as well as progress towards the first synthetic molecular-level auxetic polymer. Potential auxetic polymer applications include self-locking reinforcing fibres in composites, controlled release media, and self-healing films. Auxetic composite laminates and composites containing auxetic constituents are reviewed and enhancements in fracture toughness, and static and low velocity impact performance are presented to demonstrate potential in energy absorber components. Finally, the potential of auxetics as strain amplifiers, piezoelectric devices, and structural health monitoring components is presented. |
BibTeX:
@article{alderson2007,
author = {A Alderson and K L Alderson},
title = {Auxetic materials},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering},
year = {2007},
volume = {221},
number = {4},
pages = {565-575},
doi = {10.1243/09544100JAERO185}
}
|
| Alderson A, Alderson KL, Evans KE, Grima JN, Williams MR and Davies PJ (2005), "Modelling the deformation mechanisms, structure-property relationships and applications of auxetic nanomaterials", Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics. Vol. 242(3), pp. 499 - 508. |
| Abstract: Analytical and Molecular Mechanics methods have been used to study the structure and deformation mechanisms acting at the molecular level in the auxetic polymorph of crystalline silica (-cristobalite). The Molecular Mechanics simulations indicate a stress-induced phase transition from -cristobalite to ordered -cristobalite occurs for uniaxial loading along the x3 direction. This is in reasonable agreement with the previous prediction from an analytical model assuming deformation is by concurrent dilation and cooperative rotation (about axes in the x1-x2 plane, passing through the midpoints of opposing edges - the a-axes) of the SiO4 tetrahedral molecular sub-units, previously shown to predict the Poisson's ratio for loading in the x3 direction. The analytical models have been extended to include cooperative rotation of each tetrahedron about its axis (the c-axis) mostly closely aligned with the principal unit-cell x3-axis. The new models enable significantly improved prediction of the Poisson's ratios of -cristobalite when loaded in one of the transverse (x1 or x2) directions. Parametric fitting of the analytical models indicate that the deformation mechanism for transverse uniaxial loading of -cristobalite is by concurrent dilation and cooperative rotation about the local a and c-axes of the SiO4 tetrahedra. |
BibTeX:
@article{alderson2005b,
author = {A. Alderson and K. L. Alderson and K. E. Evans and J. N. Grima and M. R. Williams and P. J. Davies},
title = {Modelling the deformation mechanisms, structure-property relationships and applications of auxetic nanomaterials},
journal = {Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics},
year = {2005},
volume = {242},
number = {3},
pages = {499 - 508},
doi = {10.1002/pssb.200460370}
}
|
| Alderson KL, Alderson A and Evans KE (1997), "The Interpretation of the Strain-Dependent Poisson’s Ratio in Auxetic Polyethylene", The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design. Vol. 32(3), pp. 201-212. |
| Abstract: he strain-dependent behaviour characteristic of auxetic (i.e. having a negative Poisson’s ratio) polymers has been modelled using a simple geometric model which consists of rectangular nodules interconnected by fibrils. Careful consideration of the correct form of the model to use depending on the experimental method employed to test samples of auxetic ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has resulted in very good agreement between the experimental and theoretical Poisson’s ratios and total engineering strain ratios when the deformation is predominantly due to hinging of the fibrils. Auxetic UHMWPE has been processed to yield a very wide range of Poisson’s ratios depending on its microstructural parameters (i.e. nodule shape and size, fibril length and the angle between the fibril and nodule). These can be predicted using the model, allowing the possibility of tailoring Poisson’s ratio of the material. |
BibTeX:
@article{alderson1997,
author = {K. L. Alderson and A. Alderson and K. E. Evans},
title = {The Interpretation of the Strain-Dependent Poisson’s Ratio in Auxetic Polyethylene},
journal = {The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design},
year = {1997},
volume = {32},
number = {3},
pages = {201-212},
url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/pep/jsa/1997/00000032/00000003/art00005}
}
|
| Alekseev KA, Zakirov IM and Karimova GG (2011), "Geometrical model of creasing roll for manufacturing line of the wedge-shaped folded cores production", Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). Vol. 54(1), pp. 104-107. |
| Abstract: A manufacturing process for the wedge-shaped folded core of the M-crimp type is considered. Also presented is the parametrical simulation model of the cutting head; the model was constructed by using the Solid Works 2009 CADS software and is meant for automatic change of core geometry in cases when one or several initial parameters are varied. |
BibTeX:
@article{alekseev2011,
author = {K. A. Alekseev and I. M. Zakirov and G. G. Karimova},
title = {Geometrical model of creasing roll for manufacturing line of the wedge-shaped folded cores production},
journal = {Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)},
year = {2011},
volume = {54},
number = {1},
pages = {104-107},
doi = {10.3103/S1068799811010181}
}
|
| Alleaume J (1969), "Devices constituting corrugated sheet elements or plates and their various applications", US Patent 3485596. |
BibTeX:
@misc{alleaume1969,
author = {J. Alleaume},
title = {Devices constituting corrugated sheet elements or plates and their various applications},
howpublished = {US Patent 3485596},
year = {1969},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3485596.html}
}
|
| Alleaume J (1970), "Wall Corner Construction", US Patent 3510278. |
| Abstract: A flexible sheet having two or three series of parallel corrugations, said series being orientated in uniformly distributed angular directions whereby the zones of intersection contain one corrugation of each series, each such zone of intersection of n corrugations having the shape of a 2n-pointed star-shaped pyramic prjojecting from the same side of the sheet as the corrugations, such that the pyramid crests and troughs regularly alternate with one another, whereas said crests or troughs lie together with respective crests of the n corrugations at the zone of intersection in a plane normal to the initial sheet surface. |
BibTeX:
@misc{alleaume1970,
author = {J. Alleaume},
title = {Wall Corner Construction},
howpublished = {US Patent 3510278},
year = {1970},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3510278.html}
}
|
| Allemang RJ (2003), "The Modal Assurance Criterion -- Twenty Years of Use and Abuse", Sound & Vibration., August, 2003. , pp. 14-21. |
| Abstract: This article reviews the development of the original modal assurance criterion (MAC) together with other related assurance criteria that have been proposed over the last twenty years. Some of the other assurance criteria that will be discussed include the coordinate modal assurance criterion (COMAC), the frequency response assurance criterion (FRAC), coordinate orthogonality check (CORTHOG), frequency scaled modal assurance criterion (FMAC), partial modal assurance criterion (PMAC), scaled modal assurance criterion (SMAC), and modal assurance criterion using reciprocal modal vectors (MACRV). In particular, the thought process that relates the original MAC development to ordinary coherence and to orthogonality computations will be explained. Several uses of MAC that may not be obvious to the casual observer (modal parameter estimation consistency diagrams and model updating are two examples) will be identified. The common problems with the implementation and use of modal assurance criterion computations will also be identified. |
BibTeX:
@article{allemang2003,
author = {Randall J. Allemang},
title = {The Modal Assurance Criterion -- Twenty Years of Use and Abuse},
journal = {Sound & Vibration},
year = {2003},
pages = {14-21},
url = {http://www.sandv.com/aug03.shtml}
}
|
| Altan T (2006), "Structured sheet metal, Part I: Comparing processes", Stamping Journal., May, 2006. , pp. 36-37. |
BibTeX:
@article{altan2006,
author = {Taylan Altan},
title = {Structured sheet metal, Part I: Comparing processes},
journal = {Stamping Journal},
year = {2006},
pages = {36-37},
url = {http://nsmwww.eng.ohio-state.edu/html/stamping_journal.html}
}
|
| Altmann SL (1989), "Hamilton, Rodrigues, and the Quaternion Scandal", Mathematics Magazine. Vol. 62(5), pp. 291-308. |
| Abstract: What went wrong with one of the major mathematical discoveries of the nineteenth century. |
BibTeX:
@article{altmann1989,
author = {Simon L. Altmann},
title = {Hamilton, Rodrigues, and the Quaternion Scandal},
journal = {Mathematics Magazine},
year = {1989},
volume = {62},
number = {5},
pages = {291-308},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0025-570X%28198912%2962%3A5%3C291%3AHRATQS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8}
}
|
| Anderson DC (1971), "Formable Honeycomb Core and Method of Making the Same", US Patent 3616141. |
| Abstract: A pack of honeycomb core material which is expandable to a nonplaner contour, the pack including a plurality of ribbons having undulating corrugations providing alternate zenith and nadir points, selected areas intermediate the zenith and nadir points being bonded to each other whereby the pack may be expanded to form a plurality of multiangular hollow cells. |
BibTeX:
@misc{anderson1971,
author = {D. C. Anderson},
title = {Formable Honeycomb Core and Method of Making the Same},
howpublished = {US Patent 3616141},
year = {1971}
}
|
| Arkin EM, Bender MA, Demaine ED, Demaine ML, Mitchell JSB, Sethia S and Skiena SS (2004), "When can you fold a map?", Computational Geometry. Vol. 29(1), pp. 23-46. |
| Abstract: We explore the following problem: given a collection of creases on a piece of paper, each assigned a folding direction of mountain or valley, is there a flat folding by a sequence of simple folds? There are several models of simple folds; the simplest one-layer simple fold rotates a portion of paper about a crease in the paper by ±180°. We first consider the analogous questions in one dimension lower—bending a segment into a flat object—which lead to interesting problems on strings. We develop efficient algorithms for the recognition of simply foldable 1D crease patterns, and reconstruction of a sequence of simple folds. Indeed, we prove that a 1D crease pattern is flat-foldable by any means precisely if it is by a sequence of one-layer simple folds. Next we explore simple foldability in two dimensions, and find a surprising contrast: “map” folding and variants are polynomial, but slight generalizations are NP-complete. Specifically, we develop a linear-time algorithm for deciding foldability of an orthogonal crease pattern on a rectangular piece of paper, and prove that it is (weakly) NP-complete to decide foldability of (1) an orthogonal crease pattern on a orthogonal piece of paper, (2) a crease pattern of axis-parallel and diagonal (45-degree) creases on a square piece of paper, and (3) crease patterns without a mountain/valley assignment. |
BibTeX:
@article{arkin2004,
author = {Esther M. Arkin and Michael A. Bender and Erik D. Demaine and Martin L. Demaine and Joseph S. B. Mitchell and Saurabh Sethia and Steven S. Skiena},
title = {When can you fold a map?},
journal = {Computational Geometry},
year = {2004},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
pages = {23-46},
doi = {10.1016/j.comgeo.2004.03.012}
}
|
| Arne C (1966), "Plane expansible corrugations", US Patent 3279973. |
BibTeX:
@misc{arne1966,
author = {C. Arne},
title = {Plane expansible corrugations},
howpublished = {US Patent 3279973},
year = {1966},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3279973.html}
}
|
| Arne C (1973), "Stress oriented corrugations", US Patent RE28534. |
| Abstract: A sheet having a center section of alternating depending and extending frusto-conical elements and one-way corrugations extending away from said center section to the edges of the sheet. |
BibTeX:
@misc{arne1973,
author = {C. Arne},
title = {Stress oriented corrugations},
howpublished = {US Patent RE28534},
year = {1973},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/RE28534.html}
}
|
| Arni H and Jordi P (1962), "Tools for making surface patterns", US Patent US3069721.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{arni1962,
author = {H. Arni and P. Jordi},
title = {Tools for making surface patterns},
howpublished = {US Patent US3069721},
year = {1962}
}
|
| Arzu GÖNENÇ SORGUÇ IH and SELÇUK SA (2009), "Origamics in Architecture : A Medium of Inquiry for design in Architecture", METU Journal of Architecture. Vol. 26(2), pp. 235-247. |
| Abstract: The Japanese craft of “origami” has proved itself as being a valuable tool to develop various engineering and design applications in numerous fields. Several patterns developed by Dr. Nojima Taketoshi ranging from environmentally friendly containers (pet bottles, plastic containers, cans and et. al) to medical applications such as stents, catheters, from vehicle parts to new insulation material configurations, from robotics to education are sources of inspiration for many other research studies (Hagiwara 2008). These wide range of applications has been named by Ian Steward as “Origamics” demonstrating the interdisciplinary nature of these studies including mathematics, engineering, biology and many other possible disciplines which may use origamics (Stewart 2007). This paper aims to discuss the potentials of “origamics” in general, then in architecture, as an interface to gain cognitive experience on spatial transformations, computational design, form finding etc., and as a medium of inquiry for structural design in through the examples of kinetic or deployable structural designs in architecture. |
BibTeX:
@article{gonenc2009,
author = {Arzu GÖNENÇ SORGUÇ, ICHIRO HAGIWARA and Semra ARSLAN SELÇUK},
title = {Origamics in Architecture : A Medium of Inquiry for design in Architecture},
journal = {METU Journal of Architecture},
year = {2009},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {235-247},
doi = {10.4305/METU.JFA.2009/2.12}
}
|
| Aumann G (1991), "Interpolation with developable Bezier patches", Computer Aided Geometric Design. Vol. 8(5), pp. 409-420. |
| Abstract: This paper deals with the design of interpolating developable Bezier patches. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for these patches to be free of singular points. From these conditions we deduce simple design criteria. Furthermore, G1 - and G2 -continuous connections of these patches will be studied. |
BibTeX:
@article{aumann1991,
author = {Gunter Aumann},
title = {Interpolation with developable Bezier patches},
journal = {Computer Aided Geometric Design},
year = {1991},
volume = {8},
number = {5},
pages = {409-420},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TYN-460374N-6/2/892771cd3988b4b855cb78304072551e},
doi = {10.1016/0167-8396(91)90014-3}
}
|
| Aumann G (2003), "A simple algorithm for designing developable Bezier surfaces", Computer Aided Geometric Design. Vol. 20(8-9), pp. 601-619. |
| Abstract: An algorithm is presented that generates developable Bezier surfaces through a Bezier curve of arbitrary degree and shape. The algorithm has two important advantages. No (nonlinear) characterizing equations have to be solved and the control of singular points is guaranteed. Further interpolation conditions can be met. |
BibTeX:
@article{aumann2002,
author = {Gunter Aumann},
title = {A simple algorithm for designing developable Bezier surfaces},
journal = {Computer Aided Geometric Design},
year = {2003},
volume = {20},
number = {8-9},
pages = {601-619},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TYN-49D1K7W-1/2/167bd9df049afa480130e79bbbbb76ee},
doi = {10.1016/j.cagd.2003.07.001}
}
|
| Baglama J, Calvetti D and Reichel L (2003), "Algorithm 827: irbleigs: A MATLAB program for computing a few eigenpairs of a large sparse Hermitian matrix", ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. Vol. 29(3), pp. 337 - 348. |
| Abstract: irbleigs is a MATLAB program for computing a few eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of a sparse Hermitian matrix of large order n. The matrix is accessed only through the evaluation of matrix-vector products. Working space of only a few n-vectors is required. The program implements a restarted block-Lanczos method. Judicious choices of acceleration polynomials make it possible to compute approximations of a few of the largest eigenvalues, a few of the smallest eigenvalues, or a few eigenvalues in the vicinity of a user-specified point on the real axis. irbleigs also can be applied to certain large generalized eigenproblems as well as to the computation of a few nearby singular values and associated right and left singular vectors of a large general matrix. |
BibTeX:
@article{baglama2003,
author = {J. Baglama and D. Calvetti and L. Reichel},
title = {Algorithm 827: irbleigs: A MATLAB program for computing a few eigenpairs of a large sparse Hermitian matrix},
journal = {ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software},
year = {2003},
volume = {29},
number = {3},
pages = {337 - 348},
doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/838250.838257}
}
|
| Bahra AS and Greening PD (2005), "Mode Traces in Degenerate Eigensystems and Augmented Assurance", AIAA Journal. Vol. 43(6), pp. 1299-1305. |
| Abstract: Eigenpairs, contextually indicative of the frequencies and oscillatory modes of structural systems, are considered as functions of a single parameter.Undesired permutation ofmodal designations is noted to arise following events of transitory eigenvalue coalescence with respect to the parameter, resulting in the definition of nonsmooth functions. The tracing of eigenpairs across such events is outlined for the permanently degenerate, general eigenproblem as the general case; the cases of transitorily degenerate and distinct eigenvalues are thus accounted for. The foundation for mode tracing is the assumption of eigenvector consistency across parameter intervals, used as a means of eigenpair reconciliation. The resulting traced modes are smooth and their variations physically pertinent, which is necessary in iterative schemes in which convergence may otherwise be jeopardized. The proposal of an augmented modal assurance routine that potentially augments the assurance of tracing and, therefore, the maximum permissible parameter perturbation, is given; a threefold increase in the insight to consistency entails. The notion of the routine is to forward and backward cast eigenvectors utilizing their derivatives in affine modeling. A numerical example of the modes of a cyclic frame as functions of a cyclic distribution of membrane forces demonstrates the concepts and utility of the proposal. |
BibTeX:
@article{bahra2005,
author = {Amar Singh Bahra and Paul David Greening},
title = {Mode Traces in Degenerate Eigensystems and Augmented Assurance},
journal = {AIAA Journal},
year = {2005},
volume = {43},
number = {6},
pages = {1299-1305}
}
|
| Balkcom DJ (2004), "Robotic Origami Folding". Thesis at: Carnegie Mellon University. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{balkcom2004-thesis,
author = {Devin J. Balkcom},
title = {Robotic Origami Folding},
school = {Carnegie Mellon University},
year = {2004},
url = {http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~robotics/publications.html}
}
|
| Balkcom DJ, Demaine ED and Demaine ML (2004), "Folding Paper Shopping Bags", In Abstracts from the 14th Annual Fall Workshop on Computational Geometry. Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 19–20, 2004. , pp. 14–15. |
BibTeX:
@conference{balkcom2004,
author = {D. J. Balkcom and Erik D. Demaine and Martin L. Demaine},
title = {Folding Paper Shopping Bags},
booktitle = {Abstracts from the 14th Annual Fall Workshop on Computational Geometry},
year = {2004},
pages = {14–15},
url = {http://erikdemaine.org/papers/PaperBag_CGW2004/}
}
|
| Balmès E (1993), "High Modal Density, Curve Veering, Localization: A Different Perspective On The Structural Response", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 161(2), pp. 358-363. |
BibTeX:
@article{balmes1993,
author = {E. Balmès},
title = {High Modal Density, Curve Veering, Localization: A Different Perspective On The Structural Response},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {1993},
volume = {161},
number = {2},
pages = {358-363},
doi = {10.1006/jsvi.1993.1078}
}
|
| Bangay S (2000), "From virtual to physical reality with paper folding", Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications. Vol. 15(1-3), pp. 161-174. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.. |
BibTeX:
@article{bangay2000,
author = {Shaun Bangay},
title = {From virtual to physical reality with paper folding},
journal = {Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications},
publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.},
year = {2000},
volume = {15},
number = {1-3},
pages = {161--174},
doi = {10.1016/S0925-7721(99)00048-6}
}
|
| Baranger E, Cluzel C and Guidault P-A (2011), "Modelling of the Behaviour of Aramid Folded Cores Up to Global Crushing", Strain. Vol. 47 |
| Abstract: This study presents the basic ingredients needed to model the out-of-plane compression behaviour of a folded core up to the global peak load. This core is made of an aramid paper. The proposed approach is both experimental and numerical and handles the problem at different scales: fibre, paper and core scales. To have a good representation of the physics, two key points are essential. The first is the mechanical behaviour of the paper. The aramid paper can be modelled as a laminate composite. An experimental study of the paper behaviour in bending has been conducted to build a damage model for the paper. The second key point concerns the geometrical defects of the folded core. The defects, arising from the manufacturing process, are built by simulation of the folding process. The macroscopic behaviour of the core under out-of-plane compression loading is shown to be very sensitive to these defects. The results of a simulated crushing test are compared to experimental ones. A good agreement is shown. |
BibTeX:
@article{baranger2011,
author = {E. Baranger and C. Cluzel and P.-A. Guidault},
title = {Modelling of the Behaviour of Aramid Folded Cores Up to Global Crushing},
journal = {Strain},
year = {2011},
volume = {47},
doi = {10.1111/j.1475-1305.2010.00753.x}
}
|
| Baranger E, Guidault P-A and Cluzel C (2011), "Numerical modeling of the geometrical defects of an origami-like sandwich core", Composite Structures. Vol. 93(10), pp. 2504 - 2510. |
| Abstract: Folded cores have recently been developed for sandwich applications. The numerical determination of the out-of-plane properties of these cores requires the resolution of a stability problem. Therefore, the sensitivity of these structures to geometrical defects has to be investigated. Since the ultimate objective is to optimize the geometry of the folded cores, the defects must be defined from the folding process itself. This paper focuses on the numerical modeling of consistent geometrical defects based on a simulation of the folding process. The defects thus generated greatly influence the out-of-plane stiffness of the core because the folded edges do not remain straight. The numerical results agree well with defects observed on an actual core as well as with the global out-of-plane response. |
BibTeX:
@article{baranger2011b,
author = {E. Baranger and P.-A. Guidault and C. Cluzel},
title = {Numerical modeling of the geometrical defects of an origami-like sandwich core},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2011},
volume = {93},
number = {10},
pages = {2504 - 2510},
doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.04.011}
}
|
| Barreto PT (1994), "Lines meeting on a surface; the ``Mars'' paperfolding", In Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{barreto1994,
author = {Paulo Taborda Barreto},
editor = {Koryo Miura},
title = {Lines meeting on a surface; the ``Mars'' paperfolding},
booktitle = {Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Basily B, Elsayed A and Kling D (2006), "Technology for continuous folding of sheet materials", US Patent 7115089. |
| Abstract: A machine and method for the continuous folding of sheet material into different three-dimensional patterns is featured. The innovative machine and method folds sheet material by force converging the sheet to a final stage that imparts a final fold or pattern. Unique programming allows for the change of convergence sequencing and change of materials. |
BibTeX:
@misc{basily2006,
author = {B. Basily and A. Elsayed and D. Kling},
title = {Technology for continuous folding of sheet materials},
howpublished = {US Patent 7115089},
year = {2006},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7115089.html}
}
|
| Basily B and Elsayed E (2004), "Dynamic axial crushing of multilayer core structures of folded Chevron patterns", International Journal of Materials and Product Technology. Vol. 21(1-3), pp. 169-185. |
| Abstract: The objective of this paper is to investigate our recently developed innovative sheet folding theory and manufacturing processes in designing impact energy absorbing structures with superior properties to existing structures, such as honeycomb, while achieving a volume reduction of between 40 and 50%. Initial results indicate that we can mathematically generate three-dimensional patterns and use our folding technology to produce such patterns by simply folding flat sheets of materials, resulting in significant cost savings. The three-dimensional patterns, folded from different sheet materials, can be used as cores for laminated structures for impact energy absorption applications, such as in high speed airdrops of heavy items and in improving crash worthiness of vehicle body and bumpers. The results of testing samples of the Chevron patterns (the simplest to fold from flat sheets) indicate that core structures made from this pattern will serve as absorbers of high velocity impact energy per unit volume when compared with the well known and typically used honeycomb structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{basily2004,
author = {B. Basily and E.A. Elsayed},
title = {Dynamic axial crushing of multilayer core structures of folded Chevron patterns},
journal = {International Journal of Materials and Product Technology},
year = {2004},
volume = {21},
number = {1--3},
pages = {169--185},
doi = {10.1504/IJMPT.2004.004750}
}
|
| Bassik N, Stern GM and Gracias DH (2009), "Microassembly based on hands free origami with bidirectional curvature", Applied Physics Letters. Vol. 95(9) |
| Abstract: Microassembly based on origami, the Japanese art of paper folding, presents an attractive methodology for constructing complex three-dimensional (3D) devices and advanced materials. A variety of functional structures have been created using patterned metallic, semiconducting, and polymeric thin films, but have been limited to those that curve in a single direction. We report a design framework that can be used to achieve spontaneous bidirectional folds with any desired angle, and we demonstrate theoretical and experimental realizations of complex 3D structures with +90°, −90°, +180°, and −180° folds. The strategy is parallel, versatile, and compatible with conventional microfabrication. |
BibTeX:
@article{bassik2009,
author = {Noy Bassik and George M. Stern and David H. Gracias},
title = {Microassembly based on hands free origami with bidirectional curvature},
journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
year = {2009},
volume = {95},
number = {9},
doi = {10.1063/1.3212896}
}
|
| Bateman A (2002), "Computer Tools and Algorithms for Origami Tessellation Design", In Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME). , pp. 121-129. A K Peters.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{bateman2002,
author = {Alex Bateman},
editor = {Thomas Hull},
title = {Computer Tools and Algorithms for Origami Tessellation Design},
booktitle = {Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME)},
publisher = {A K Peters},
year = {2002},
pages = {121--129}
}
|
| Beatty MF and Stalnaker DO (1986), "The Poisson Function of Finite Elasticity", Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 53(4), pp. 807-813. |
| Abstract: The Poisson function is introduced to study in a simple tension test the lateral contractive response of compressible and incompressible, isotropic elastic materials in finite strain. The relation of the Poisson function to the classical Poisson's ratio and its behavior for certain constrained materials are discussed. Some experimental results for several elastomers, including two natural rubber compounds of the same kind studied in earlier basic experiments by Rivlin and Saunders, are compared with the derived relations. A special class of compressible materials is also considered. It is proved that the only class of compressible hyperelastic materials whose response functions depend on only the third principal invariant of the deformation tensor is the class first introduced in experiments by Blatz and Ko. Poisson functions for the Blatz-Ko polyurethane elastomers are derived; and our experimental data are reviewed in relation to a volume constraint equation used in their experiments. |
BibTeX:
@article{beatty1986,
author = {M. F. Beatty and D. O. Stalnaker},
title = {The Poisson Function of Finite Elasticity},
journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {1986},
volume = {53},
number = {4},
pages = {807-813},
doi = {10.1115/1.3171862}
}
|
| Bechtold M (2003), "Wood-Foam Sandwich Shells: Computer-Aided Manufacturing of Complex Shapes", Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures. Vol. 44(3), pp. 145-165. |
| Abstract: Shells, though potentially efficient structural systems, are difficult to build because of their complex shapes. The paper presents a new design and manufacturing process for wood-sandwich roof shells. These are complexly shaped multifunctional construction elements that are manufactured off-site. The proposed manufacturing process treats wood as a modern composite material. Thin wood strips and foams combine into structural sandwich panels that can then be joined into a roof shell. The geometrically complex panels are generated by a combination of subtractive Computer-Numerically-Controlled machining processes and manual lamination. Infrastructure elements can be embedded into the sandwich build-up in order to enhance the functionality of the roof as a building envelope. Numerical tools are proposed that allow the determination of manufacturing-related parameters in the digital design environment. These inform the architectural and structural design in the early design phases. The new manufacturing process for wood/foam sandwich shells is verified through the design and manufacturing of prototypes. Design guidelines are presented as the practical basis for architects and engineers to incorporate new types of roof shells into architectural projects. |
BibTeX:
@article{bechtold2003,
author = {M. Bechtold},
title = {Wood-Foam Sandwich Shells: Computer-Aided Manufacturing of Complex Shapes},
journal = {Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures},
year = {2003},
volume = {44},
number = {3},
pages = {145-165}
}
|
| Bechtold M (2006), "On shells and blobs", Magazine ARQ. (63), pp. 30-35. |
| Abstract: New representation techniques have expanded the possibilities of architectural form, such as it is understood as an expansion for creative freedom. How can we relate this new potential with the engagement that gravity force (as weight, thrust and resistance) demands on built work?. |
BibTeX:
@article{bechtold2006,
author = {M. Bechtold},
title = {On shells and blobs},
journal = {Magazine ARQ},
year = {2006},
number = {63},
pages = {30--35},
url = {http://www.edicionesarq.cl/Paginas/English/irevistas63.html}
}
|
| Behrens AW and Ellert J (2005), "Buckling Texturing Technology for Increase in Stability of Thin Sheet Metal Structures – Simulation and Application", Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 6--8, pp. 623-630. |
| Abstract: Embossing is a well known method to improve the transverse rigidity of thin sheet metal plates. This paper deals with a special embossing method where bulges get embossed into the surface of a cranked workpiece by hydrostatic pressure. The base for describing the production process is the elementary bulge structuring process at which a bionic bulge pattern gets embossed into the surface of a cylindrical shell. This structure enables highest amount of stiffness. By FEM simulations the main process parameters and the optimal dimensions of the bulges are ascertained. The identified bulge geometry is the base for the design of the structuring tool. In industrial applications the structuring process will be a rolling process with an elastomere coated pressure roll, followed by a rebending operation. The simulation of this complex process demands an analogous model based on a half shell, which is virtually straightened. Then the bending resistance of a so achieved bulge structured plate is calculated under a three-point-bending load. Using the same computing procedure a realistic automotive body part is investigated. The whole process combines CAD & FEM techniques in a new and efficient way. |
BibTeX:
@article{behrens2005,
author = {A. W. Behrens and J. Ellert},
title = {Buckling Texturing Technology for Increase in Stability of Thin Sheet Metal Structures – Simulation and Application},
journal = {Advanced Materials Research},
year = {2005},
volume = {6--8},
pages = {623-630},
doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.6-8.623}
}
|
| Behrens AW and Ellert J (2011), "Form-Field-Structure-Pressing Process (FSP) - A method to increase static and dynamic Stability of thin Sheet-Metal-Structures", Sheet Metal Forming - special edition of Steel Research International. , pp. 465-467. |
| Abstract: In this paper a new technology, called form-field-structure-pressing, will be presented. By this technology a bulge pattern consisting of a regular assembly of bucklles, each one surrounded by a special formed hexagonal rim, will be pressed into a mostly plane sheet metal area. The static and dynamic advantages of this structuring will be demonstrated by experimental and simulated results. |
BibTeX:
@article{behrens2011,
author = {A. W. Behrens and J. Ellert},
title = {Form-Field-Structure-Pressing Process (FSP) - A method to increase static and dynamic Stability of thin Sheet-Metal-Structures},
journal = {Sheet Metal Forming - special edition of Steel Research International},
year = {2011},
pages = {465-467}
}
|
| Belcastro S and Hull TC (2002), "Modelling the folding of paper into three dimensions using affine transformations", Linear Algebra and its Applications. Vol. 348, pp. 273-282. |
| Abstract: We model the folding of ordinary paper via piecewise isometries . The collection of crease lines and vertices in the unfolded paper is called the crease pattern. Our results generalize the previously known necessity conditions from the more restrictive case of folding paper flat (into ); if the crease pattern is foldable, then the product (in a non-intuitive order) of the associated rotational matrices is the identity matrix. This condition holds locally in a multiple vertex crease pattern and can be adapted to a global condition. Sufficiency conditions are significantly harder, and are not known except in the two-dimensional single-vertex case. |
BibTeX:
@article{belcastro2002,
author = {S. Belcastro and T. C. Hull},
title = {Modelling the folding of paper into three dimensions using affine transformations},
journal = {Linear Algebra and its Applications},
year = {2002},
volume = {348},
pages = {273-282},
doi = {10.1016/S0024-3795(01)00608-5}
}
|
| Belcastro S-M and Hull T (2002), "A mathematical model for Non-Flat Origami", In Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME). , pp. 39-51. A K Peters.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{belcastro2002b,
author = {Sarah-Marie Belcastro and Thomas Hull},
editor = {Thomas Hull},
title = {A mathematical model for Non-Flat Origami},
booktitle = {Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME)},
publisher = {A K Peters},
year = {2002},
pages = {39--51}
}
|
| Belli L (1953), "Système de coffrage métallique pour murs de tous tracés et de tous profils", FR Patent FR1031437. |
BibTeX:
@misc{belli1953,
author = {L. Belli},
title = {Système de coffrage métallique pour murs de tous tracés et de tous profils},
howpublished = {FR Patent FR1031437},
year = {1953},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19530623&CC=FR&NR=1031437A&KC=A}
}
|
| Bengtsson BG (1965), "Corrugated Sheet Formed Material", US Patent 3199963. |
BibTeX:
@misc{bengtsson1965,
author = {B. G. Bengtsson},
title = {Corrugated Sheet Formed Material},
howpublished = {US Patent 3199963},
year = {1965},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3199963.html}
}
|
| Bergaretxe AA (2003), "Curved formwork system with varying curvature", US Patent 6530552. |
| Abstract: The formwork system is based on the use of modules that can be coupled to each other, both laterally and vertically, with each one comprised of a pair of metal sheets (2) that determine the inner and outer faces of the formwork, with threaded transverse rods (25) that join the sheets (2) to each other, and welded to the outer sides of these are a series of trapezoidal profiles (7) and two edge profiles (7′). The system includes stiffeners (10) that are provided with tensioning devices, with the stiffeners (10) connected to the trapezoidal profiles (7) by triangular plates (13) on which act the tensioning devices in order to move these triangular plates and thereby to curve the panel, maintaining the curvature in the blocked position by means of a device installed between the triangular plate (13) and the corresponding trapezoidal profile (7) and by another tensioning device (12) applied to the stiffeners (10). |
BibTeX:
@misc{bergaretxe2003,
author = {Alberto Arozena Bergaretxe},
title = {Curved formwork system with varying curvature},
howpublished = {US Patent 6530552},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6530552.html}
}
|
| Bern M and Hayes B (1996), "The complexity of flat origami", In SODA '96: Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms. Philadelphia, PA, USA , pp. 175-183. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{bern1996,
author = {Marshall Bern and Barry Hayes},
title = {The complexity of flat origami},
booktitle = {SODA '96: Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms},
publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics},
year = {1996},
pages = {175--183},
url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=313918&dl=ACM&coll=portal#}
}
|
| Berteau J (1994), "Variable-shape mold", US Patent US5330343. |
| Abstract: The device for forming a variable-shape mold surface includes a plurality of cylindrical and helically threaded rods each having a mold surface defining end. These rods are assembled into a bundle of laterally adjacent rods in which (a) the helical thread of each rod is engaged with the helical threads of the adjacent rods, (b) each rod is rotatable about its longitudinal axis, and (c) the mold surface defining ends of the rods define the variable-shape mold surface. Upon rotation, the thread of one helically threaded rod slides on the threads of the adjacent rods to impart longitudinal movement to this rod relative to the adjacent rods and therefore axial movement of the mold surface defining end of this rod, to thereby modify the configuration of the variable-shape mold surface. Each rod has a second end shaped for engagement thereof with a digitally controlled rod rotating tool. |
BibTeX:
@misc{berteau1994,
author = {J. Berteau},
title = {Variable-shape mold},
howpublished = {US Patent US5330343},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Berthold K (2002), "Device and method for the manufacturing of a blank for a construction element", EU Patent EP1179471. |
| Abstract: The device for the manufacture of a blank has a receiving space (12) for the introduction of the material for casting to form the blank, and is bounded by a bottom (10) and side walls (3). The bottom is formed by a number of plungers (6) which are vertically adjustable independent of each other and which give a closed bottom surface. The plungers have guide rods (7) on their lower sections and these move longitudinally through holes (5) in a guide plate (4) installed beneath the plungers. An Independent claim is included for a procedure for the manufacture of a model component in which the vertical position of the plungers is adjusted to correspond to the desired inner and/or lateral contour of the component. |
BibTeX:
@misc{berthold2002,
author = {K. Berthold},
title = {Device and method for the manufacturing of a blank for a construction element},
howpublished = {EU Patent EP1179471},
year = {2002}
}
|
| Biancolini M (2005), "Evaluation of equivalent stiffness properties of corrugated board", Composite Structures. Vol. 69(3), pp. 322-328. |
| Abstract: A numerical approach to evaluate the stiffness parameters for corrugated board is presented in this paper. The method is based on a detailed micromechanical representation of a region of corrugated board modelled by means of finite elements. In order to define the stiffness properties, energy equivalency is imposed between the discrete model and the equivalent plate. Exploiting a transformation matrix capable to map a constant strain/curvature vector for the equivalent plate in a displacement field of the FEM boundary nodes, it is possible to express an equivalent ABD matrix as a function of the boundary condensed stiffness matrix of the FEM model. Practical examples dealing with the computation of stiffness properties of paperboard are presented. |
BibTeX:
@article{biancolini2005,
author = {M.E. Biancolini},
title = {Evaluation of equivalent stiffness properties of corrugated board},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2005},
volume = {69},
number = {3},
pages = {322-328},
doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2004.07.014}
}
|
| Bini D (1969), "Method for erecting structures", US Patent 3462521. |
| Abstract: Method for erecting domelike and other structures. Employs a sheetlike expandable memer which is inflatable to substantially the desired shape of structure. Includes the steps of positioning expandable reinforcing means, preferably of metal, over the member, distributing a hardenable building material such as concrete over the member and reinforcing means to form a layer, and then inflating the member whereby to raise the member, the expandable reinforcing means and the hardenable building material to the desired shape. |
BibTeX:
@misc{bini1969,
author = {D. Bini},
title = {Method for erecting structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 3462521},
year = {1969}
}
|
| Bitzer T (1997), "Honeycomb Technology; Materials, design, manufacturing, applications and testing" Chapman & Hall.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{bitzer1997,
author = {T. Bitzer},
title = {Honeycomb Technology; Materials, design, manufacturing, applications and testing},
publisher = {Chapman & Hall},
year = {1997},
note = {Presented at the ICTP 2011 conference, September 25-30th in Aachen, Germany.}
}
|
| Bo P and Wang W (2007), "Geodesic-Controlled Developable Surfaces for Modeling Paper Bending", Computer Graphics Forum. Vol. 26(3), pp. 365 - 374. |
| Abstract: We present a novel and effective method for modeling a developable surface to simulate paper bending in interactive and animation applications. The method exploits the representation of a developable surface as the envelope of rectifying planes of a curve in 3D, which is therefore necessarily a geodesic on the surface. We manipulate the geodesic to provide intuitive shape control for modeling paper bending. Our method ensures a natural continuous isometric deformation from a piece of bent paper to its flat state without any stretching. Test examples show that the new scheme is fast, accurate, and easy to use, thus providing an effective approach to interactive paper bending. We also show how to handle non-convex piecewise smooth developable surfaces. |
BibTeX:
@article{bo2007,
author = {Pengbo Bo and Wenping Wang},
title = {Geodesic-Controlled Developable Surfaces for Modeling Paper Bending},
journal = {Computer Graphics Forum},
year = {2007},
volume = {26},
number = {3},
pages = {365 - 374},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8659.2007.01059.x}
}
|
| Boers S (2007), "Reconfigureerbare mal", bouwIQ. , pp. 22-24. |
| Abstract: Een trend in de moderne architectuur is de opkomst van de zogenaamde Blobs (Binary Large Object), objecten waarvan geen enkele doorsnede identiek is. Op de tekentafel - of beter gezegd in een virtual reality omgeving - zien dergelijk gebouwen en vormen er spectaculair uit, maar in de praktijk zijn ze vaak moeilijk te verwezenlijken omdat matrijzen voor het vervomen van plaatmateriaal erg duur zijn en er voor zulke complexe gebouwen simpelweg teveel verschillende matrijzen nodig zouden zijn. Sebastiaan Boers toont aan dat het anders kan en ontwikkelde een flexibele matrijs. |
BibTeX:
@article{boers2007,
author = {S. Boers},
title = {Reconfigureerbare mal},
journal = {bouwIQ},
year = {2007},
pages = {22--24}
}
|
| du Bois JL, Adhikari S and Lieven NAJ (2009), "Eigenvalue curve veering in stressed structures: An experimental study", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 322, pp. 4-5. |
| Abstract: There have been extensive research works on the veering phenomenon in dynamic systems. As eigenvalues change under parametric variation, converging loci are commonly seen to veer away suddenly in a small region of the graph such that the modes swap trajectories. All of the modal properties are swapped in the process, leading to some curious behaviour in the transition zone. Theoretical studies of this behaviour have been reported for half a century but despite this heritage, explicit references to experimental results are scarce. In this paper detailed experimental and numerical investigations on veering are reported. The parameter varied is the internal pre-load of a redundant frame. An FE model is presented and stress stiffening approximations are employed to obtain a tangent stiffness for a nonlinear static solution, which is then used in a linear dynamic analysis. Experimental results are given and the behaviour is found to correspond well with the analytical results. In particular the mode shape variation is found to be consistent, and the implications of this finding with regard to modal correlation and model validation are noted. Analyses of the mode shapes in terms of eigenvector rotations are presented and are found to form a valuable tool for the interpretation of experimental results. |
BibTeX:
@article{dubois2009,
author = {J. L. du Bois and S. Adhikari and N. A. J. Lieven},
title = {Eigenvalue curve veering in stressed structures: An experimental study},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {2009},
volume = {322},
pages = {4--5},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsv.2008.12.014}
}
|
| Boler LJ and Tandon JS (1966), "Expandable space structures", In Space Structures, The International Conference on Space Structures. University of Surrey, September 1966, 1966. , pp. 786-795. Blackwell Scientific Publications. |
| Abstract: Information is given concerning the development of concepts and the design and construction of lightweight shelters. The form of structure considered is one that has to meet the requirements of being expandable and collapsible, with minimum weight, volume and erection time. Two basic basic structural concepts have been investigated. The first, a parabolic arch type shelter which takes snow load in compression while wind load is taken by means of cables. Folded plates are used for the wall and roof. The second concept is a structure suspended by means of cables in tension. The design of these structures has been optimised with respect to structural configuration and also with respect to the design of individual structural members. A high speed digital computer has been used for this purpose. Materials being ustilised for the parabolic arch type shelter re of sandwich construction consisting of a rigid foam core sandwiched between kraft paper. Material for the tension type structure is hypalon coated nylon. Tension type structures offer useful opportunities and two forms of construction are discussed in limited detail. Comparative information is given about suitable plastics and non-plastics materials for this work. |
BibTeX:
@inbook{boler1966,
author = {L. J. Boler and J. S. Tandon},
editor = {R. M. Davies},
title = {Expandable space structures},
booktitle = {Space Structures, The International Conference on Space Structures},
publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
year = {1966},
pages = {786--795}
}
|
| Boncheva M, Andreev SA, Mahadevan L, Winkleman A, Reichman DR, Prentiss MG, Whitesides S and Whitesides GM (2005), "Magnetic self-assembly of three-dimensional surfaces from planar sheets", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Vol. 102(11), pp. 3924-3929. |
| Abstract: This report describes the spontaneous folding of flat elastomeric sheets, patterned with magnetic dipoles, into free-standing, 3D objects that are the topological equivalents of spherical shells. The path of the self-assembly is determined by a competition between mechanical and magnetic interactions. The potential of this strategy for the fabrication of 3D electronic devices is demonstrated by generating a simple electrical circuit surrounding a spherical cavity. |
BibTeX:
@article{boncheva2005,
author = {Mila Boncheva and Stefan A. Andreev and L. Mahadevan and Adam Winkleman and David R. Reichman and Mara G. Prentiss and Sue Whitesides and George M. Whitesides},
title = {Magnetic self-assembly of three-dimensional surfaces from planar sheets},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
year = {2005},
volume = {102},
number = {11},
pages = {3924-3929},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/102/11/3924},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0500807102}
}
|
| Boudaoud A, Patrício P, Couder Y and Amar MB (2000), "Dynamics of singularities in a constrained elastic plate", Nature. Vol. 407, pp. 718-720. |
| Abstract: Large deformations of thin elastic plates usually lead to the formation of singular structures which are either linear1, 2, 3, 4 (ridges) or pointlike5, 6, 7, 8 (developable cones). These structures are thought to be generic for crumpled plates3, 5, although they have been investigated quantitatively only in simplified geometries1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8. Previous studies9, 10, 11 have also shown that a large number of singularities are generated by successive instabilities. Here we study, experimentally and numerically, a generic situation in which a plate is initially bent in one direction into a cylindrical arch, then deformed in the other direction by a load applied at its centre. This induces the generation of pairs of singularities; we study their position, their dynamics and the corresponding resistance of the plate to deformation. We solve numerically the equations describing large deformations of plates; developable cones are predicted, in quantitative agreement with the experiments. We use geometrical arguments to predict the observed patterns, assuming that the energy of the plate is given by the energy of the singularities. |
BibTeX:
@article{boudaoud2000,
author = {Arezki Boudaoud and Pedro Patrício and Yves Couder and Martine Ben Amar},
title = {Dynamics of singularities in a constrained elastic plate},
journal = {Nature},
year = {2000},
volume = {407},
pages = {718-720},
doi = {10.1038/35037535}
}
|
| Bowes DM (1937), "Molding form for structural material", US Patent 2101019. |
BibTeX:
@misc{bowes1937,
author = {David M. Bowes},
title = {Molding form for structural material},
howpublished = {US Patent 2101019},
year = {1937},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2101019.html}
}
|
| Briassoulis D (1986), "Equivalent orthotropic properties of corrugated sheets", Computers & Structures. Vol. 23(2), pp. 129-138. |
| Abstract: The analysis of corrugated shells (plates) is based on the assumption that they can be analyzed as thin, equivalent orthotropic shells of uniform thickness. The analytical expressions for the equivalent rigidities of orthotropic thin shells given in the literature are reviewed. The results of a finite element analysis of a corrugated sheet subjected to constant strain states reveals an inadequacy in some of the classical expressions in use today. These equivalent orthotropic properties are improved with the derivation of new expressions. In addition, expressions for the localized stress concentrations developed at the ridges of the corrugations are derived. |
BibTeX:
@article{briassoulis1986,
author = {Demetres Briassoulis},
title = {Equivalent orthotropic properties of corrugated sheets},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1986},
volume = {23},
number = {2},
pages = {129-138},
doi = {10.1016/0045-7949(86)90207-5}
}
|
| Broers SHA (2008), "Discrete Die", WO2008004858. |
| Abstract: The disclosure provides a discrete die (1) for forming a three-dimensionally curved surface, comprising a frame (2), parallel pins (4) which are individually movable in their longitudinal direction relative to the frame, which pins are arranged in parallel rows (6) and whose front ends define said three-dimensionally curved surface, at least substantially plate-shaped separating elements (7) between said rows, as well as pressure elements (8, 9) for pressing the rows of pins with the separating elements therebetween together whilst pushing off against the frame in the radial direction of the pins. At least the surface of at least some of the plate-shaped separating elements that extends parallel to the longitudinal direction is corrugated in the longitudinal direction of the rows (6), at least during use of the discrete die for producing a product. |
BibTeX:
@misc{boers2008,
author = {S. H. A. Broers},
title = {Discrete Die},
howpublished = {WO2008004858},
year = {2008}
}
|
| Brookhart RD (1976), "Method for making a non-rigid laminar core", US Patent 3989789. |
| Abstract: A woven cloth of flexible material is masked to expose only longitudinal spaced stripes. A plastic polymer is applied to the exposed material. The striped cloth is draped over spaced supports that are transverse to the stripes. Depressors are applied to the cloth between the supports so that the cloth is substantially sinusoidal in crosssection. The cloth is cured to harden the stripes so that the cloth is still flexible in one direction but only slightly flexible in the other. The cloth is warped, bent or otherwise shaped as desired for application to it of laminar sheets of cloth, metal or wood, then the core and the laminates are joined, impregnated and cured to a rigid structure of desired configuration and high strength to weight ratio. |
BibTeX:
@misc{brookhart1976,
author = {R. D. Brookhart},
title = {Method for making a non-rigid laminar core},
howpublished = {US Patent 3989789},
year = {1976},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3989789.html}
}
|
| Brotherton TW (1987), "Concrete form having adjustable curvature and method for producing same", US Patent 4679763. |
| Abstract: The metal form has a flexible panel member with a perimetral flange projected laterally from one side thereof. Each of a pair of transversely opposite side sections of the flange is segmented by a plurality of longitudinally spaced V-shaped notches having their apices adjacent the one side of the panel member to provide for a lateral flexing movement of the panel member to a preselected shape. With the panel member in the predetermined shape, the segments in each of the flange side sections are connected together against relative movement to retain the predetermined shape of the panel member. |
BibTeX:
@misc{brotherton1987,
author = {T. W. Brotherton},
title = {Concrete form having adjustable curvature and method for producing same},
howpublished = {US Patent 4679763},
year = {1987},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4679763.html}
}
|
| Brunner A (1968), "Expansible surface structure", US Patent 3362118. |
| Abstract: The expansible structure is constructed of two expansible sheets which are connected to each other at a right angle by a plurality of tirangularly shaped areas or trapezoidal shaped areas. The sides of the triangularly or trapezoidal shaped connecting areas are joined to the terminal parallelogram shaped areas of each expansible sheet. |
BibTeX:
@misc{brunner1968,
author = {A. Brunner},
title = {Expansible surface structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3362118},
year = {1968},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3362118.html}
}
|
| Brusson J-P (1985), "Method of forming an adaptable mould cavity enabling a thin product to be given any configuration, and mould cavity produced according to this method", FR Patent FR2548577. |
| Abstract: The method consists in producing a two-dimensional structure having a fixed plane X, Y and structures 9 which can move perpendicular to the fixed plane, the distance between the top 10 of these movable structures 9 and the fixed plane X, Y being able to be controlled from the spatial coordinates of points of the expected warped surface F2. The set of tops, which thus defines a surface similar to that which it is desired to obtain, receives a thin sheet F1 made of a material which undergoes a shaping action making it match the profile of the tops of the movable structures. |
BibTeX:
@misc{brusson1985,
author = {J-P. Brusson},
title = {Method of forming an adaptable mould cavity enabling a thin product to be given any configuration, and mould cavity produced according to this method},
howpublished = {FR Patent FR2548577},
year = {1985}
}
|
| Buannic N, Cartraud P and Quesnel T (2003), "Homogenization of corrugated core sandwich panels", Composite Structures. Vol. 59(3), pp. 299-312. |
| Abstract: The present work is devoted to the computation of the effective properties of corrugated core sandwich panels. Due to their periodic structure, the homogenization theory is used, based on the asymptotic expansion method. At the leading order, an equivalent Kirchhoff–Love homogeneous plate is derived, with an overall behavior obtained from basic cell problems posed on the three-dimensional period of the panel. The finite element computation of these effective properties is presented in this paper. The accuracy of the homogenization method is proved, since the real panel and equivalent plate responses are very close for membrane and pure bending loadings. However, a discrepancy appears for simple bending loading, underlining that transverse shear effects cannot be neglected. Therefore, a specific study is developed in order to derive the transverse shear stiffness, thus enabling to determine an equivalent Reissner–Mindlin homogeneous plate. |
BibTeX:
@article{buannic2003,
author = {Natacha Buannic and Patrice Cartraud and Tanguy Quesnel},
title = {Homogenization of corrugated core sandwich panels},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2003},
volume = {59},
number = {3},
pages = {299-312},
doi = {10.1016/S0263-8223(02)00246-5}
}
|
| Burdon RLJ (2009), "Flexible construction element with large bonding surface area and method of manufacture", US Patent 7541085. |
| Abstract: A flexible core element having a large bonding surface area suitable for sandwich type construction comprising a plurality of first hexagonal nodes defining a first surface, a plurality of second hexagonal nodes defining a second surface spaced apart from and parallel to the first surface, and a plurality of rectangular wall members which interconnect said first hexagonal nodes to said second hexagonal nodes and define the depth of the core element. Each hexagonal node corresponds to an open hexagonal cell on its obverse surface and serves as a bonding surface. The core element is fabricated from a continuous sheet of material that has been die-cut with a repeating geometrical design, creased and folded, concertina style, in upon itself to make a double-sided core material that is flexible, able to vent, exhibits good bend and shear strength, and has a large surface bonding area rendering it suitable in the construction of lightweight sandwich panels and offering a wide array of other applications. |
BibTeX:
@misc{burdon2009,
author = {R. L. J. Burdon},
title = {Flexible construction element with large bonding surface area and method of manufacture},
howpublished = {US Patent 7541085},
year = {2009},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7541085.html}
}
|
| Burgardt B and Cartraud P (1999), "Continuum modeling of beamlike lattice trusses using averaging methods", Computers & Structures. Vol. 73(1-5), pp. 267-279. |
| Abstract: A general procedure to determine the equivalent beam properties of beam-like lattice trusses is presented. The method is based on the energy equivalence. Its main features are the use of piecewise linear functions to represent the displacements, and the definition of the continuum stress and strain parameters by their average values over the continuum cell. This allows a unifying approach to be obtained to derive methods for computing the effective beam properties. It is shown that there is only one rigorous method, and this method takes the lattice periodicity into account. Moreover, the classical method based on static condensation is found to be only approximate. The procedure is applied to examples of planar lattice trusses in static analysis. The results prove the effectiveness and the reliability of the present approach, and comparisons are made with results obtained from other classical methods. |
BibTeX:
@article{burgardt1999,
author = {B. Burgardt and P. Cartraud},
title = {Continuum modeling of beamlike lattice trusses using averaging methods},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1999},
volume = {73},
number = {1--5},
pages = {267-279},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00274-0}
}
|
| Burgoon R, Grinspun E and Wood Z (2006), "Discrete Shells Origami", In Proceedings of Computers And Their Applications., March, 2006. , pp. 180-187. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{burgoon2006,
author = {Robert Burgoon and Eitan Grinspun and Zoë Wood},
title = {Discrete Shells Origami},
booktitle = {Proceedings of Computers And Their Applications},
year = {2006},
pages = {180--187},
url = {http://www.csc.calpoly.edu/~zwood/research/pubs/origamiCATA06.pdf}
}
|
| Buri H and Weinand Y (2008), "ORIGAMI - Folded Plate Structures, Architecture", In 10th World Conference on Timber Engineering. Miyazaki, Japan, 2-5 June, 2008. |
| Abstract: This research proposes new methods to generate rapidly complex folded plate structures that can be built with cross laminated timber panels. Composition and dimensions of these panels as well as the possibility to mill them by Computer Numerically Controlled machines, show a great potential for surface structures. The aim of this research is to reveal this potential in the domain of folded plate structures. An interdisciplinary team investigates architectural, structural and mathematical aspects of folded plate structures built from cross laminated timber panels. The main concern of the architectural part is the form finding process witch is inspired by Origami, the Japanese art of paper folding. Based on a simple technique, Origami gives birth to an astonishing formal richness and variability. Complex geometries are generated in an economic way and this research aims at transposing these principles to construction with timber panels. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{buri2008,
author = {Hani Buri and Yves Weinand},
title = {ORIGAMI - Folded Plate Structures, Architecture},
booktitle = {10th World Conference on Timber Engineering},
year = {2008},
url = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/118687/}
}
|
| Buri H and Weinand Y (2009), "Origami - Geometry of Folded Plate Structures" |
| Abstract: This research proposes new methods to generate rapidly complex folded plate structures that can be built with cross laminated timber panels. Composition and dimensions of these panels as well as the possibility to mill them by Computer Numerically Controlled machines, show a great potential for surface structures. The aim of this research is to reveal this potential in the domain of folded plate structures. An interdisciplinary team investigates architectural, structural and mathematical aspects of folded plate structures built from cross laminated timber panels. The main concern of the architectural part is the form finding process witch is inspired by Origami, the Japanese art of paper folding. Based on a simple technique, Origami gives birth to an astonishing formal richness and variability. Complex geometries are generated in an economic way and this research aims at transposing these principles to construction with timber panels. |
BibTeX:
@unpublished{buri2009,
author = {Hani Buri and Yves Weinand},
title = {Origami - Geometry of Folded Plate Structures},
year = {2009},
note = {To be published in the Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures}
}
|
| Buri HU (2010), "Origami - Folded Plate Structures". Thesis at: l'Université de Lausanne. |
| Abstract: This research investigates new methods of designing folded plate structures that can be built with cross-laminated timber panels. Folded plate structures are attractive to both architects and engineers for their structural, spatial, and plastic qualities. Thin surfaces can be stiffened by a series of folds, and thus not only cover space, but also act as load bearing elements. The variation of light and shadow along the folded faces emphasizes the plasticity of space and envelope. Folds not only create structural depth, but also perceptual deepness. Folds give rhythm to space, and variations can be used to express a spatial sequence as well as to modify the structural strength. Because of this we are convinced that a design method which rapidly generates and modifies folded plate structures is of great interest, and can form the basis of a productive collaboration between architects and engineers. In the last fifteen years the timber industry has developed new, large size, timber panels. Composition and dimensions of these panels and the possibility of milling them with Computer Numerical Controlled machines shows great potential for folded plate structures. An interdisciplinary team investigates architectural, structural and mathematical aspects of folded plate structures. The main focus of the architectural portion is the form-finding process which is inspired by Origami, the Japanese art of paper folding. Based on a simple technique, Origami gives birth to an astonishing formal richness and variability. Complex geometries are generated in an economic way and this research aims at transferring these principles to construction with timber panels. In an intuitive approach, we investigate different folding patterns with paper folding. The geometry of selected patterns is analyzed with the aim to generate them in 3D modeling software. We develop a method that generates doubly-corrugated surfaces by two polygonal lines: the corrugation profile and the cross section profile. The corrugation profile defines the characteristics of simply-corrugated surfaces, composed of straight main folds. Simply-corrugated surfaces can be bent by reverse folds. A series of investigations outlines the parameters which influence the geometry of reverse folds. The cross section profile introduces a secondary corrugation. It outlines the general shape of the folded plate geometry and defines the bending angles of the reverse folds. The pattern of folded plate geometries is qualified by the configuration of the two profiles. We establish the conditions which allow control of the pattern type and design of folded plate geometries which respect a given corrugation amplitude. This allows rapid representation of complex folded plate structures in space as well as unfolded. A great variety of forms can be generated. This variability is attractive because it allows the engineer as well as the architect to react on project specific conditions by modifying different parameters of the folded plate structure without distorting its expressive character. Further on the possibilities of offseting the generated surface are investigated. The influence of different parameters on the offset geometry is shown. Finally a series of prototypes investigates the feasibility of folded plate structures generated with the proposed design method. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{buri2010,
author = {H. U. Buri},
title = {Origami - Folded Plate Structures},
school = {l'Université de Lausanne},
year = {2010},
url = {http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=4714}
}
|
| Burton WS and Noor AK (1997), "Assessment of continuum models for sandwich panel honeycomb cores", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. Vol. 145(3-4), pp. 341-360. |
| Abstract: Detailed finite element models are used for predicting the free-vibration response of infinitely long and rectangular sandwich panels. The panels considered have square-cell honeycomb core and simply supported edges. The sandwich core and face sheets are modeled by using three-dimensional solid elements and two-dimensional plate elements. The predictions of the finite element models are compared with those obtained by using higher-order sandwich theory for panels with the core replaced by an effective (equivalent) continuum. Three different approaches are used for estimating the effective material properties of the equivalent continuum layer. |
BibTeX:
@article{burton1997,
author = {W. S. Burton and A. K. Noor},
title = {Assessment of continuum models for sandwich panel honeycomb cores},
journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering},
year = {1997},
volume = {145},
number = {3--4},
pages = {341-360},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-7825(96)01196-6}
}
|
| Calladine CR (1983), "Theory of Shell Structures" Cambridge University Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{calladine1983,
author = {C. R. Calladine},
title = {Theory of Shell Structures},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
year = {1983}
}
|
| Calladine CR (1988), "The theory of thin shell structures 1888–1988", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering. Vol. 202(A3), pp. 141-149. |
BibTeX:
@article{calladine1988,
author = {C. R. Calladine},
title = {The theory of thin shell structures 1888–1988},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering},
year = {1988},
volume = {202},
number = {A3},
pages = {141-149},
doi = {10.1243/PIME_PROC_1988_202_020_02}
}
|
| Canella F and Dai J (2006), "Crease Stiffness and Panel Compliance of Carton Folds and Their Integration in Modelling", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. Vol. 220(6), pp. 847-855. |
| Abstract: This paper investigates the stiffness characteristics of creases and panels of a carton, and their integrated effect on the carton during folding and manipulation in packaging, reveals the resistive moment resulting from carton creases and identifies the force required for folding cartons. The study starts from the residual moment of carton creases and its effects on carton panels when erecting a carton section. By characterizing stiffness of both creases and panels, an analytical model is developed and compared with numerical results from finite-element analysis. The study then extends to a whole carton with a crush-lock closure base. By modelling the base as a four-bar mechanism with guiding linkages, a kinematic model of the carton is established and the residual moment and forces are obtained. The paper further reveals the carton elasticity property and the non-linearity deformation that contributes to modelling in a case study. |
BibTeX:
@article{canella2006,
author = {F. Canella and J.S. Dai},
title = {Crease Stiffness and Panel Compliance of Carton Folds and Their Integration in Modelling},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science},
year = {2006},
volume = {220},
number = {6},
pages = {847-855},
doi = {10.1243/09544062JMES242}
}
|
| Caredda A (2003), "Forming Means", WO Patent WO03064787. |
| Abstract: Forming means suitable for enabling an arch to be made in a building product comprises lamina support means 2 suitable for being arranged in an operating configuration B in which the lamina support means 2 supports building materials arranged for forming said arch and stabilizing means 6 arranged for locking said support means 2 in said operating configuration B of said support means 2 |
BibTeX:
@misc{caredda2003,
author = {A. Caredda},
title = {Forming Means},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO03064787},
year = {2003},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20030807&CC=WO&NR=03064787A2&KC=A2#}
}
|
| Chappell CW and Angstadt JJ (1993), "High speed pleating apparatus", US Patent 5185052. |
| Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for longitudinally pleating a moving lamina. The apparatus features a curved axis roll having a stationary axis circumscribed by a rotating sleeve with a plurality of circumferentially oriented grooves in the rotating sleeve. The pleats are produced by the intermeshing of the lamina with the grooves of the rotating sleeve. Preferably a complementary curved axis roll having lands which interdigitate with the grooves of the first roll is used in conjunction with the first curved axis roll. The apparatus preferably further comprises a third curved axis roll disposed upstream of the first curved axis roll to substantially equalize the paths of travel of any points on the moving lamina by compensating for differences in the paths of travel between the edges and centerline of the lamina. The apparatus may further comprise two straight axis rolls disposed outboard of the curved axis rolls and spatially arranged so that the paths of travel of either edge of the lamina and the centerline of the lamina through the apparatus and from the first straight axis roll to the second straight axis roll are substantially equal. |
BibTeX:
@misc{chappell1993,
author = {C. W. Chappell and J. J. Angstadt},
title = {High speed pleating apparatus},
howpublished = {US Patent 5185052},
year = {1993},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5185052.html}
}
|
| Chen D (2009), "Study on Bending Rigidity of Honeycomb : 2nd Report, Analysis of the Flexural Rigidity Based on the Theoretical Analysis of Board Torsion", Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. A. Vol. 75(760), pp. 1694-1701. |
BibTeX:
@article{chen2009b,
author = {D. Chen},
title = {Study on Bending Rigidity of Honeycomb : 2nd Report, Analysis of the Flexural Rigidity Based on the Theoretical Analysis of Board Torsion},
journal = {Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. A},
year = {2009},
volume = {75},
number = {760},
pages = {1694--1701},
url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007503865}
}
|
| Chen D and Matsumoto T (2009), "Study on Bending Rigidity of Honeycomb : 1st Report, Basic Consideration", Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. A. Vol. 75(759), pp. 1484-1491. The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. |
| Abstract: In this study, the bending rigidity of a honeycomb which consists of right hexagon cells was investigated. It is found that the bending deformation of honeycomb can not be evaluated by using the equivalent elastic constants obtained from the in-plane deformation, because the moments occuring on the oblique cell wall are different for the in-plane deformation and the bending deformation. Based on the fact that the oblique wall of the honeycomb is twisted under a condition that the rotation angle in both junctions is zero in bending deformation, a theoretical analysis of the bending rigidity of a honeycomb was proposed, and the validity of the present analysis was shown by using the numerical results of the finite element method. |
BibTeX:
@article{chen2009,
author = {D Chen and T Matsumoto},
title = {Study on Bending Rigidity of Honeycomb : 1st Report, Basic Consideration},
journal = {Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. A},
publisher = {The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers},
year = {2009},
volume = {75},
number = {759},
pages = {1484-1491},
url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007482697/en/}
}
|
| Chen X and Hutchinson JW (2004), "Herringbone Buckling Patterns of Compressed Thin Films on Compliant Substrates", Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 71(5), pp. 597-603. |
| Abstract: A thin metal film vapor deposited on thick elastomer substrate develops an equi-biaxial compressive stress state when the system is cooled due to the large thermal expansion mismatch between the elastomer and the metal. At a critical stress, the film undergoes buckling into a family of modes with short wavelengths characteristic of a thin plate on a compliant elastic foundation. As the system is further cooled, a highly ordered herringbone pattern has been observed to develop. Here it is shown that the herringbone mode constitutes a minimum energy configuration among a limited set of competing modes. |
BibTeX:
@article{chen2004,
author = {X. Chen and John W. Hutchinson},
title = {Herringbone Buckling Patterns of Compressed Thin Films on Compliant Substrates},
journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {2004},
volume = {71},
number = {5},
pages = {597--603},
doi = {10.1115/1.1756141}
}
|
| Chen Y (2003), "Design of Structural Mechanisms". Thesis at: University of Oxford. |
| Abstract: In this dissertation, we explore the possibilities of systematically constructing large structural mechanisms using existing spatial overconstrained linkages with only revolute joints as basic elements. The first part of the dissertation is devoted to structural mechanisms (networks) based on the Bennett linkage, a well-known spatial 4R linkage. This special linkage has been used as the basic element. A particular layout of the structures has been identified allowing unlimited extension of the network by repeating elements. As a result, a family of structural mechanisms has been found which form single-layer structural mechanisms. In general, these structures deploy into profiles of cylindrical surface. Meanwhile, two special cases of the single-layer structures have been extended to form multi-layer structures. In addition, according to the mathematical derivation, the problem of connecting two similar Bennett linkages into a mobile structure, which other researchers were unable to solve, has also been solved. A study into the existence of alternative forms of the Bennett linkage has also been done. The condition for the alternative forms to achieve the compact folding and maximum expansion has been derived. This work has resulted in the creation of the most effective deployable element based on the Bennett linkage. A simple method to build the Bennett linkage in its alternative form has been introduced and verified. The corresponding networks have been obtained following the similar layout of the original Bennett linkage. The second effort has been made to construct large overconstrained structural mechanisms using hybrid Bricard linkages as basic elements. The hybrid Bricard linkage is a special case of the Bricard linkage, which is overconstrained and with a single degree of mobility. Starting with the derivation of the compatibility condition and the study of its deployment behaviour, it has been found that for some particular twists, the hybrid Bricard linkage can be folded completely into a bundle and deployed to a flat triangular profile. Based on this linkage, a network of hybrid Bricard linkages has been produced. Furthermore, in-depth research into the deployment characteristics, including kinematic bifurcation and the alternative forms of the hybrid Bricard linkage, has also been conducted. The final part of the dissertation is a study into tiling techniques in order to develop a systematic approach for determining the layout of mobile assemblies. A general approach to constructing large structural mechanisms has been proposed, which can be divided into three steps: selection of suitable tilings, construction of overconstrained units and validation of compatibility. This approach has been successfully applied to the construction of the structural mechanisms based on Bennett linkages and hybrid Bricard linkages. Several possible configurations are discussed including those described previously. All of the novel structural mechanisms presented in this dissertation contain only revolute joints, have a single degree of mobility and are geometrically overconstrained. Research work reported in this dissertation could lead to substantial advancement in building large spatial deployable structures. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{chen2003,
author = {Yan Chen},
title = {Design of Structural Mechanisms},
school = {University of Oxford},
year = {2003}
}
|
| Chilton J (2000), "Heinz Isler" Thomas Telford Ltd.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{chilton2000,
author = {John Chilton},
title = {Heinz Isler},
publisher = {Thomas Telford Ltd},
year = {2000}
}
|
| Chou PC and Pagano NJ (1992), "Elasticity: Tensor, Dyadic, and Engineering Approaches" Dover Publications.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{chou1992,
author = {Pei Chi Chou and Nicholas J. Pagano},
title = {Elasticity: Tensor, Dyadic, and Engineering Approaches},
publisher = {Dover Publications},
year = {1992}
}
|
| Clarke JF, Duckett RA, Hine PJ, Hutchinson IJ and Ward IM (1994), "Negative Poisson's ratios in angle-ply laminates: theory and experiment", Composites. Vol. 25(9), pp. 863-868. |
| Abstract: A series of composite panels has been prepared by laminating unidirectional prepreg tapes of epoxy resin reinforced with continuous carbon fibres. Each panel was a balanced, symmetrical laminate with the plies alternating at ± θ to a reference direction where θ = 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40°. The full set of nine elastic constants was determined for each panel using ultrasonic velocity measurements. The experimentally determined elastic constants were then compared with theoretical predictions obtained using standard laminate theory. The Poisson's ratios of the composites were of particular interest in showing negative values for θ in the range between 15 and 30°, as predicted by the theory. |
BibTeX:
@article{clarke1994,
author = {J. F. Clarke and R. A. Duckett and P. J. Hine and I. J. Hutchinson and I. M. Ward},
title = {Negative Poisson's ratios in angle-ply laminates: theory and experiment},
journal = {Composites},
year = {1994},
volume = {25},
number = {9},
pages = {863--868},
doi = {10.1016/0010-4361(94)90027-2}
}
|
| Clerk-Maxwell J (1856), "On the Transformation of Surfaces by Bending", Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Vol. IX(IV), pp. 445-470.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@article{maxwell1856,
author = {James Clerk-Maxwell},
title = {On the Transformation of Surfaces by Bending},
journal = {Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
year = {1856},
volume = {IX},
number = {IV},
pages = {445-470}
}
|
| Compton WA (1961), "Structural Element", US Patent 3013641. |
BibTeX:
@misc{compton1961,
author = {W. A. Compton},
title = {Structural Element},
howpublished = {US Patent 3013641},
year = {1961},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3013641.html}
}
|
| Connelly R, Sabitov I and A.Walz (1997), "The Bellows Conjecture", Contributions to Algebra and Geometry. Vol. 38(1), pp. 1-10. |
| Abstract: Consider a closed finite triangulated oriented polyhedral surface $S$ in three-space. Regard the edges of $S$ as rigid inextendible incompressible bars attached at ideal universal joints, the vertices of $S$. There are several examples when the bar constraints on the edges allow the shape of S to change. In other words, $S$ has a non-trivial flex. We show that the volume bounded by $S$ during such a flex is constant. This can be though of as saying that there is no exact mathematical "bellows" that can change its enclosed volume. The idea of the proof is to show that the volume satisfies a polynomial equation whose coefficients are themselves polynomials in the squares of the edge lengths of the polyhedron. Since the coefficients of this polynomial are a function only of the edge lengths, they remain same for all possible realizations of $S$. So there can only be a discrete finite number of values that are possible as a volume for those given edge lengths. Thus during a flex the volume bounded by $S$ remains constant. |
BibTeX:
@article{connelly1997,
author = {R. Connelly and I. Sabitov and A.Walz},
title = {The Bellows Conjecture},
journal = {Contributions to Algebra and Geometry},
year = {1997},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
pages = {1--10},
url = {http://www.emis.de/journals/BAG/vol.38/no.1/1.html}
}
|
| Coppa AP (1967), "Inextensional Buckling Configurations of Conical Shells", AIAA Journal. Vol. 5(4), pp. 750-754. |
| Abstract: Relations describing the geometrical forms taken by a thin conical shell when it shortens under axial compression by pure folding are presented. These forms are polyhedral surfaces characterized by two distint sets of triangular planes, one rotated toward [called the (+) surface] and the other away from [called the (-) surface] the generatrix of the undeformed cone. The number of circumferential waves in each row remains constant along the length of the shell, with the size varying according to the cone diameter. The (+) and (-) surfaces have distinct aspect ratios, the (-) surface being always the more slender in the circumferential direction. The relations are valid for all degrees of axial shortening including that corresponding to total collapse. Collapse patterns obtained from experiments are shown to agree qualitatively with those constructed from the theory. |
BibTeX:
@article{coppa1967,
author = {A. P. Coppa},
title = {Inextensional Buckling Configurations of Conical Shells},
journal = {AIAA Journal},
year = {1967},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {750-754},
doi = {10.2514/3.4057}
}
|
| Coppa AP (1968), "A family of rigid shell structures, self-deployable from folded configurations of small initial volume", In Proceedings of the AIAA/ASME 9th structures, structural dynamics and materials conference. Palm Springs, Californai, April 1--3, 1968. (AIAA-1968-359) |
| Abstract: This paper describes a new family of folded-plate shell structures, called Coppacones, which has been derived from foldable transformations of conical shell frustra. The structures consist of arrays of planar elements that are mutually joined along their lines of intersection. Their geometry is specified by five independent parameters and defined by formulas given in the paper. A number of useful properties are exhibited, including low-volume packageability, self-deployability into relative large size, high structural efficiency, designable combinations of axial and radial rigidties, and variabiliy of shape and size. A wide variety of mean surface shapes can be produced, including cyliners, cones, cylindrical and conical tori, spheres, ellipsoids, and more general doubly curved shell forms. Applications such as erectable solar arrays, space station and planetary base structures and antenna structuers are briefly discussed. |
BibTeX:
@conference{coppa1968,
author = {A. P. Coppa},
title = {A family of rigid shell structures, self-deployable from folded configurations of small initial volume},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the AIAA/ASME 9th structures, structural dynamics and materials conference},
year = {1968},
number = {AIAA-1968-359}
}
|
| Coppa AP (1970), "Complex, non-spherical structures", US Patent 3524288. |
| Abstract: Non-spherical multi-planar element structures comprise triangular or trapezoidal elements undulating about imaginary conical parent shapes in precise geometrical arrays. Due to a dependency between axial flexibility and reistance to change in size and shape of the structures' perimeters at specific points in the structures, the structures of this invention may be rigid or flexible to a preselected degree. Flat and shell structures of specific shpaes collapsilbe into highly compact masses are one form of the invention. |
BibTeX:
@misc{coppa1970,
author = {A. P. Coppa},
title = {Complex, non-spherical structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 3524288},
year = {1970},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3524288.html}
}
|
| Coppa AP (1974), "Three-Dimensional Folded Structure with Curved Surfaces", US Patent 3788934. |
| Abstract: A three-dimensional fold structure is formable in a polygonal cross-section from a sheet having a plurality of curved hinge lines which are undulating and non-crossing. The axes of the undulating hinge lines have a substantial component along the axis of the structure, and adjacent hinge lines undulate in opposite directions. |
BibTeX:
@misc{coppa1974,
author = {A. P. Coppa},
title = {Three-Dimensional Folded Structure with Curved Surfaces},
howpublished = {US Patent 3788934},
year = {1974},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3788934.html}
}
|
| Coxeter HSM (1980), "Introduction to Geometry" Wiley Classics Library.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{coxeter1980,
author = {H. S. M. Coxeter},
title = {Introduction to Geometry},
publisher = {Wiley Classics Library},
year = {1980},
edition = {Second}
}
|
| Czaplicki RM (1991), "Cellular core structure providing gridlike bearing surfaces on opposing parallel planes of the formed core", US Patent 5028474. |
| Abstract: A three-dimensional structure adapted for use for instance as a core in sandwich panel-type construction, and comprised of substantially continuous unbroken sheet material to which has been imparted an alternating sequence of ridges and valleys, creating spaced rows of adjacent inclined rectangular-shaped facets connected by intermediate rows of adjoining parallelogram-shaped facets. The core structure provides substantially gridlike bearing surfaces on two opposing parallel bearing planes thereof to which face sheets may be affixed, to form a sandwich panel. |
BibTeX:
@misc{czaplicki1991,
author = {Ronald M. Czaplicki},
title = {Cellular core structure providing gridlike bearing surfaces on opposing parallel planes of the formed core},
howpublished = {US Patent 5028474},
year = {1991},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5028474.html}
}
|
| Dai JS and Jones JR (2002), "Kinematics and mobility analysis of carton folds in packing manipulation based on the mechanism equivalent", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. Vol. 216(10), pp. 959-970. |
| Abstract: The process of erecting and closing a carton in packing manipulation is seen as a succession of folds in position and orientation from one distinct configuration to another. Permitted manipulations and changes in shape are governed by the geometry of crease lines, dimensions and profiles of the panels. The possibility for panels to fold into successive distinct configurations is determined by the kinematic geometry. This paper presents a mathematical basis which determines the mobility of distinct configurations of a carton to include the degrees of freedom dominating the manipulation and the overconstraint configurations in an erected and closed form, and proposes the kinematic analysis of a carton during packing manipulation. Use is made of the concept of line vectors and screw theory associated with graph theory. The analysis helps to explain some configurations which show how a carton can fold and opens up the way of describing manipulation in the packaging process. |
BibTeX:
@article{dai2002,
author = {J S Dai and J Rees Jones},
title = {Kinematics and mobility analysis of carton folds in packing manipulation based on the mechanism equivalent},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science},
year = {2002},
volume = {216},
number = {10},
pages = {959-970},
doi = {10.1243/095440602760400931}
}
|
| Daniel I and Ishai O (1994), "Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials" Oxford University Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{daniel1994,
author = {I.M. Daniel and O. Ishai},
title = {Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Daynes S, Weaver P and Potter K (2010), "Variable geometry aerofoil", European Patent Application EP 2221246. |
| Abstract: A device (15) such as an aerofoil which in use is subject to fluid flow, incudes an outer surface part (24b, 25b) the geometry of which is variable to affect the fluid flow, the device (15) including a support structure (31) which supports the outer surface part (24b, 25b), the support structure (31) being internal of the device (15) and including a plurality of support members (32) of composite material, the geometry of the support structure (31) being changeable by an actuating apparatus (50) between a first stable geometry and a second stable geometry to effect variation in the geometry of the outer surface part (24b, 25b), the support members (32) providing structural stiffness to the outer surface part (24b, 25b). |
BibTeX:
@misc{daynes2010,
author = {S. Daynes and P. Weaver and K. Potter},
title = {Variable geometry aerofoil},
howpublished = {European Patent Application EP 2221246},
year = {2010}
}
|
| Daynes S, Weaver PM and Potter KD (2009), "Aeroelastic Study of Bistable Composite Airfoils", Journal of Aircraft. Vol. 46(6), pp. 2169-2174. |
BibTeX:
@article{daynes2009,
author = {S. Daynes and P. M. Weaver and K. D. Potter},
title = {Aeroelastic Study of Bistable Composite Airfoils},
journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
year = {2009},
volume = {46},
number = {6},
pages = {2169-2174},
doi = {10.2514/1.44287}
}
|
| Dean HB (1921), "Artificial Honeycomb", US Patent 1389294. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dean1921,
author = {H. B. Dean},
title = {Artificial Honeycomb},
howpublished = {US Patent 1389294},
year = {1921},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1389294.html}
}
|
| Del Grosso AE and Basso P (2010), "Adaptive building skin structures", Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 19(12), pp. 124011. |
| Abstract: The concept of adaptive and morphing structures has gained considerable attention in the recent years in many fields of engineering. In civil engineering very few practical applications are reported to date however. Non-conventional structural concepts like deployable, inflatable and morphing structures may indeed provide innovative solutions to some of the problems that the construction industry is being called to face. To give some examples, searches for low-energy consumption or even energy-harvesting green buildings are amongst such problems. This paper first presents a review of the above problems and technologies, which shows how the solution to these problems requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving the integration of architectural and engineering disciplines. The discussion continues with the presentation of a possible application of two adaptive and dynamically morphing structures which are proposed for the realization of an acoustic envelope. The core of the two applications is the use of a novel optimization process which leads the search for optimal solutions by means of an evolutionary technique while the compatibility of the resulting configurations of the adaptive envelope is ensured by the virtual force density method. |
BibTeX:
@article{grosso2010,
author = {A. E. Del Grosso and P Basso},
title = {Adaptive building skin structures},
journal = {Smart Materials and Structures},
year = {2010},
volume = {19},
number = {12},
pages = {124011},
doi = {10.1088/0964-1726/19/12/124011}
}
|
| Demaine ED (2001), "Folding and Unfolding". Thesis at: University of Waterloo. |
| Abstract: The results of this thesis concern folding of one-dimensional objects in two dimensions: planar linkages. More precisely, a planar linkage consists of a collection of rigid bars (line segments) connected at their endpoints. Foldings of such a linkage must preserve the connections at endpoints, preserve the bar lengths, and (in our context) prevent bars from crossing. The main result of this thesis is that a planar linkage forming a collection of polygonal arcs and cycles can be folded so that all outermost arcs (not enclosed by other cycles) become straight and all outermost cycles become convex. A complementary result of this thesis is that once a cycle becomes convex, it can be folded into any other convex cycle with the same counterclockwise sequence of bar lengths. Together, these results show that the configuration space of all possible foldings of a planar arc or cycle linkage is connected. These results fall into the broader context of folding and unfolding k-dimensional objects in n-dimensional space, k ≤ n. Another contribution of this thesis is a survey of research in this field. The survey revolves around three principal aspects that have received extensive study: linkages in arbitrary dimensions (folding one-dimensional objects in two or more dimensions, including protein folding), paper folding (normally, folding two-dimensional objects in three dimensions), and folding and unfolding polyhedra (two-dimensional objects embedded in three-dimensional space). |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{demaine_thesis_2001,
author = {E. D. Demaine},
title = {Folding and Unfolding},
school = {University of Waterloo},
year = {2001}
}
|
| Demaine ED and Demaine ML (2002), "Recent Results in Computational Origami", In Origami$^3$: Proceedings of the 3rd International Meeting of Origami Science, Math, and Education (OSME3). Monterey, California, March 9--11, 2002. , pp. 3-16. |
| Abstract: Computational origami is a recent branch of computer science studying efficient algorithms for solving paper-folding problems. This field essentially began with Robert Lang's work on algorithmic origami design [25], starting around 1993. Since then, the field of computational origami has grown significantly. The purpose of this paper is to survey the work in the field, with a focus on recent results, and to present several open problems that remain. The survey cannot hope to be complete, but we attempt to cover most areas of interest. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{demaine2002,
author = {Erik D. Demaine and Martin L. Demaine},
editor = {Thomas Hull},
title = {Recent Results in Computational Origami},
booktitle = {Origami$^3$: Proceedings of the 3rd International Meeting of Origami Science, Math, and Education (OSME3)},
year = {2002},
pages = {3--16},
url = {http://erikdemaine.org/papers/OSME2001/}
}
|
| Demaine ED, Demaine ML, Hart V, Price GN and Tachi T (2009), "(Non)existence of Pleated Folds: How Paper Folds Between Creases", In Abstracts from the 7th Japan Conference on Computational Geometry and Graphs (JCCGG 2009). Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan, November 11–13, 2009. |
| Abstract: We prove that the pleated hyperbolic paraboloid, a familiar origami model known since 1927, in fact cannot be folded with the standard crease pattern in the standard mathematical model of zero-thickness paper. In contrast, we show that the model can be folded with additional creases, suggesting that real paper “folds” into this model via small such creases. We conjecture that the circular version of this model, consisting of concentric circular creases, also folds without extra creases. At the heart of our results is a new structural theorem characterizing uncreased intrinsically flat surfaces—the portions of paper between the creases. Differential geometry has much to say about the local behavior of such surfaces when they are sufficiently smooth, e.g., that they are torsal ruled. But this classic result is simply false in the context of the whole surface. Our structural characterization tells the whole story, and even applies to surfaces with discontinuities in the second derivative. We use our theorem to prove fundamental properties about how paper folds, for example, that straight creases on the piece of paper must remain piecewise-straight by folding. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{demaine2009,
author = {Erik D. Demaine and Martin L. Demaine and Vi Hart and Gregory N. Price and Tomohiro Tachi},
title = {(Non)existence of Pleated Folds: How Paper Folds Between Creases},
booktitle = {Abstracts from the 7th Japan Conference on Computational Geometry and Graphs (JCCGG 2009)},
year = {2009},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0906.4747}
}
|
| Demaine ED and O'Rourke J (2007), "Geometric folding algorithms: linkages, origami, polyhedra" Cambridge University Press. |
BibTeX:
@book{demaine2007-gfalop,
author = {Erik D. Demaine and Josheph O'Rourke},
title = {Geometric folding algorithms: linkages, origami, polyhedra},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.gfalop.org/}
}
|
| Deshpande V and Fleck N (2003), "Energy absorption of an egg-box material", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. Vol. 51(1), pp. 187-208. |
| Abstract: Conical frustra made from leaded gun-metal have been compressed axially. Collapse is either by a travelling plastic hinge or by tearing. An analytical model is developed for the travelling plastic hinge in a rigid, ideally plastic solid; its predictions are compared with the observed response, and with those of an axisymmetric finite element analysis. The travelling hinge mechanism is also observed in the compressive collapse of an egg-box material comprising a square array of conical frustra. Collapse mechanism maps are constructed for the egg-box material, and they show the regimes of dominance of elastic buckling, material tearing and the travelling plastic hinge. The maps are useful for selecting egg-box geometries that maximise the energy absorption per unit mass at any prescribed value of collapse stress. The optimisation indicates that the egg-box material has a similar energy absorption capacity to that of hexagonal honeycombs and is superior to that of metal foams. |
BibTeX:
@article{deshpande2003,
author = {V.S. Deshpande and N.A. Fleck},
title = {Energy absorption of an egg-box material},
journal = {Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids},
year = {2003},
volume = {51},
number = {1},
pages = {187--208},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5096(02)00052-2}
}
|
| Deshpande VS, Ashby MF and Fleck NA (2001), "Foam topology bending versus stretching dominated architectures", Acta Materialia. Vol. 49(6), pp. 1035-1040. |
| Abstract: Cellular solids can deform by either the bending or stretching of the cell walls. While most cellular solids are bending-dominated, those that are stretching-dominated are much more weight-efficient for structural applications. In this study we have investigated the topological criteria that dictate the deformation mechanism of a cellular solid by analysing the rigidity (or otherwise) of pin-jointed frameworks comprising inextensional struts. We show that the minimum node connectivity for a special class of lattice structured materials to be stretching-dominated is 6 for 2D foams and 12 for 3D foams. Similarly, sandwich plates comprising of truss cores faced with planar trusses require a minimum node connectivity of 9 to undergo stretching-dominated deformation for all loading states. |
BibTeX:
@article{deshpande2001,
author = {V. S. Deshpande and M. F. Ashby and N. A. Fleck},
title = {Foam topology bending versus stretching dominated architectures},
journal = {Acta Materialia},
year = {2001},
volume = {49},
number = {6},
pages = {1035--1040},
doi = {10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00379-7}
}
|
| Di Francesco P, Guitter E and Mori S (1997), "Folding of the triangular lattice with quenched random bending rigidity", Physical Review E. Vol. 55(1), pp. 237-251. American Physical Society. |
BibTeX:
@article{francesco1997,
author = {Di Francesco, P. and Guitter, E. and Mori, S.},
title = {Folding of the triangular lattice with quenched random bending rigidity},
journal = {Physical Review E},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
year = {1997},
volume = {55},
number = {1},
pages = {237--251},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.55.237}
}
|
| Di Pilla L (1999), "Method for folding plane surfaces", US Patent 5899842. |
| Abstract: Method for folding plane surfaces wherein, given a plane surface on which there are identified a pluratity of alternative primary folding lines and, parallel to each other and capable to generate a wavy structure, each primary folding line is linked to the subsequent primary folding line by means of two further secondary folding lines, having same origin on the folding line and diverging between them them with angles β and Γ with respect to the perpendicular to the lines, being 0≤β<90° and β<Γ<90°, said joining being performed at least once, then two additional secondary folding lines, corresponding to the previous and, being traced, specular with respect to a simmetry plane passing through the said primary folding line. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dipilla1999,
author = {L. Di Pilla},
title = {Method for folding plane surfaces},
howpublished = {US Patent 5899842},
year = {1999},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5899842.html}
}
|
| Dormer JB (1936), "Mold apparatus", US Patent 2028443. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dormer1936,
author = {Dormer, Jay B.},
title = {Mold apparatus},
howpublished = {US Patent 2028443},
year = {1936},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2028443.html}
}
|
| Dow JO and Huyer SA (1989), "Continuum Models of Space Station Structures", Journal of Aerospace Engineering. Vol. 2(4), pp. 220-238. |
| Abstract: The equivalent continuum properties of a structure composed of repeated patterns of discrete elements with both displacement and rotation coordinates are determined. These nodal coordinates are transformed to rigid body and strain gradient variables using a polynomial representation. The set of independent strain gradient variables is identified by inspection and depends on the geometry of the structure being modeled. The procedure is applied to six example problems, including two in which the effect of structural damage is analyzed. |
BibTeX:
@article{dow1989,
author = {John O. Dow and Stephen A. Huyer},
title = {Continuum Models of Space Station Structures},
journal = {Journal of Aerospace Engineering},
year = {1989},
volume = {2},
number = {4},
pages = {220-238},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0893-1321(1989)2:4(220)}
}
|
| Drechsler K and Kehrle R (2004), "Manufacturing of folded core-structures for technical applications", In Proceedings of the 25th International SAMPE Europe Conference. Paris , pp. 508-513.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{drechsler2004,
author = {K. Drechsler and R. Kehrle},
title = {Manufacturing of folded core-structures for technical applications},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th International SAMPE Europe Conference},
year = {2004},
pages = {508-513}
}
|
| Dunajeff LA (1939), "Resilient Sheet", US Patent 2158929. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dunajeff1939,
author = {L. A. Dunajeff},
title = {Resilient Sheet},
howpublished = {US Patent 2158929},
year = {1939},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2158929.html}
}
|
| Dunajeff LA (1941), "Resilient Sheet", US Patent 2233592. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dunajeff1941,
author = {L. A. Dunajeff},
title = {Resilient Sheet},
howpublished = {US Patent 2233592},
year = {1941},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2233592.html}
}
|
| Duncan J, Duncan J, Sowerby R and Levy B (1981), "Folding without distortion: Curved-line Folding of Sheet Metal", Sheet Metal Industries. Vol. 58(7), pp. 527-533. |
| Abstract: This paper introduces the concept of folding or bending sheet metal along a curved line to produce two separate curved surfaces. Each of these surfaces is developed and is curved without stretching or distortion in the plane of the sheet. In existing sheet-metal practice, when a component contains two or more different developable surfaces these are produced either by forming each surface individually and joining the separate sheets or by folding the curved sheet along a straight line. In such cases, the two separate developable surfaces are joined by bending along a common generator. In the examples presented in this paper sheet metal is folded along a curved line which is not a generator of either surface. This process greatly extends the range of shapes which can be produced from sheet metal without requiring deformation or straining in the sheet. These shapes are of particular interest for components formed from very-high-strength sheet materials; these materials often have limited stretching ability but they can be bent and folded into developable shapes. |
BibTeX:
@article{duncan1981b,
author = {J.L. Duncan and J.P. Duncan and R. Sowerby and B.S. Levy},
title = {Folding without distortion: Curved-line Folding of Sheet Metal},
journal = {Sheet Metal Industries},
year = {1981},
volume = {58},
number = {7},
pages = {527-533}
}
|
| Duncan JP and Duncan JL (1982), "Folded Developables", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Vol. 383(1784), pp. 191-205. |
| Abstract: A plane, inextensible sheet may be folded or creased along a curved line to produce two connected but distinct developable surfaces. Various theorems applying to this folding process are identified and two special cases investigated. In one, the fold line remains a plane curve during deformation and in the other the dihedral angle at the fold is constant along the curve. Curved-line folding occurs naturally in the collapse of thin-sheet-metal structures composed of developable surfaces. The theorems presented identify the kinematic constraint existing between pairs of developable surfaces connected by curved-line folds and permit the design of sheet-metal products that use these surfaces. This expands considerably the range of engineering products that can be made by folding and bending a single inextensible sheet. |
BibTeX:
@article{duncan1982,
author = {J. P. Duncan and J. L. Duncan},
title = {Folded Developables},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences},
year = {1982},
volume = {383},
number = {1784},
pages = {191-205},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4630%2819820908%29383%3A1784%3C191%3AFD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B}
}
|
| Duncan JP and Upfold RW (1963), "Equivalent elastic properties of perforated bars and plates", Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. Vol. 5(5), pp. 53-65. |
| Abstract: Experimental methods are described by means of which the equivalent elastic properties of bars and plates perforated on a square, a square‐diagonal or a triangular pitch (or otherwise) may be obtained. Bars of rectangular section of steel, gun metal and perpex perforated on a fixed pitch with circular holes to give a wide range in the ratio (pitch/diameter of holes) on square and triangular patterns were tested in flexure and tension. The transverse aeolotropy of such bars and plates was examined and ratios of (equivalent Young's modulus, drilled/true Young's modulus) and equivalent Poisson's ratios were found. The experimental results obtained were compared with theoretical curves of Bailey and Hicks for perforated plate of square and square‐diagonal pitch and with Horvay's plane‐stress theory for perforated plate of triangular pitch. Results have been presented in graphical form for ready application to the design of heat exchanger tube‐plates. |
BibTeX:
@article{duncan1963,
author = {J. P. Duncan and R. W. Upfold},
title = {Equivalent elastic properties of perforated bars and plates},
journal = {Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science},
year = {1963},
volume = {5},
number = {5},
pages = {53-65},
doi = {10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1963_005_009_02}
}
|
| Dureisseix D (2011), "An overview of patterns and mechanisms with origami" |
| Abstract: Origami (paperfolding) has long been since its first usage as for cult object design in Japan, and entertainment in Europe and the USA. It has now entered into artistic area, using many other materials than paper, and has been used as an inspiration source for scientific and engineering realizations. This article is intended to illustrate several aspects of origami that are relevant to engineering structures, namely: geometry, pattern generation, strength of material, and mechanisms. It does not provide an exhaustive list of applications, but exemplifies the relationships of origami with other disciplines, with selected examples. |
BibTeX:
@unpublished{dureisseix2011,
author = {David Dureisseix},
title = {An overview of patterns and mechanisms with origami},
year = {2011},
note = {Accepted for publication in the International Journal of Space Structures}
}
|
| Dureisseix D, Gioia F, Motro R and Maurin B (2011), "Conception d'une Enveloppe Plissée Pliable-Dépliable", In 10e Colloque National en Calcul des Structures (CSMA2011). Giens, France, 9-3 May, 2011. |
| Abstract: Des concepts utilisés en origami sont ici employés pour générer des surfaces plissées pliables-dépliables en visant de possibles applications en architecture et au génie civil. Après avoir proposé des méthodes de caractérisation de ces surfaces, des formes nouvelles sont présentées à partir de déclinaisons géométriques des modules de « Miura-Ori ». On peut ainsi générer des surfaces plissées non totalement développables, et donc rigides, éventuellement à simple courbure une fois déployées. Les cinématiques de pliage-dépliage associées sont également analysées et présentées. |
BibTeX:
@conference{dureisseix2011b,
author = {David Dureisseix and Francesco Gioia and René Motro and Bernard Maurin},
title = {Conception d'une Enveloppe Plissée Pliable-Dépliable},
booktitle = {10e Colloque National en Calcul des Structures (CSMA2011)},
year = {2011}
}
|
| Durney MW (2002), "Method for precision bending of a sheet of material and slit sheet therefor", US Patent 6481259. |
| Abstract: A method for precision bending of a sheet of material (31,41,61,91,231) along a bend line (35,45,62-66,96,235) and the resulting sheet are disclosed. A method includes a step of forming and longitudinally extending slits (33,43,68,92,233) through the sheet of material in axially spaced relation to define bending webs (37,47,71,72,106,237), forming stress reducing structures such as enlarged openings (39,49,69,73) or transversely extending slits (239) at each of adjacent ends of pairs of slits in order to reduce crack propagation across the bending webs. In another aspect, the elongated slits (43,68,92,233) are formed with pairs of longitudinally extending slit segments (51,52;74,76;98,99;127) proximate to and on opposite sides of and substantially parallel to the desired bend line. Longitudinally extending slit segments further are connected by at least one intermediate transversely extending slit segment (53,77,101,128). Sheets of slit material suitable for bending also are disclosed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{durney2002,
author = {M. W. Durney},
title = {Method for precision bending of a sheet of material and slit sheet therefor},
howpublished = {US Patent 6481259},
year = {2002},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6481259.html}
}
|
| Durney MW (2006), "Precision-folded, high strength, fatigue-resistant structures and sheet therefor", US Patent Application 20060207212. |
| Abstract: Precision-folded, high strength, fatigue-resistant structures and a sheet therefore are disclosed. To form the structures, methods for precision bending of a sheet of material along a bend line and a sheet of material formed with bending strap-defining structures, such as slits or grooves, are disclosed. Methods include steps of designing and then separately forming longitudinally extending slits or grooves through the sheet of material in axially spaced relation to produce precise bending of the sheet when bent along the bend line. The bending straps have a configuration and orientation which increases their strength and fatigue resistance, and most preferably slits or arcs are used which causes edges to be engaged and supported on faces of the sheet material on opposite sides of the slits or arcs. The edge-to-face contact produces bending along a virtual fulcrum position in superimposed relation to the bend line. Several slit embodiments suitable for producing edge-to-face engagement support and precise bending are disclosed. With these teachings, forming numerous three-dimensional load-bearing structures from a two dimensional sheet are enabled. Examples of straight and curved beams, chassis, and exoskeletons are disclosed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{durney2006,
author = {M. W. Durney},
title = {Precision-folded, high strength, fatigue-resistant structures and sheet therefor},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20060207212},
year = {2006},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2006/0207212.html}
}
|
| Durney MW, Holman RA and Arnold PM (2007), "Method for forming sheet material with bend controlling grooves defining a continuous web across a bend line", US Patent 7263869. |
| Abstract: A sheet of material (21, 61, 81) formed for control bending along a bend line (23, 63) while maintaining a continuous web of material (26) across the bend line (23, 63). The sheet has at least one groove (22, 62, 82) formed therein with a central groove portion (24, 64, 84) extending in the direction of and positioned proximate to a desired bend line (23, 63). The groove is formed with a continuous web of material (26) at a bottom of the groove (22, 62, 82) and has a configuration defining at least one bending strap (27, 67) extending across the bending line (23, 63) at the end of the groove with a centerline (28) of the bending strap (27, 67) oriented obliquely across the bend line (23, 63) so that a balancing of the forces during bending of the web along the central portion (24, 64, 84) of the grooves and bending of the oblique bending strap occur and control the location of bending of the sheet. A method of preparing a sheet of material (21, 61, 81) for bending while maintaining a continuous membrane (26) across the bend line (23, 63) is also disclosed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{durney2007,
author = {M. W. Durney and R. A. Holman and P. M. Arnold},
title = {Method for forming sheet material with bend controlling grooves defining a continuous web across a bend line},
howpublished = {US Patent 7263869},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7263869.html}
}
|
| Durney MW and Pendley AD (2008), "Method of bending sheet materials and sheet therefor", US Patent Application 20080257006. |
| Abstract: A sheet of material formed for bending along a bend line including a sheet of material (30) includes a plurality of dividing slits (37) and a plurality of strap slits (39) formed therethrough. The dividing slits extending substantially along a desired bend line (35) and divide the sheet of material into first and second planar regions (32, 33). The strap slits intersect the desired bend line and adjacent pairs of strap slits form a bending strap therebetween. The bending strap has a longitudinal strap axis intersecting the desired bend line. The sheet of material may be formed of composite materials. A method of forming and using the sheet of material is also disclosed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{durney2008,
author = {M. W. Durney and A. D. Pendley},
title = {Method of bending sheet materials and sheet therefor},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20080257006},
year = {2008},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0257006.html}
}
|
| Dyken TO (1992), "Assembly for casting large curved shells of reinforced concrete", US Patent 5174074. |
| Abstract: A large, curved or spherical shell of reinforced concrete is cast without utilization of supporting framework. A casting formwork is in the form of a thin, suspended membrane that is reinforced with a collar. During construction and transport, the membrane is preliminarily equipped with a reinforcing compression ring. |
BibTeX:
@misc{dyken1992,
author = {T. O. Dyken},
title = {Assembly for casting large curved shells of reinforced concrete},
howpublished = {US Patent 5174074},
year = {1992},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5174074.html}
}
|
| Eckold G (1994), "Design and Manufacture of Composite Structures" Woodhead Publishing.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{eckold1994,
author = {Geoff Eckold},
title = {Design and Manufacture of Composite Structures},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
year = {1994}
}
|
| El-Sayed FA, Jones R and Burgessa I (1979), "A theoretical approach to the deformation of honeycomb based composite materials", Composites. Vol. 10(4), pp. 209-214. |
| Abstract: Honeycomb sheet is already widely used as a core in aeronautical sandwich construction. An alternative application is to use it as the reinforcing element for composites in which the cells of the honeycomb are filled with various materials. This paper presents the results of a study of such a composite, in which a low modulus infill is used. The work covers, in simple terms, the elastic properties of the unfilled sheet and the composite under in-plane direct loading and out-of-plane bending. The plastic deformation characteristics under in-plane direct loading are also considered. Specimen experimental results are presented, which show that the simple analytical approach used is clearly justifiable. |
BibTeX:
@article{elsayed1979,
author = {F.K. Abd El-Sayed and R. Jones and I.W. Burgessa},
title = {A theoretical approach to the deformation of honeycomb based composite materials},
journal = {Composites},
year = {1979},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
pages = {209-214},
doi = {10.1016/0010-4361(79)90021-1}
}
|
| Eldred MS, Venkayya VB and Anderson WJ (1995), "Mode Tracking Issues in Structural Optimization", AIAA Journal. Vol. 33(10), pp. 1926-1933. |
| Abstract: Within the context of optimization of the structural dynamics properties of finite element models, methodology is developed for the tracking of eigenpairs through changes in the structural eigenvalue problem. The goal is to eliminate difficulties caused by "mode switching" (i.e., frequency crossing). Out of several candidate methods, two methods for mode tracking are successful. The first method, the higher order eigenpair perturbation algorithm, is bases on a perturbation expansion of the eigenproblem. It iteratively computes changes in the eigenpairs due to parameter perturbations with the important feature of maintaining the correspondence between the baseline and perturbed eigenpairs. The second method is a cross-orthogonality check method, which uses mass orthogonality to reestablish correspondence after a standard reanalysis. Modfied eigenpair extraction routines (Lanczos, subspace iteration, inverse power) were unsuccessful in tracking modes. Applications of mode tracking technology thare are resented are frequency-constrained optimization and optimization with mode shape contraints. Each application procedure is outlined and examles are given. Recommendations are made based on method efficiency and robustness in the example problems. |
BibTeX:
@article{eldred1995,
author = {M. S. Eldred and V. B. Venkayya and W. J. Anderson},
title = {Mode Tracking Issues in Structural Optimization},
journal = {AIAA Journal},
year = {1995},
volume = {33},
number = {10},
pages = {1926--1933},
doi = {10.2514/3.12747}
}
|
| Ellis CMR (1992), "Structural Member and Method of Manufacture", WO Patent WO9209766. |
| Abstract: A structure is provided which may be formed from a sheet of paper, synthetic plastics or metal. The structure when assembled comprises a series of parallelograms arranged in a tessellating fashion. Uses of the structure include as a membrane for use in heat transfer equipment, or as a filter; as a structure arranged to absorb energy such as in crumpling or in sound absorption; as a mixing promotor so as to improve heat transfer or turbulence within reaction vessels or as a building slab, when suitably supported. The advantages of the structure depend on the particular use. For example when used as a slab for building it has a very high strength to weight ratio. |
BibTeX:
@misc{ellis1992,
author = {C. M. R. Ellis},
title = {Structural Member and Method of Manufacture},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO9209766},
year = {1992}
}
|
| Elsayed A and Basily B (2010), "Technology for continuous folding of sheet materials into a honeycomb-like configuration", US Patent 7758487. |
| Abstract: A machine and method for the continuous folding of sheet material into different three-dimensional patterns. The innovative machine and method folds sheet material by force converging the sheet to a final stage that imparts a final fold or pattern into the sheet material, the patterns selectively including one of a Chevron pattern, a honeycomb-like pattern, a double-sided inclined folded core structure, and singular inclined direction folded core structure sheet material. |
BibTeX:
@misc{elsayed2010,
author = {A. Elsayed and B. Basily},
title = {Technology for continuous folding of sheet materials into a honeycomb-like configuration},
howpublished = {US Patent 7758487},
year = {2010},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7758487.html}
}
|
| Elsayed EA and Basily B (2004), "A continuous folding process for sheet materials", International Journal of Materials and Product Technology. Vol. 21(1-2), pp. 217-238. |
| Abstract: In this paper, we present a new and innovative sheet material folding technology and the associated advances in folding different patterns using continuous manufacturing techniques. A novel approach is developed for the continuous folding process where sheet material is progressively folded in two dimensions, through a set of rollers, followed by a configured roller for the final folding in the third dimension. The final roller can be designed for longitudinal folding, cross-folding and angular folding to produce the desired folded pattern. This process is more economical than the traditional forming processes. An application of this process to the production of impact energy absorption structures is presented. |
BibTeX:
@article{elsayed2004,
author = {E. A. Elsayed and B. Basily},
title = {A continuous folding process for sheet materials},
journal = {International Journal of Materials and Product Technology},
year = {2004},
volume = {21},
number = {1-2},
pages = {217-238},
doi = {10.1504/IJMPT.2004.004753}
}
|
| Elsayed EA and Basily BB (2007), "Applications of Folding Flat Sheets of Materials into 3-D Intricate Engineering Designs" |
| Abstract: Folding of flat sheets of material into intricate three-dimensional structures provides a new technology for production of cores and sandwich structures of high strength/weight and/or strength/volume ratios. Geometric patterns are generated by transforming flat sheets of materials (traditional or composite) by imposing a permanent fold at specific edges of tessellated sheets. This might result in new structures with improved mechanical properties and light weight. They are also developed at a cost significantly less that any existing manufacturing process. Folding technology for sheet material is unique and one of the most efficient shape and structural forming processes. Other production methods such as stretch-drawing, forging, pressing, casting and fabrication may appear to produce three-dimensional patterns that are cosmetically similar but the mechanical properties of the resultant patterns are significantly different. This is particularly so in the case of folding thin sheet materials where variations in sheet thickness and/or mechanical properties are unacceptable. In this paper we present new approaches for sheet folding and investigate the use of sheet folding theory and technology in generating 3-D intricate engineering designs. We describe the theory of generating different patterns by folding flat sheets of materials. We investigate the effect of the parameters of the pattern in terms of its material type and geometry on its performance measures of the folded patterns. We then describe the manufacturing process that transforms a flat sheet of material into the desired pattern. The advantages and limitation of the process are discussed in details. |
BibTeX:
@unpublished{elsayed2007,
author = {E. A. Elsayed and Basily B. Basily},
title = {Applications of Folding Flat Sheets of Materials into 3-D Intricate Engineering Designs},
year = {2007},
url = {http://coewww.rutgers.edu/ie/research/working_paper_2007.html}
}
|
| Endres GC and Weber H (2009), "Method of producing a folded honeycomb structure for a sandwich component and foldable sheet-like material", US Patent Application 20090104411. |
| Abstract: In a method of producing a folded honeycomb structure for a sandwich component a sheet-like material is provided. The sheet-like material comprises a softening temperature and is heated to at least the softening temperature in a region about predetermined folding lines. Then, the sheet-like material is folded along the heated region of the folding lines into the folded honeycomb structure. |
BibTeX:
@misc{endres2009,
author = {G. C. Endres and H. Weber},
title = {Method of producing a folded honeycomb structure for a sandwich component and foldable sheet-like material},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20090104411},
year = {2009},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2009/0104411.html}
}
|
| Engel H (1968), "Structure Systems" , pp. 151-164. Praeger.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{engel1968,
author = {Heino Engel},
title = {Structure Systems},
publisher = {Praeger},
year = {1968},
pages = {151--164},
note = {Foreword by Ralph Rapson}
}
|
| Esposito A and Guibilato C (1980), "Coffrage Telescopique pour Linteaux en Arcs de cercle Surbaisses", FR Patent FR2457360. |
BibTeX:
@misc{esposito1980,
author = {A. Esposito and C. Guibilato},
title = {Coffrage Telescopique pour Linteaux en Arcs de cercle Surbaisses},
howpublished = {FR Patent FR2457360},
year = {1980},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?FT=E&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=FR&NR=2457360&KC=A1}
}
|
| Evans B (1997), "Concrete in Flight; AJ Feature", The Architects' Journal. |
BibTeX:
@article{evans1997,
author = {B. Evans},
title = {Concrete in Flight; AJ Feature},
journal = {The Architects' Journal},
year = {1997},
url = {http://www.ajspecification.com/Buildings/B_Home_Page/?CI_Building_ID=280}
}
|
| Evans KE (1991), "The design of doubly curved sandwich panels with honeycomb cores", Composite Structures. Vol. 17(2), pp. 95-111. |
| Abstract: Conventional sandwich panels that are made from a thick, two-dimensional honeycomb core with laminated outer skins are normally only fabricated as flat panels. Attempts to produce doubly curved panels lead to failure of the core by local buckling of the honeycomb cell walls. It is shown that, by modifying the honeycomb geometry, a range of doubly curved panel cores can be formed that can be either synclastic or anticlastic. Varying the cell geometry produces different combinations of curvature, honeycomb density and mechanical properties. The inter-relationship between these different properties is illustrated. |
BibTeX:
@article{evans1991,
author = {K. E. Evans},
title = {The design of doubly curved sandwich panels with honeycomb cores},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {1991},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {95-111},
doi = {10.1016/0263-8223(91)90064-6}
}
|
| Evans KE and Alderson A (2000), "Auxetic Materials: Functional Materials and Structures from Lateral Thinking!", Advanced Materials. Vol. 12(9), pp. 617 - 628. |
BibTeX:
@article{evans2000,
author = {K. E. Evans and A. Alderson},
title = {Auxetic Materials: Functional Materials and Structures from Lateral Thinking!},
journal = {Advanced Materials},
year = {2000},
volume = {12},
number = {9},
pages = {617 - 628},
doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(200005)12:9<617::AID-ADMA617>3.0.CO;2-3}
}
|
| Ewald W (1948), "Reinforced Structural Sheet", US Patent 2441476. |
BibTeX:
@misc{ewald1948,
author = {W. Ewald},
title = {Reinforced Structural Sheet},
howpublished = {US Patent 2441476},
year = {1948},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2441476.html}
}
|
| Farmer GD and Spangler WB (1962), "Investigation of Calottan Sheet Stiffening Process" |
| Abstract: This investigation revealed that metallic sheet materials when cold formed in the CALOTTAN stiffening pattern show increased rigidity and impact resistance worth considering in equipment design. However, this pattern like all stiffening patterns known to the authors displays preferred axes of rigidity. The investigation also showed that rigidized metallic sheet available in the United States from X Company is approximately as efficient as calottized sheet. |
BibTeX:
@techreport{farmer1962,
author = {G. D. Farmer and W. B. Spangler},
title = {Investigation of Calottan Sheet Stiffening Process},
year = {1962},
url = {http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD296519}
}
|
| Farmer S (2004), "Large-displacement buckling in thin elastic plates". Thesis at: University of Cambridge. |
| Abstract: The surface of a thin sheet (of paper or any other material) which has been crumpled can be seen to be covered by a series of high-curvature ridges that meet at sharp points. Indeed, the Föppel-von Kármán (FvK) equations for the large-displacement of a thin elastic sheet predict just such a geometry; and they also show that the point-like regions have the geometry of a so-called ‘developable cone’. ‘Developable Cones’ can be isolated and studied in detail by the application of a central point load to a flat circular plate resting on a circular support. The plate is seen to buckle, with the post-buckled plate containing two distinct regions. First, due to the fact that bending a thin plate is ‘easier’ than stretching it, a region of the plate lifts off the support to form a large buckle. Second, the remainder of the plate forms a shallow conical region. The post-buckled geometry is developable everywhere except in a small crescent-shaped region at the centre of the plate, where a combination of bending and stretching occur. We have studied experimentally the geometry of ‘developable cones’ in both the elastic and elastic-plastic regimes. Subsequently, a finite-element analysis has been conducted for similar plates to the experiments, and shown to give corresponding results. It has then been used to extend both the range of the geometry and the material properties of the plates considered. Hence, empirical relationships have been derived between measureable plate parameters to describe the geometry of ‘developable cones’. In particular, the crease which separates the buckled and conical regions of a deformed plate which is best described as a curve on the plate in its initial, flat configuration – here called the Flattened Curve - has been shown to be approximately stationary on the surface of the plate, apart from in the region of its apex where its geometry changes a little as the deformation proceeds. Also, the regions of highest energy density and stress have been found to be concentrated along the ‘flattened curve’ and along the ridge that runs from the centre of the plate to its edge along the centre of the buckle. Furthermore, analytical models have shown that the stretching and bending behaviour of the crease in the apex region is analogous to the ‘knuckle’ found in an inverted sphere. Thus, using simplified models for the buckled geometry of a plate the energy of the crease has been found; and by a balance of this energy with the bending energy in the remainder of the plate, an empirical relationship between the central force and the deformation of the plate has been found that agrees with the experimental and numerical results. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{farmer2004,
author = {S. Farmer},
title = {Large-displacement buckling in thin elastic plates},
school = {University of Cambridge},
year = {2004}
}
|
| Fenu L, Madeddu T and Pusole P (2007), "On the Design of Shells Stiffened with Ribs with Fractal Pattern", In IASS Symposium 2007. Venice, Italy, December 3-6, 2007. |
| Abstract: Fractal geometry, defined in the 1970’s by the famous French mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, has been undoubetly an extraordinary discovery. Although rather recent , it has influenced a number of different scientific disciplines, by disclosing new ways of knowledge, opening different points of view, and providing a new research tool. It has allowed us to know new geometrical forms that often, among the other things, are very beautiful and harmonious. Many crystals and live beings have a fractal form, and actually fractal figures have often an organic appearance. Natural structures with fractal geometry are the results of growth processes, and this gives some design suggestions from a structural point of view. Therefore, in some cases a structure can be considered as generated through a natural growth process, and by designing it a fractal geometry could be suitable. In this paper we analyse how to stiff the shell of an elevated water tank by using ribs with fractal pattern. The elevated water tank is considered as a particular artificial tree where the pedestal corresponds to the trunk and the ribs to the branches. Their generation through affine trasformations is studied and different fractal patterns of the shell ribs are analysed. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{fenu2007,
author = {L. Fenu and T. Madeddu and P. Pusole},
title = {On the Design of Shells Stiffened with Ribs with Fractal Pattern},
booktitle = {IASS Symposium 2007},
year = {2007},
note = {Paper PAP196}
}
|
| Fischer S and Drechsler K (2008), "Aluminium Foldcores for Sandwich Structure Application", In Proceedings of International Symposium on Cellular metals for structural and functional applications (CELLMET2008). Dresden, October 8-10, 2008. |
| Abstract: Foldcores are origami-like three dimensional structures which are manufactured by folding a planar thin base material. The application of Foldcores is being used as structural sandwich cores. They show some advantages compared to established sandwich cores like allowing ventilation, good thermal insulation and adjustable mechanical properties which are related to the unit cell geometry. In addition to that, cheap production of Foldcores in a continuous process is possible (1). In this work the mechanical properties of Foldcores manufactured out of 0.1 mm thick sheets of aluminium EN AW-1050A have been investigated. EN AW-1050A was used because of its distinctive ductile behaviour which enables the material to be folded. The elastic constants of the aluminium have been measured in tension tests. Because of the low thickness and therefore low tensile stiffness of the tensile test sample, strain measurement has been performed with contactless optical methods and not with strain gauges to avoid influencing the sample’s stiffness. The test data was used to set up a nonlinear material model for EN AW-1050A which has been implemented in FE-codes. Four different Foldcore unit cells have been designed within a parameter study. The design variables were two different core heights and two different core densities. Samples for standard static sandwich tests according to DIN 53291 (flatwise compression) and DIN 53294 (transverse shear) from these geometries were manufactured and tested. The mechanical tests Determination of the stiffness properties of aluminium Foldcores via FE-simulation shows encouraging correlation with mechanical tests. This will support further unit cell design and Foldcore development because the effort for mechanical testing can be reduced. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{fischer2008b,
author = {S. Fischer and K. Drechsler},
title = {Aluminium Foldcores for Sandwich Structure Application},
booktitle = {Proceedings of International Symposium on Cellular metals for structural and functional applications (CELLMET2008)},
year = {2008}
}
|
| Fischer S, Drechsler K, Kilchert S and Johnson A (2008), "Mechanical Tests for Foldcore Base Material Properties", In CompTest 2008 - Composite Testing and Model Identification. Dayton, Ohio, USA, 20-22 October, 2008. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{fischer2008,
author = {S. Fischer and K. Drechsler and S. Kilchert and A. Johnson},
title = {Mechanical Tests for Foldcore Base Material Properties},
booktitle = {CompTest 2008 - Composite Testing and Model Identification},
year = {2008},
url = {http://academic.udayton.edu/stevendonaldson/presentations/Fischer.pdf}
}
|
| Fischer S, Drechsler K, Kilchert S and Johnson A (2009), "Mechanical tests for foldcore base material properties", Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 40(12), pp. 1941-1952. |
| Abstract: Foldcore is an origami-like structural sandwich core which is manufactured by folding a planar base material into a three-dimensional structure. The manufacturing technology is open to a variety of base materials and also a range of unit cell geometries is feasible. FE-simulation is used to support mechanical testing of foldcores. Required input data for FE-simulation is a material model of the base material. So a test programme for aramid paper, the actual standard base material for foldcore production, is developed. A material model is extracted from test data and implemented in commercial FE-codes. |
BibTeX:
@article{fischer2009,
author = {Sebastian Fischer and Klaus Drechsler and Sebastian Kilchert and Alastair Johnson},
title = {Mechanical tests for foldcore base material properties},
journal = {Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing},
year = {2009},
volume = {40},
number = {12},
pages = {1941-1952},
doi = {10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.03.005}
}
|
| Fischer S, Heimbs S, Kilchert S, Klaus M and Cluzel C (2009), "Sandwich Structures with Folded Core: Manufacturing and Mechanical Behaviour", In SEICO 09 - SAMPE EUROPE 30th International Jubilee Conference and Forum. |
| Abstract: A foldcore is an origami-like structural sandwich core, which is manufactured by folding a planar base material into a three-dimensional structure. The development of foldcores and production methods is carried out at the moment at the University of Stuttgart in Germany and the Kazan State Technical University in Russia. Within the project CELPACT various foldcores with different unit cell geometries and different base materials were produced and tested, including flatwise compression tests and transverse shear tests. Also the base materials were tested in tension and compression tests in order to obtain their material data. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{fischer2009b,
author = {S. Fischer and S. Heimbs and S. Kilchert and M. Klaus and C. Cluzel},
title = {Sandwich Structures with Folded Core: Manufacturing and Mechanical Behaviour},
booktitle = {SEICO 09 - SAMPE EUROPE 30th International Jubilee Conference and Forum},
year = {2009},
url = {http://www.heimbs-online.de/Heimbs_2009_SAMPE1.pdf}
}
|
| Focatiis DSAD and Guest SD (2002), "Deployable membranes designed from folding tree leaves", Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A. Vol. 360(1791), pp. 227-238. |
| Abstract: A simple model of deploying tree leaves is assembled in different arrangements to produce polygonal foldable membranes for use as deployable structures. One family of folding patterns exhibits a small strain mechanism, which is investigated. Variations on the basic arrangements can be used to fold membranes with a discretized curvature. |
BibTeX:
@article{defocatiis2002,
author = {D. S. A. De Focatiis and S. D. Guest},
title = {Deployable membranes designed from folding tree leaves},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A},
year = {2002},
volume = {360},
number = {1791},
pages = {227-238},
doi = {10.1098/rsta.2001.0928}
}
|
| Fort PL (1970), "Bending of perforated plates with square penetration patterns", Nuclear Engineering and Design. Vol. 12(1), pp. 122-134. |
| Abstract: This paper presents the application of the field equations governing the bending of plates, with shear deformation present, to the study of perforated plates. Results presented here are the effective elastic constants in bending for a wide range of ligament efficiencies and depth to pitch ratios. The point-matching or collocation method was used to determine the solution coefficients with numerical calculations carried out on a GE 635 computer. |
BibTeX:
@article{lefort1970,
author = {P. Le Fort},
title = {Bending of perforated plates with square penetration patterns},
journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Design},
year = {1970},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {122-134},
doi = {10.1016/0029-5493(70)90138-X}
}
|
| Foster CG and Krishnakumar S (1986), "A Class of Transportable Demountable Structures", Space Structures : an International Journal. Vol. 2(3), pp. 129-137. |
| Abstract: A family of foldable, portable structures is described which is based on the Yoshimura buckle pattern for axially compressed cylindrical shells. Triangular panels are joined to form a structure which has considerable shape flexibility, but rigidity when erected. By suitable arrangement of panels, structures with large clear spans are possible. |
BibTeX:
@article{foster1986,
author = {C. G. Foster and S. Krishnakumar},
title = {A Class of Transportable Demountable Structures},
journal = {Space Structures : an International Journal},
year = {1986},
volume = {2},
number = {3},
pages = {129--137}
}
|
| Fraser AW (1935), "Corrugated structural unit", US Patent 1996004. |
BibTeX:
@misc{fraser1935,
author = {A. W. Fraser},
title = {Corrugated structural unit},
howpublished = {US Patent 1996004},
year = {1935},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1996004.html}
}
|
| Freeze JR (1930), "Machine for corrugating sheet metal", US Patent 1766743. |
BibTeX:
@misc{freeze1930,
author = {J. R. Freeze},
title = {Machine for corrugating sheet metal},
howpublished = {US Patent 1766743},
year = {1930},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1766743.html}
}
|
| French MJ and Petty JWL (1965), "Extensible metal sheets", US Patent 3184094. |
BibTeX:
@misc{french1965,
author = {M. J. French and J. W. L. Petty},
title = {Extensible metal sheets},
howpublished = {US Patent 3184094},
year = {1965},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3184094.html}
}
|
| Frey WH (2004), "Modeling buckled developable surfaces by triangulation ", Computer-Aided Design . Vol. 36(4), pp. 299-313 . |
| Abstract: In the first stage of sheet metal stamping, a binder ring, an annular surface surrounding the die cavity, clamps down on the flat blank, bending it to a developable binder wrap surface which may be smooth or buckled. Buckles generally appear in the binder wrap when the binder ring does not lie on a smooth developable surface that spans the die cavity. However, sometimes buckles can improve the formability of the stamped part, so the ability to design buckled developable surfaces becomes desirable. Designing buckled developable surfaces requires geometric modeling of creases and other singularities in the interior a flat sheet. In this paper we review the properties of such surfaces, show how to approximate buckled binder wrap surfaces by developable three-dimensional triangulations and discuss the insights gained from specific examples. |
BibTeX:
@article{frey2004,
author = {William H. Frey},
title = {Modeling buckled developable surfaces by triangulation },
journal = {Computer-Aided Design },
year = {2004},
volume = {36},
number = {4},
pages = {299-313 },
doi = {10.1016/S0010-4485(03)00105-2}
}
|
| Friswell MI, Herencia JE, Baker D and Weaver PM (2008), "The Optimisation of Hierarchical Structures with Applications to Morphing Aircraft", In Second International Conference on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization and Applications. Gijon, Spain, 3-5 September 2008, 2008. |
| Abstract: Many structures, both man made and in nature, are hierarchical in the sense that there are structures on more than one length scale and the performance is enhanced by the optimization of such a system. The length scales involved can go down to the micro and nano scales, for example considering the crystal structure of solids. However the emphasis in this paper is the macro length scale and the use of hierarchical designs to morph aircraft wings. Two examples will be given, namely the optimization of the composite lay-up to enhance a structure’s anisotropic properties and the optimization of truss and skin elements in a compliant mechanism approach to morphing aircraft. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{friswell2008,
author = {M. I. Friswell and J. E. Herencia and D. Baker and P. M. Weaver},
title = {The Optimisation of Hierarchical Structures with Applications to Morphing Aircraft},
booktitle = {Second International Conference on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization and Applications},
year = {2008},
url = {http://michael.friswell.com/PDF_Files/C255.pdf}
}
|
| Fritz PJ, Tice DA and Rabb LR (1996), "Metal liner for a fiber-reinforced plastic tank", US Patent 5535912. |
| Abstract: A metal clad article comprising: a cured layer of fiber-reinforced plastic; and a metal facing on the plastic layer, the metal facing having a length, a width and a thickness such that the length and the width are substantially greater than the thickness, and the metal facing being formed into a three-dimensional pattern repeating in the direction of the length and in the direction of the width and having a period of repetition in said length and width directions of at least twice the thickness, and the pattern having a depth, in the direction of the thickness, of at least twice the thickness. |
BibTeX:
@misc{fritz1996,
author = {P. J. Fritz and D. A. Tice and L. R. Rabb},
title = {Metal liner for a fiber-reinforced plastic tank},
howpublished = {US Patent 5535912},
year = {1996},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5535912.html}
}
|
| Frostig Y (2009), "Elastica of sandwich panels with a transversely flexible core—A high-order theory approach", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 46(10), pp. 2043-2059. |
| Abstract: The elastica behavior of an extensional sandwich panel with a “soft” core when subjected to in-plane compressive loads is presented and it is compared with the response of its extensional equivalent single layer (ESL) with shear deformations model. The field equations along with the appropriate boundary conditions for the sandwich and the ESL panels have been derived through a variational approach following the High-order SAndwich Panel Theory (HSAPT) approach that takes into account the vertical flexibility of the core. The governing equations include the effects of the extension of the mid-surfaces of the face sheets of the sandwich panel or the mid-plane of the ESL model which the classical elastica approach misses. The results of the elastica response of a clamped-simply-supported sandwich panel and its ESL counterpart are presented and compared. They include the response along the panel, deformed shapes and equilibrium curves of in-plane loads versus structural quantities such as displacements and internal stress resultants and stresses. These results reveal that the predicted buckling load of the ESL panel is larger than that of the sandwich panel and that deep in the non-linear range the upper face sheet wrinkles with increasing overall and edge displacements and a release of the load. Hence, the use of an equivalent single layer panel especially when a sandwich panel with a compliant core is considered may lead to unsafe and unreliable predictions when large displacements and large rotations are considered. |
BibTeX:
@article{frostig2009,
author = {Yeoshua Frostig},
title = {Elastica of sandwich panels with a transversely flexible core—A high-order theory approach},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2009},
volume = {46},
number = {10},
pages = {2043-2059},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.05.007}
}
|
| Fuchs D and Tabachnikov S (1999), "More on Paperfolding", The American Mathematical Monthly. Vol. 106(1), pp. 27-35. |
BibTeX:
@article{fuchs1999,
author = {D. Fuchs and S. Tabachnikov},
title = {More on Paperfolding},
journal = {The American Mathematical Monthly},
year = {1999},
volume = {106},
number = {1},
pages = {27-35},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9890%28199901%29106%3A1%3C27%3AMOP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23}
}
|
| Furry WC (1917), "Mold for forming concrete structures", US Patent 1233567. |
BibTeX:
@misc{furry1917,
author = {W. C. Furry},
title = {Mold for forming concrete structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 1233567},
year = {1917},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1233567.html}
}
|
| Gale GW (2010), "Three-dimensional support structure", US Patent 7762938. |
| Abstract: A three-dimensional support structure is provided and includes a single sheet of material that is folded into a repeating pattern of cells. Each of the cells is formed by first and second spaced-apart endwalls and first and second sloped sidewalls spanning between the endwalls. Each endwall comprises two plies of material while each sidewall comprises a single ply of material. The first and second sidewalls are adjoined at a folded edge. The cells are aligned such that the first endwall of one cell from the repeating pattern abuts the second endwall of an adjacent cell of the repeating pattern to form a four-ply wall of the material. A first liner may be attached to a first side of the folded material and a second liner may be attached to a second side of the folded material. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gale2010,
author = {G. W. Gale},
title = {Three-dimensional support structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 7762938},
year = {2010},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7762938.html}
}
|
| Galletly DA and Guest SD (2004), "Bistable composite slit tubes. I. A beam model", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 41(16-17), pp. 4517-4533. |
| Abstract: Composite slit tubes with a circular cross-section show an interesting variety in their large-deformation behaviour, that depends on the layup of the surface that is used: tubes made from many antisymmetric laminae are bistable, and have a compact coiled configuration, tubes made from similar, but symmetric, laminae do not have a compact coiled state, and indeed may not be bistable, while tubes made from an isotropic sheet are not bistable. A simple model is presented here that is able to distinguish between these behaviours; it assumes that the cross-section remains circular, but allows twist, which is shown to be the key to making the distinction between the behaviours described. |
BibTeX:
@article{galletly2004a,
author = {Diana A. Galletly and Simon D. Guest},
title = {Bistable composite slit tubes. I. A beam model},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2004},
volume = {41},
number = {16--17},
pages = {4517--4533},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.02.036}
}
|
| Galletly DA and Guest SD (2004), "Bistable composite slit tubes. II. A shell model", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 41(16-17), pp. 4503-4516. |
| Abstract: The detailed shape of bistable tubes at a second stable equilibrium point is examined. The existence of a short �boundary layer' at the edge of the tube is found, which is particularly significant for tubes that are initially shallow. |
BibTeX:
@article{galletly2004b,
author = {Diana A. Galletly and Simon D. Guest},
title = {Bistable composite slit tubes. II. A shell model},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2004},
volume = {41},
number = {16--17},
pages = {4503--4516},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.02.037}
}
|
| Gantes C, Connor JJ and Logcher RD (1994), "Equivalent Continuum Model for Deployable Flat Lattice Structures", Journal of Aerospace Engineering. Vol. 7(1), pp. 72-91. |
| Abstract: Deployable structures can be stored in a compact, folded configuration and are easily deployed into load-bearing, open forms. Hence, they are suitable for applications where speed and ease of erection and reusability are desired. The structures investigated here are prefabricated space frames made of so called scissor-like elements, sets of two straight bars connected to each other by a pivot. These structures are stress-free and self-standing in both their folded and deployed configurations, thus overcoming major disadvantages of previous designs. This study deals with deployable structures that are flat and subjected to normal loads in their deployed configuration. Although the behavior for that loading case is linear, the availability of an equivalent continuum model for stiffness prediction is desirable because it can significantly reduce the computational effort during preliminary design. The derivation of such a model is not straightforward because of the unorthodox geometry and the rotations allowed by the hinged and pivotal connections. This problem is addressed by first applying the direct stiffness method within a symbolic manipulation framework to transform the lattice structure to an equivalent single-layer grid, and then using existing expressions to obtain the desired equivalent plate. The model exhibits good accuracy and convergence characteristics for uniform loads. |
BibTeX:
@article{gantes1994,
author = {Charis Gantes and Jerome J. Connor and Robert D. Logcher},
title = {Equivalent Continuum Model for Deployable Flat Lattice Structures},
journal = {Journal of Aerospace Engineering},
year = {1994},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {72-91},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0893-1321(1994)7:1(72)}
}
|
| García R (2006), "Concrete Folded Plates in the Netherlands", In Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History [Volume 2]. Queens' College, Cambridge University, United Kingdom, March 29 -- April 2, 2006. , pp. 1189-1208.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@conference{garcia2006,
author = {Rafael García},
title = {Concrete Folded Plates in the Netherlands},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History [Volume 2]},
year = {2006},
pages = {1189--1208}
}
|
| Gauss CF (1828), "Disquisitiones Generales Circa Superficies Curvas"
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{gauss1828,
author = {C. F. Gauss},
title = {Disquisitiones Generales Circa Superficies Curvas},
year = {1828}
}
|
| Gauss CF (1902), "General investigations of curved surfaces of 1827 and 1825." |
BibTeX:
@book{gauss1902,
author = {C. F. Gauss},
title = {General investigations of curved surfaces of 1827 and 1825.},
year = {1902},
note = {Translation with notes and a bibliography by J. C. Morehead and A. M. Hiltebeitel},
url = {http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ABR1255.0001.001}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1959), "Constructional sheet material and a machine for producing the same", GB Patent GB815523. |
| Abstract: Sheet metal is provided with sharp corrugations of zig-zag or sinuous form by passing it step by step between transverse rows of dies 3, 4 carried by plates 1, 2 separable by cams 14, 141. The face of each die 3, 4 is in the form of four parallelograms, the inclinations of which increase towards the left, Fig. 9, and the various rows of dies are mounted so as to permit a slight separation thereof under control of a pivoted member 31 coupled thereto through links 33, 32. The material is advanced by two pairs of jaws 7, 8 and 5, 6. The jaws 7, 8 are advanced and retracted by a lever 43 and are opened and closed by a cam 40. The jaws 5, 6 are advanced and retracted by a lever 34 and opened and closed by cam surfaces 22, 23, and operate the pivoted member 31 by links 29, 30. A stop bar 9 holds the folded material during movement of the jaws 5-8. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1959,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Constructional sheet material and a machine for producing the same},
howpublished = {GB Patent GB815523},
year = {1959}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1959), "Method and means for producing constructional sheet material", UK Patent GB815522. |
| Abstract: Doubly corrugated packaging boards. Sheet material for filter screens, packaging boards, &c., is provided with longitudinal folds and with transverse corrugations of zig-zag or sinuous form by a two-stage process. The material 45 is passed from a reel 44 over a curved bar 47 and between interengaging harrow members 46, 46 which form longitudinal V-shaped folds. It is then gripped by pairs of bars 48, 48 and 49, 49 which are moved towards one another so that the material 101 between them is bent and shaped between the bars 48, 49 to form transverse sharp corrugations 50. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1959b,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Method and means for producing constructional sheet material},
howpublished = {UK Patent GB815522},
year = {1959}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1960), "Arrangement for the mechanical and continuous production of developable herring-bone structures", US Patent 2950656. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1960,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Arrangement for the mechanical and continuous production of developable herring-bone structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 2950656},
year = {1960},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2950656.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1964), "Method and means for the formation of herring-bone structures", US Patent 3135174. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1964,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Method and means for the formation of herring-bone structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 3135174},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3135174.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1964), "Process and apparatus for forming transverse corrugations of all forms in a sheet or band of malleable material", US Patent 3150576. September, 1964. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1964b,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Process and apparatus for forming transverse corrugations of all forms in a sheet or band of malleable material},
howpublished = {US Patent 3150576},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3150576.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1967), "Sandwich structure with novel core element", US Patent 3313080. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1967,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Sandwich structure with novel core element},
howpublished = {US Patent 3313080},
year = {1967},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3313080.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1967), "Shape, constitution and processes for manufacturing materials derived from developable chevroned configurations", US Patent 3351441. November, 1967. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1967b,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Shape, constitution and processes for manufacturing materials derived from developable chevroned configurations},
howpublished = {US Patent 3351441},
year = {1967},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3351441.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1968), "Process and devices for chevroning pliable sheet material", US Patent 3397261. August, 1968. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1968,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Process and devices for chevroning pliable sheet material},
howpublished = {US Patent 3397261},
year = {1968},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3397261.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1969), "Method for forming herringbone configurations for sandwich structure", US Patent 3433692. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1969,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Method for forming herringbone configurations for sandwich structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3433692},
year = {1969},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3433692.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1976), "Sheet with alternate protrusions and recesses", US Patent 3992162. November, 1976. |
| Abstract: A sheet of material having a succession of spaced alternate protrusions and recesses, the walls of each such protrusion and recess being composed exclusively of non-rectangular elementary surfaces joining each other in an undulatory manner at the ridges of said protrusions and recesses along a single line having a plurality of points at which it changes direction to form a plurality of undulations and at each of which points border lines of at least four of said elementary surfaces converge, said surfaces being ruled in a direction extending from one ridge line to another, the sum of the angles formed on said surfaces between said border lines at each of said points being equal to 360°. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1976,
author = {L. V. Gewiss},
title = {Sheet with alternate protrusions and recesses},
howpublished = {US Patent 3992162},
year = {1976},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3992162.html}
}
|
| Gewiss LV (1977), "Machine for manufacturing herringbone-pleated structures", US Patent 4012932. |
| Abstract: A machine for manufacturing herringbone-pleated structures of a type particularly suitable for use in cylindrical or flat filter elements. The machine includes consecutive feeding forming and bunching components by which a continuous band of flat sheet material, which may be pre-pleated longitudinally, is fed between a pair of endless forming assemblies which cooperate to form continuously a roughed-out shape of the final herringbone-pleated structure and which also advance to a bunching means positioned downstream from the forming assemblies. The bunching means operates to tighten up the folds of the roughed-out shape both longitudinally and transversely to provide the final structure. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gewiss1977,
author = {Lucien Victor Gewiss},
title = {Machine for manufacturing herringbone-pleated structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 4012932},
year = {1977},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4012932.html}
}
|
| Giampieri A, Perego U and Borsari R (2011), "A constitutive model for the mechanical response of the folding of creased paperboard", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 48(16-17), pp. 2275 - 2287. |
| Abstract: Paperboard is a widely used material in industrial processes, in particular for packaging purposes. Packages are obtained through a forming process, in which a flat laminated sheet is converted into the final 3-D solid. In the package forming process, it is common practice to score the paperboard laminate with crease lines, in order to obtain folds with sharp edges and to minimize the initiation and propagation of flaws during the subsequent folding procedures. In this work, a constitutive model for the mechanical response of crease lines is proposed and validated on the basis of experimental tests available in the literature. The model has been implemented in an interface finite element to be placed between adjacent shell elements and is intended for large-scale computations of package forming processes. For this reason, the material model has been developed at the macroscopic scale in terms of generalized variables, aiming at computational effectiveness. |
BibTeX:
@article{giampieri2011,
author = {A. Giampieri and U. Perego and R. Borsari},
title = {A constitutive model for the mechanical response of the folding of creased paperboard},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2011},
volume = {48},
number = {16-17},
pages = {2275 - 2287},
doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2011.04.002}
}
|
| Gibson LJ and Ashby MF (1999), "Cellular Solids, Structure and Properties" Cambridge University Press. |
BibTeX:
@book{gibson1999,
author = {Lorna J. Gibson and Michael F. Ashby},
title = {Cellular Solids, Structure and Properties},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
year = {1999},
edition = {Second},
doi = {10.2277/0521499119}
}
|
| Girot P (1964), "Connecting element for expansion joints", US Patent 3118523. |
BibTeX:
@misc{girot1964,
author = {P. Girot},
title = {Connecting element for expansion joints},
howpublished = {US Patent 3118523},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3118523.html}
}
|
| Gitlin B, Kveton A and Lalvani H (2003), "Method of bending sheet metal to form three-dimensional structures", US Patent 6640605. |
| Abstract: A method for bending sheet metal includes introducing to the sheet metal thinned regions which are positioned either along or immediately adjacent to a bending line. These thinned regions allow the metal to be easily bent along the bending line using conventional hand tools or non-specialized machines. The thinned regions may be shaped as slots having a specific width, length, end shape, spacing from each adjacent slot, and depth into the metal sheet. According to one embodiment of the invention, each slot is cut through the entire thickness of the metal sheet. Other related embodiments require that the slots be only partially cut or etched thereby having a depth that is less than the thickness of the metal sheet. The thinned regions may be any appropriate shape as controlled by the shape of the bend, the type of metal, the thickness of the metal, the ductility of the metal, the angle of the bend, and the application of the metal (e.g., load bearing, etc). According to a second embodiment, two generally parallel sets of thinned regions are formed adjacent and generally parallel to the bending line. In a preferred application, the two sets of thinned regions are slots (cutting through the metal) and are staggered or offset with respect to each other. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gitlin2003,
author = {B. Gitlin and A. Kveton and H. Lalvani},
title = {Method of bending sheet metal to form three-dimensional structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 6640605},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6640605.html}
}
|
| Gjerde E (2005--2008), "Origami Tessellations, geometric design, art, and related topics.", Website: www.origamitesselations.com. |
BibTeX:
@misc{gjerde2008,
author = {E. Gjerde},
title = {Origami Tessellations, geometric design, art, and related topics.},
howpublished = {Website: www.origamitesselations.com},
year = {2005--2008},
url = {www.origamitesselations.com}
}
|
| Gjerde E (2008), "Origami Tessellations. Awe-Inspiring Geometric Designs" AK Peters. |
BibTeX:
@book{gjerde2008b,
author = {Eric Gjerde},
title = {Origami Tessellations. Awe-Inspiring Geometric Designs},
publisher = {AK Peters},
year = {2008},
url = {http://www.akpeters.com/product.asp?ProdCode=4513}
}
|
| Gonella S and Ruzzene M (2008), "Homogenization and equivalent in-plane properties of two-dimensional periodic lattices", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 45(10), pp. 2897-2915. |
| Abstract: The equivalent in-plane properties for hexagonal and re-entrant (auxetic) lattices are investigated through the analysis of partial differential equations associated with their homogenized continuum models. The adopted homogenization technique interprets the discrete lattice equations according to a finite differences formalism, and it is applied in conjunction with the finite element description of the lattice unit cell. It therefore allows handling of structures with different levels of complexity and internal geometry within a general and compact framework, which can be easily implemented. The estimation of the mechanical properties is carried out through a comparison between the derived differential equations and appropriate elasticity models. Equivalent Young’s moduli, Poisson’s ratios and relative density are estimated and compared with analytical formulae available in the literature. In-plane wave propagation characteristics of honeycombs are also investigated to evaluate phase velocity variation in terms of frequency and direction of propagation. Comparisons are performed with the values obtained through the application of Bloch theorem for two-dimensional periodic structures, to show the accuracy of the technique and highlight limitations introduced by the long wavelength approximation associated with the homogenization technique. |
BibTeX:
@article{gonella2008,
author = {S. Gonella and M. Ruzzene},
title = {Homogenization and equivalent in-plane properties of two-dimensional periodic lattices},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2008},
volume = {45},
number = {10},
pages = {2897-2915},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.01.002}
}
|
| Gould J (2006), "A mould", WO Patent WO2006048652. |
| Abstract: A mould is disclosed comprising: at least one malleable mould member for defining a mould surface; and a plurality of actuators for forming said mould member into a pre-determined shape |
BibTeX:
@misc{gould2006,
author = {J. Gould},
title = {A mould},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO2006048652},
year = {2006}
}
|
| Grünbaum B and Shephard GC (1986), "Tilings and Patterns: An Introduction" W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{grunbaum1986,
author = {B. Grünbaum and G. C. Shephard},
title = {Tilings and Patterns: An Introduction},
publisher = {W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd},
year = {1986}
}
|
| Graham P (1961), "Flexible building panel form", US Patent 2971237. |
BibTeX:
@misc{graham1961,
author = {P. Graham},
title = {Flexible building panel form},
howpublished = {US Patent 2971237},
year = {1961},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2971237.html}
}
|
| Graham P (1964), "Flexible panel form for thin shells", US Patent 3161938. |
BibTeX:
@misc{graham1964,
author = {P. Graham},
title = {Flexible panel form for thin shells},
howpublished = {US Patent 3161938},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3161938.html}
}
|
| Graham P (1965), "Flexible panel form for thin shells", US Patent 3224726. |
BibTeX:
@misc{graham1965,
author = {P. Graham},
title = {Flexible panel form for thin shells},
howpublished = {US Patent 3224726},
year = {1965},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3224726.html}
}
|
| Graham P (1969), "Flexible Forms for Building Construction", US Patent 3467354. |
BibTeX:
@misc{graham1969,
author = {Graham, Phillip},
title = {Flexible Forms for Building Construction},
howpublished = {US Patent 3467354},
year = {1969},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3467354.html}
}
|
| Graham P (1971), "Adjustable Panel Form for Thin Shells", US Patent 3618886. |
| Abstract: This invention pertains to a low cost adjustable form that can be adjusted for forming various types of two-way curved, precast, reinforced thin shell cementitious and plastic panels for small spanned building shells having uniform scalloplike, corrugated shells like the shells shown in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,154,888 and to the method of making the same. The form can be adjusted so as to mold different original types of panels, that differ by having different curvature, and/or different size. The form has a base with an adjustable template frame. A thin reinforced base coating is mounted within the template frame. An elastic edge form that is like a gasket, is secured to the template frame with metallic fasteners. The elastic edge form molds a keying groove in the panel edging. The fasteners position reinforcing and clevis connectors that are attached to the reinforcing, to allow like panels to be easily joined with pins at erection, even during inclement weather, the keying grooves allowing the panels to be keyed together with grout when the weather is suitable. |
BibTeX:
@misc{graham1971,
author = {P. Graham},
title = {Adjustable Panel Form for Thin Shells},
howpublished = {US Patent 3618886},
year = {1971},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3618886.html}
}
|
| Greenberg HC, Gong ML, Magleby SP and Howell LL (2011), "Identifying links between origami and compliant mechanisms", Journal of Mechanical Sciences. Vol. 2, pp. 217-225. |
| Abstract: Origami is the art of folding paper. In the context of engineering, orimimetics is the application of folding to solve problems. Kinetic origami behavior can be modeled with the pseudo-rigid-body model since the origami are compliant mechanisms. These compliant mechanisms, when having a flat initial state and motion emerging out of the fabrication plane, are classified as lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs). To demonstrate the feasibility of identifying links between origami and compliant mechanism analysis and design methods, four flat folding paper mechanisms are presented with their corresponding kinematic and graph models. Principles from graph theory are used to abstract the mechanisms to show them as coupled, or inter-connected, mechanisms. It is anticipated that this work lays a foundation for exploring methods for LEM synthesis based on the analogy between flat-folding origami models and linkage assembly. |
BibTeX:
@article{greenberg2011,
author = {H. C. Greenberg and M. L. Gong and S. P. Magleby and L. L. Howell},
title = {Identifying links between origami and compliant mechanisms},
journal = {Journal of Mechanical Sciences},
year = {2011},
volume = {2},
pages = {217-225},
doi = {10.5194/ms-2-217-2011}
}
|
| Grima JN, Alderson A and Evans KE (2005), "Auxetic behaviour from rotating rigid units", Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics. Vol. 242(3), pp. 561 - 575. |
| Abstract: Auxetic materials exhibit the unexpected feature of becoming fatter when stretched and narrower when compressed, in other words, they exhibit a negative Poisson's ratio. This counter-intuitive behaviour imparts many beneficial effects on the material's macroscopic properties that make auxetics superior to conventional materials in many commercial applications. Recent research suggests that auxetic be-haviour generally results from a cooperative effect between the material's internal structure (geometry setup) and the deformation mechanism it undergoes when submitted to a stress. Auxetic behaviour is also known to be scale-independent, and thus, the same geometry/deformation mechanism may operate at the macro-, micro- and nano- (molecular) level. A considerable amount of research has been focused on the re-entrant honeycomb structure which exhibits auxetic behaviour if deformed through hinging at the joints or flexure of the ribs, and it was proposed that this re-entrant geometry plays an impor- tant role in generating auxetic behaviour in various forms of materials ranging from nanostructured polymers to foams. This paper discusses an alternative mode of deformation involving rotating rigid units which also results in negative Poisson's ratios. In its most ideal form, this mechanism may be construc- ted in two dimensions using rigid polygons connected together through hinges at their vertices. On application of uniaxial loads, these rigid polygons rotate with respect to each other to form a more open structure hence giving rise to a negative Poisson's ratio. This paper also discusses the role that rotating rigid units are thought to have in various classes of materials to give rise to negative Poisson's ratios. |
BibTeX:
@article{grima2005,
author = {J. N. Grima and A. Alderson and K. E. Evans},
title = {Auxetic behaviour from rotating rigid units},
journal = {Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics},
year = {2005},
volume = {242},
number = {3},
pages = {561 - 575},
doi = {10.1002/pssb.200460376}
}
|
| Grima JN and Evans KE (2000), "Auxetic behavior from rotating squares", Journal of Materials Science Letters. Vol. 19(17), pp. 1563-1565. |
BibTeX:
@article{grima2000,
author = {J. N. Grima and K. E. Evans},
title = {Auxetic behavior from rotating squares},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science Letters},
year = {2000},
volume = {19},
number = {17},
pages = {1563-1565},
doi = {10.1023/A:1006781224002}
}
|
| Grima JN and Evans KE (2006), "Auxetic behavior from rotating triangles", Journal of Materials Science. Vol. 41(10), pp. 3193-3196. |
BibTeX:
@article{grima2006,
author = {Joseph N. Grima and Kenneth E. Evans},
title = {Auxetic behavior from rotating triangles},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science},
year = {2006},
volume = {41},
number = {10},
pages = {3193-3196},
doi = {10.1007/s10853-006-6339-8}
}
|
| Guest S and Pellegrino S (2006), "Analytical models for bistable cylindrical shells", Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. Vol. 462(2067), pp. 839-854. |
| Abstract: Thin cylindrical shell structures can show interesting bistable behaviour. If made unstressed from isotropic materials they are only stable in the initial configuration, but if made from fibre-reinforced composites they may also have a second, stable configuration. If the layup of the composite is antisymmetric, this alternative stable configuration forms a tight coil; if the layup is symmetric the alternative stable configuration is helical. A simple two-parameter model for these structure is presented that is able to distinguish between these different behaviours. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest2006,
author = {S.D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Analytical models for bistable cylindrical shells},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
year = {2006},
volume = {462},
number = {2067},
pages = {839-854},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.2005.1598}
}
|
| Guest SD (2006), "The stiffness of prestressed frameworks: A unifying approach", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 43(3-4), pp. 842-854. |
| Abstract: A simple derivation of the tangent stiffness matrix for a prestressed pin-jointed structure is given, and is used to compare the diverse formulations that can be found in the literature for finding the structural response of prestressed structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest2006b,
author = {S. D. Guest},
title = {The stiffness of prestressed frameworks: A unifying approach},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2006},
volume = {43},
number = {3--4},
pages = {842--854},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.03.008}
}
|
| Guest SD and Hutchinson JW (2003), "On the determinacy of repetitive structures", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. Vol. 51(3), pp. 383-391. |
| Abstract: This paper shows that repetitive, infinite structures cannot be simultaneously statically, and kinematically, determinate. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest2003,
author = {S. D. Guest and J. W. Hutchinson},
title = {On the determinacy of repetitive structures},
journal = {Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids},
year = {2003},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {383-391},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5096(02)00107-2}
}
|
| Guest SD and Pellegrino S (1992), "Inextensional Wrapping of Flat Membranes.", In First International Conference on Structural Morphology. Montpellier, 7-11 September, 1992. , pp. 203-215. |
| Abstract: In this paper we are concerned with the wrapping of a flat, thin membrane around a central hub. The folding pattern consists of a series of hill and valley folds, as in a recent proposal by Temple and Oswald for the design of a solar sail. For launch their sail is wrapped around the circular body of the spacecraft, about 4 m in diameter; once in orbit it is deployed to a 276 m diameter disk which can collect enough solar pressure to sail to Mars. The paper begins with a brief survey of related work: it turns out that, since the early 1960's, several people have thought about folding thin sheets in this way, and yet no complete solution or even explanation is available. We present a simple description of the folding technique. Based on the simplifying assumption that the membrane to be folded has zero thickness, we identify some key properties of the folding pattern and hence show how to draw the fold pattern. Then we present a simple way of computing the correct fold pattern for thin membranes. We discuss some alternative fold patterns, including irregular hubs and other variants. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{guest1992,
author = {S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
editor = {R. Motro and T. Wester},
title = {Inextensional Wrapping of Flat Membranes.},
booktitle = {First International Conference on Structural Morphology},
year = {1992},
pages = {203-215}
}
|
| Guest SD and Pellegrino S (1994), "The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part I: Geometric Considerations", ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 61(4), pp. 773-777. |
| Abstract: This study was inspired by a model of a triangulated cylindrical shell made by C. R. Calladine during an investigation of the mechanics of biological structures. The model consisted of identical triangular panels on a helical strip and had a small-displacement internal inextensional mechanism. It is shown that many triangulated cylinders broadly similar to Calladine's model can be folded down to a compact stack of plates: only small strains, whose magnitude can be made arbitrarily small by the choice of suitable design parameters, are imposed during folding. A general geometric formulation of the problem is presented and then, assuming that the folding process is uniform, the folding properties of any triangulated cylinder of this generic type are discussed. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest1994a,
author = {S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part I: Geometric Considerations},
journal = {ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {1994},
volume = {61},
number = {4},
pages = {773-777},
doi = {10.1115/1.2901553}
}
|
| Guest SD and Pellegrino S (1994), "The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part II: The Folding Process", ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 61(4), pp. 778-783. |
| Abstract: In the first paper of this series we have introduced a class of foldable triangulated cylinders. In this paper we consider three particular examples of these cylinders and analyse computationally the way they fold. We show that this process is nonuniform and that it consists of two phases. The first unsteady phase involves the gradual buildup of strain energy in a “shape transition region.” In the second phase the transition region moves toward the bottom of the cylinder under almost zero force. Although the behavior of the three example cylinders is qualitatively similar, the peak force on the cylinder, as well as the peak strain, have different magnitudes, in agreement with a result in our first paper. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest1994b,
author = {S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part II: The Folding Process},
journal = {ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {1994},
volume = {61},
number = {4},
pages = {778-783},
doi = {10.1115/1.2901554}
}
|
| Guest SD and Pellegrino S (1996), "The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part III: Experiments", ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 63(1), pp. 77-83. |
| Abstract: This paper describes an experimental investigation of a type of foldable cylindrical structure, first presented in two earlier papers. Three cylinders of this type were designed and manufactured, and were then tested to find the force required to fold them. The results from these tests show some discrepancies with an earlier computational simulation, which was based on a pin-jointed truss model of the cylinders. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are explored, and are then verified by new simulations using computational models that include the effect of hinge stiffness, and the effect of geometric imperfections. |
BibTeX:
@article{guest1996,
author = {S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {The Folding of Triangulated Cylinders, Part III: Experiments},
journal = {ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {1996},
volume = {63},
number = {1},
pages = {77-83},
doi = {10.1115/1.2787212}
}
|
| Guldentops L, Mollaert M, Adriaenssens S, de Laet null L and de Temmerman null N (2009), "Textile formwork for concrete shells", In Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009. Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain, 28 September -- 2 October, 2009. , pp. 1743-1754. |
| Abstract: Fabric formwork is a new application for textile membranes that provides numerous advantages and new opportunities for architecture and engineering compared to well known traditional formworks. The installation of fabric formwork requires less manual labor and has reduced material, storage, and transportation costs. But the most significant advantage of fabric moulds is the form freedom and structural performance they offer to shell design. This paper presents the state of the art of the preceeded research on fabric formed shells. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{guldentops2009,
author = {L. Guldentops and M. Mollaert and S. Adriaenssens and L. de Laet and N. de Temmerman},
editor = {A. Domingo and C. Lazaro},
title = {Textile formwork for concrete shells},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009},
year = {2009},
pages = {1743--1754},
url = {http://dspace.upv.es/manakin/handle/10251/6791}
}
|
| Gupta S, Bourne D, Kim HK and Krishnan SS (1998), "Automated Process Planning for Robotic Sheet Metal Bending Operations", Journal of Manufacturing Systems., September, 1998. (5) |
| Abstract: In this paper, we describe a generative process planning system for robotic sheet metal bending press-brakes. This process planning system employs a distributed planning architecture. Currently, our system consists of a central operation planner and three specialized domain speci c planners: tooling, grasping, and moving. The central operation planner proposes various alternative partial sequences and each specialized planner evaluates them based on its objective function. The central operation planner uses state-space search techniques to optimize the operation sequence. Once a CAD design is given for a new part, the system automatically determines: the operation sequence, the tools and robot grippers needed, the tool layout, the grasp positions, the gage and the robot motion plans for making the part. The distributed architecture allows us to develop an open-architecture environment for doing generative process planning and encapsulate the specialized knowledge in specialized planners. |
BibTeX:
@article{gupta1998,
author = {Satyandra Gupta and David Bourne and Harry K.H. Kim and S S Krishnan},
title = {Automated Process Planning for Robotic Sheet Metal Bending Operations},
journal = {Journal of Manufacturing Systems},
year = {1998},
number = {5},
url = {http://www.ri.cmu.edu/pubs/pub_1134.html}
}
|
| Guven J and Müller MM (2008), "How paper folds: bending with local constraints", Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. Vol. 41(5) |
BibTeX:
@article{guven2008,
author = {Jemal Guven and Martin Michael Müller},
title = {How paper folds: bending with local constraints},
journal = {Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical},
year = {2008},
volume = {41},
number = {5},
doi = {10.1088/1751-8113/41/5/055203}
}
|
| Haas F and Wootton RJ (1996), "Two Basic Mechanisms in Insect Wing Folding", Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Vol. 263(1377), pp. 1651-1658. |
| Abstract: Detailed comparison of patterns of folding in insect wings has shown that all those which fold transversely can be referred to two basic mechanisms, each consisting of four panels rotating hingewise about four folding lines, intersecting at a single point. The mechanisms, which have one degree of freedom, are in effect lever systems, whose velocity ratios change non-linearly as they operate. They are designated as `Internal' (INT) and `External' (EXT), and further specified by a plus or minus sign, derived from the convex or concave orientation of the folding lines. There are hence four possible combinations: INT-, INT+, EXT- and EXT+. The two types are kinematically distinct. As INT unfolds, the effector panels move slowly at first and accelerate towards the end of the movement, whereas in EXT the effector panels move fast initially, then decelerate rapidly to their their final position. Furthermore INT operates reversibly, whereas EXT usually needs to be closed elastically, or by an extraneous force. The principles of the two mechanisms are applicable to many other folding structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{haas1996,
author = {F. Haas and R. J. Wootton},
title = {Two Basic Mechanisms in Insect Wing Folding},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
year = {1996},
volume = {263},
number = {1377},
pages = {1651-1658},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.1996.0241}
}
|
| Haasis M and Weinand Y (2008), "ORIGAMI - Folded Plate Structures, Engineering", In 10th World Conference on Timber Engineering. Miyazaki, Japan, 2-5 June, 2008. |
| Abstract: In conjunction with Hans-Ulrich Buri’s research, this thesis project addresses the engineering part of the folded Origami structures. The material employed for this type of structure is not necessarily defined. Therefore metal, concrete and timber realisations are widely spread. A relatively new product on the market of derived timber products is cross glued timber panels. This project employs this material to design the folded structures. The main goal is to determine appropriate details for the folded joints and establish a static model to calculate real scale structures. Therefore experiments with specially developed joints are tested in the laboratory to enter the results obtained into the numerical static model. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{haasis2008,
author = {Marcel Haasis and Yves Weinand},
title = {ORIGAMI - Folded Plate Structures, Engineering},
booktitle = {10th World Conference on Timber Engineering},
year = {2008},
url = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/118686}
}
|
| Hachenberg D, Mudra C and Nguyen M (2003), "Folded structures --- an alternative sandwich core material for future aircraft concepts.", In Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrt Kongress. Munich, Germany, 17--20 November, 2003. |
| Abstract: Folded structures are seen as a potential alternative structural material for replacing honeycomb sandwich structures. This paper presents an overview of research conducted to determine the mechanical properties of folded structures. Equations identifying the folding geometry of plane and curved structures are presented, as well as extensive numerical analyses of their predicted mechanical behaviour. Furthermore, the impact behaviour of these materials has been characterized using explicit finite element techniques. Preliminary results of basic mechanical predictions to that of experimental data are also shown. |
BibTeX:
@conference{hachenberg2003,
author = {D. Hachenberg and C. Mudra and M. Nguyen},
title = {Folded structures --- an alternative sandwich core material for future aircraft concepts.},
booktitle = {Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrt Kongress},
year = {2003}
}
|
| Hagmann F (1968), "Expansible linkage for a steam generator", US Patent 3407788. |
| Abstract: The expansible linkage between the walls of a steam generator absorbs the variable heat expansion of the walls during operation of the generator. The congruent rhomboids of the linkage allow the linkage to elongate in two perpendicular directions upon heating to absorb the differential heat expansion transferred by the walls. The thickness of the sheet from which the linkage is made is substantially that of the tube walls in the generator walls. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hagmann1968,
author = {F. Hagmann},
title = {Expansible linkage for a steam generator},
howpublished = {US Patent 3407788},
year = {1968},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3407788.html}
}
|
| Hale JR (1970), "Anticlastic cellular core structure having biaxial rectilinear truss patterns", US Patent 3525663. |
| Abstract: Anticlastic unitary structral membranes of essentially paraboloidal node form constructed of plastic, metal or other deformable material, have oppositely directed nodes which define opposite parallel bearing surfaces to which face sheets may be secured to form a structural sandwich. A pair of such membranes can be secured together, with or without inclusion therebetween of a compression material. Thee membranes can be made by heating and deforming a sheet between oppositely directed parallel pins or hollow cylinders in conjunction with pins. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hale1970,
author = {J. R. Hale},
title = {Anticlastic cellular core structure having biaxial rectilinear truss patterns},
howpublished = {US Patent 3525663},
year = {1970},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3485596.html}
}
|
| Halloran E (2009), "Concepts and Modeling of a Tessellated Molecule Surface", In Origami 4, Fourth International Conference on Origami in Science, Mathematics, and Education (4OSME). , pp. 305-314. A K Peters.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{halloran2009,
author = {E. Halloran},
editor = {R. J. Lang},
title = {Concepts and Modeling of a Tessellated Molecule Surface},
booktitle = {Origami 4, Fourth International Conference on Origami in Science, Mathematics, and Education (4OSME)},
publisher = {A K Peters},
year = {2009},
pages = {305--314}
}
|
| Halpin JC (1992), "Primer on Composite Material Analysis - Second Edition, Revised" Technomic Publishing Co., Inc..
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{halpin1992,
author = {J. C. Halpin},
editor = {K. M. Finlayson},
title = {Primer on Composite Material Analysis - Second Edition, Revised},
publisher = {Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.},
year = {1992},
edition = {Second}
}
|
| Han J, Yamazaki K and Nishiyama S (2004), "Optimization of the crushing characteristics of triangulated aluminum beverage cans", Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. Vol. 28, pp. 47-54. |
| Abstract: In this study, a cylindrical shell body of the aluminum cans is triangulated and optimized for being folded down easily and safely for recycling. The triangulated cylindrical shell is constructed by a family of triangular surfaces based on one set of helical strips and circles lying on a cylindrical side surface. The intersections of helical strips and circles are used as the vertexes of the triangular surfaces. By changing the helical angle of the strips, the number of the strips, and the number of the circles, various triangulated cylindrical shells with different crushing characteristics can be developed. On the basis of the numerical simulation, the minimization problem of the crushing force of the triangulated cylindrical shells is solved using the crashworthiness maximization technique for tubular structures that combines the techniques of design of experiment, response surface approximation as well as usual mathematical programming. |
BibTeX:
@article{han2004,
author = {Han, J. and Yamazaki, K. and Nishiyama, S.},
title = {Optimization of the crushing characteristics of triangulated aluminum beverage cans},
journal = {Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization},
year = {2004},
volume = {28},
pages = {47-54},
note = {10.1007/s00158-004-0418-8},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-004-0418-8}
}
|
| Hanaor A and Levy R (2001), "Evaluation of Deployable Structures for Space Enclosures", International Journal of Space Structures. Vol. 16(4), pp. 211-229. |
| Abstract: The paper is a critical review of different structural systems that have been proposed to date for the purpose for deployable space enclosure. The structual systems are classified by their morphological and kinematic characteristics, and comparatively evaluated in terms of their structural efficiency, technical complexity and deployment/stowage efficiences. Although the main focus is on kinematically deployable structures, some retractable and dismountable configurations are also reviewed. The paper includes an extended list of references. |
BibTeX:
@article{hanaor2001,
author = {A. Hanaor and R. Levy},
title = {Evaluation of Deployable Structures for Space Enclosures},
journal = {International Journal of Space Structures},
year = {2001},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {211--229}
}
|
| Hansen OA (1953), "Stiffened Honeycomb Core", US Patent 2654686. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hansen1953,
author = {O. A. Hansen},
title = {Stiffened Honeycomb Core},
howpublished = {US Patent 2654686},
year = {1953},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2654686.html}
}
|
| Harrop J and Abdul-Wahab HMS (1966), "An experimental study of the rigidity of perforated plates", Nuclear Engineering and Design. Vol. 4(5), pp. 480-489. |
| Abstract: An experimental study of the effective rigidity of perforated flat plates is described, which forms part of a general study of perforated plates with particular reference to concrete reactor pressure vessels. Consideration is given to circular perforations on an equilateral triangular grid pattern, the perforation being unstiffened. The experimental results are compared with previous theories and with a new analytical approach based on a “thick cylinder” analogy. |
BibTeX:
@article{harrop1966,
author = {J. Harrop and H. M. S. Abdul-Wahab},
title = {An experimental study of the rigidity of perforated plates},
journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Design},
year = {1966},
volume = {4},
number = {5},
pages = {480-489},
doi = {10.1016/0029-5493(66)90004-5}
}
|
| Haselbauer PJ (1977), "Structural Cores", US Patent 4020205. |
| Abstract: Structural cores are quasi-isotropic load-carrying constructional elements in the form of parallel rows of polyhedrons disposed in alternating sequence. These have been made from interwoven fibrous filaments, coated with plastic. Such structural cores are made herein from a continuous ribbon. |
BibTeX:
@misc{haselbauer1977,
author = {P. J. Haselbauer},
title = {Structural Cores},
howpublished = {US Patent 4020205},
year = {1977},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4020205.html}
}
|
| Hassani B and Hinton E (1998), "A review of homogenization and topology optimization I—homogenization theory for media with periodic structure", Computers & Structures. Vol. 69(6), pp. 707-717. |
| Abstract: This is the first part of a three-paper review of homogenization and topology optimization, viewed from an engineering standpoint and with the ultimate aim of clarifying the ideas so that interested researchers can easily implement the concepts described. In the first paper we focus on the theory of the homogenization method where we are concerned with the main concepts and derivation of the equations for computation of effective constitutive parameters of complex materials with a periodic micro structure. Such materials are described by the base cell, which is the smallest repetitive unit of material, and the evaluation of the effective constitutive parameters may be carried out by analysing the base cell alone. For simple microstructures this may be achieved analytically, whereas for more complicated systems numerical methods such as the finite element method must be employed. In the second paper, we consider numerical and analytical solutions of the homogenization equations. Topology optimization of structures is a rapidly growing research area, and as opposed to shape optimization allows the introduction of holes in structures, with consequent savings in weight and improved structural characteristics. The homogenization approach, with an emphasis on the optimality criteria method, will be the topic of the third paper in this review. |
BibTeX:
@article{hassani1998a,
author = {B. Hassani and E. Hinton},
title = {A review of homogenization and topology optimization I—homogenization theory for media with periodic structure},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1998},
volume = {69},
number = {6},
pages = {707-717},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00131-X}
}
|
| Hassani B and Hinton E (1998), "A review of homogenization and topology opimization II—analytical and numerical solution of homogenization equations", Computers & Structures. Vol. 69(6), pp. 719-738. |
| Abstract: This is the second part of a three-paper review of homogenization and topology optimization. In the first paper, we focused on the theory and derivation of the homogenization equations. In this paper, motives for using the homogenization theory for topological structural optimization are briefly explained. Different material models are described and the analytical solution of the homogenization equations for the so called “rank laminate composites” is presented. The finite element formulation is explained for the material model, based on a miscrostructure consisting of an isotropic material with rectangular voids. Using the periodicity assumption, the boundary conditions are derived and the homogenization equations are solved, and the results to be used in topology optimization are presented. The third paper deals with the use of homogenization for structural topology optimization by using optimality criteria methods. |
BibTeX:
@article{hassani1998b,
author = {B. Hassani and E. Hinton},
title = {A review of homogenization and topology opimization II—analytical and numerical solution of homogenization equations},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1998},
volume = {69},
number = {6},
pages = {719-738},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00132-1}
}
|
| Hatcher A (2003), "Algebraic Topology" Cambridge University Press. |
BibTeX:
@book{hatcher2003,
author = {A. Hatcher},
title = {Algebraic Topology},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/AT/ATpage.html}
}
|
| Hawes AH (1952), "Shuttering for use in molding arched concrete roof structures", US Patent 2616148. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hawes1952,
author = {A. H. Hawes},
title = {Shuttering for use in molding arched concrete roof structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 2616148},
year = {1952},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2616148.html}
}
|
| Hawes AH (1952), "Improvements in or relating to shuttering for use in the erection of concrete and like structures", GB668372. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hawes1952uk,
author = {A. H. Hawes},
title = {Improvements in or relating to shuttering for use in the erection of concrete and like structures},
howpublished = {GB668372},
year = {1952},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=GB&NR=668372A&KC=A&FT=D&date=19520319&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP}
}
|
| Hawes AH (1957), "Scaffolding and other structural elements", US Patent 2793720. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hawes1957,
author = {A. H. Hawes},
title = {Scaffolding and other structural elements},
howpublished = {US Patent 2793720},
year = {1957},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2793720.html}
}
|
| Hawkes E, An B, Benbernou NM, Tanaka H, Kim S, Demaine ED, Rus D and Wood RJ (2010), "Programmable matter by folding", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 107(28), pp. 12441-12445. |
| Abstract: Programmable matter is a material whose properties can be programmed to achieve specific shapes or stiffnesses upon command. This concept requires constituent elements to interact and rearrange intelligently in order to meet the goal. This paper considers achieving programmable sheets that can form themselves in different shapes autonomously by folding. Past approaches to creating transforming machines have been limited by the small feature sizes, the large number of components, and the associated complexity of communication among the units. We seek to mitigate these difficulties through the unique concept of self-folding origami with universal crease patterns. This approach exploits a single sheet composed of interconnected triangular sections. The sheet is able to fold into a set of predetermined shapes using embedded actuation. To implement this self-folding origami concept, we have developed a scalable end-to-end planning and fabrication process. Given a set of desired objects, the system computes an optimized design for a single sheet and multiple controllers to achieve each of the desired objects. The material, called programmable matter by folding, is an example of a system capable of achieving multiple shapes for multiple functions. |
BibTeX:
@article{hawkes2010,
author = {Hawkes, E. and An, B. and Benbernou, N. M. and Tanaka, H. and Kim, S. and Demaine, E. D. and Rus, D. and Wood, R. J.},
title = {Programmable matter by folding},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
year = {2010},
volume = {107},
number = {28},
pages = {12441-12445},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/107/28/12441.abstract},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0914069107}
}
|
| Head F (1908), "Form for Stack Construction", US Patent US0877768. |
BibTeX:
@misc{head1908,
author = {F. Head},
title = {Form for Stack Construction},
howpublished = {US Patent US0877768},
year = {1908},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/0877768.pdf}
}
|
| Heimbs S (2009), "Virtual testing of sandwich core structures using dynamic finite element simulations", Computational Materials Science. |
| Abstract: Virtual testing using dynamic finite element simulations is an efficient way to investigate the mechanical behaviour of small- and large-scale structures reducing time- and cost-expensive prototype tests. Furthermore, numerical models allow for efficient parameter studies or optimisations. One example, which is the focus of this paper, is the configurational design of cellular sandwich core structures. From classical honeycomb cores to innovative folded core structures, a relatively large design space is provided allowing for tailoring of the cellular core geometry with respect to the desired properties. The method of determining the effective mechanical properties of such cellular sandwich core structures of different geometries using dynamic compression, tensile and shear test simulations is discussed covering a number of important modelling aspects: the cell wall material modelling, the influence of mesh size and number of unit cells, the inclusion of imperfections, etc. A comparison of numerical and experimental results is given for Nomex® honeycomb cores and Kevlar® or carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) foldcore structures. A good correlation with respect to cell wall deformation mechanisms and stress–strain data was obtained. Therefore, these models not only allow for a complete mechanical characterisation of cellular core structures but also for a detailed investigation of cell wall deformation patterns and failure modes to get a better understanding of the structural behaviour, which can be difficult using solely experimental observations. To show that this efficient virtual testing method is suitable for the development of cellular core geometries for specific requirements, an optimisation study of a CFRP foldcore geometry with respect to its compressive behaviour was performed. |
BibTeX:
@article{heimbs2009,
author = {S. Heimbs},
title = {Virtual testing of sandwich core structures using dynamic finite element simulations},
journal = {Computational Materials Science},
year = {2009},
doi = {10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.09.017}
}
|
| Heimbs S, Cichosz J, Klaus M, Kilchert S and Johnson A (2010), "Sandwich structures with textile-reinforced composite foldcores under impact loads", Composite Structures. Vol. 92(6), pp. 1485-1497. |
| Abstract: The mechanical behaviour of composite sandwich structures with textile-reinforced composite foldcores, which are produced by folding prepreg sheets to three-dimensional zigzag structures, is evaluated under compression, shear and impact loads. While foldcores made of woven aramid fibres are characterised by a rather ductile behaviour, carbon foldcores with their brittle nature absorb energy by crushing, showing extremely high weight-specific stiffness and strength properties. The impact damage under low and high velocity impact loads tends to be very localised. In addition to regular single-core sandwich structures, a dual-core configuration with two foldcores is also investigated, showing the potential of a two-phase energy absorption behaviour. In addition to experimental testing, finite element models for impact simulations with LS-DYNA have been developed. Despite the high degree of complexity of the models due to the various skin and core failure modes that have to be covered, the results correlate well with test data, allowing for efficient parameter studies or detailed evaluations of damage patterns and energy absorption mechanisms. |
BibTeX:
@article{heimbs2010,
author = {S. Heimbs and J. Cichosz and M. Klaus and S. Kilchert and A.F. Johnson},
title = {Sandwich structures with textile-reinforced composite foldcores under impact loads},
journal = {Composite Structures},
year = {2010},
volume = {92},
number = {6},
pages = {1485-1497},
doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.11.001}
}
|
| Heimbs S, Mehrens T, Middendorf P, Maier M and Schumacher A (2007), "Numerical Determination of the Nonlinear Effective Mechanical Properties of Folded Core Structures for Aircraft Sandwich Panels", In 6th European LS-DYNA Users’ Conference. Gothenburg, Sweden, 29--30 May, 2007. |
| Abstract: Folded core structures are the focus of numerous research projects with regard to advanced aircraft sandwich panels. Impact or crash simulations with such types of cellular structures require knowledge of the homogenized mechanical properties, since a detailed cell wall modeling approach is impracticable for large sandwich structures. One way to determine these nonlinear effective mechanical properties is extensive experimental testing under compressive, tensile and shear loading. Another way is to use detailed finite element models of the cellular core in combination with virtual material testing. In this case, a variation of geometric or constitutive parameters can easily be performed in order to optimize the structure’s mechanical properties. This paper describes the development of such detailed folded core models in LS-DYNA. The parameter identification of the cell wall material and the validation of the models were performed by means of an optimization with LS-OPT with regard to basic experimental data of the core manufacturer. Merits and limits of this approach are discussed. The application of the folded core material model for drop test simulations of a sandwich fuselage barrel is briefly addressed. |
BibTeX:
@conference{heimbs2007b,
author = {S. Heimbs and T. Mehrens and P. Middendorf and M. Maier and A. Schumacher},
title = {Numerical Determination of the Nonlinear Effective Mechanical Properties of Folded Core Structures for Aircraft Sandwich Panels},
booktitle = {6th European LS-DYNA Users’ Conference},
year = {2007}
}
|
| Heimbs S, Middendorf P, Hampf C, Hähnel F and Wolf K (2008), "Aircraft Sandwich Structures with Folded Core Under Impact Load", In 8th International Conference on Sandwich Structures (ICSS8). , pp. 369-380. |
| Abstract: Folded structures made of composite materials have gained interest in the aerospace industry as a promising sandwich core structure. In this paper the mechanical behaviour of such a sandwich structure with a folded core made of carbon fibre-reinforced plastic under low velocity impact loads is investigated experimentally and numerically. At first the core properties under compressive and transverse shear loads are characterised building a basis for the validation of the simulation models. Low velocity impact tests under various energy levels are described with respect to the evaluated damage of face and core and are finally simulated with LS-DYNA. These simulations were used to investigate the influence of different parameters on the impact behaviour numerically. |
BibTeX:
@conference{heimbs2008,
author = {S. Heimbs and P. Middendorf and C. Hampf and F. Hähnel and K. Wolf},
editor = {A. J. M. Ferreira},
title = {Aircraft Sandwich Structures with Folded Core Under Impact Load},
booktitle = {8th International Conference on Sandwich Structures (ICSS8)},
year = {2008},
pages = {369-380}
}
|
| Heimbs S, Middendorf P, Kilchert S, Johnson AF and Maier M (2007), "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Composite Folded Sandwich Core Structures Under Compression", Journal Applied Composite Materials. Vol. 14(5-6), pp. 363-377. |
| Abstract: The characterisation of the mechanical behaviour of folded core structures for advanced sandwich composites under flatwise compression load using a virtual testing approach is presented. In this context dynamic compression test simulations with the explicit solvers PAM-CRASH and LS-DYNA are compared to experimental data of two different folded core structures made of aramid paper and carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP). The focus of the investigations is the constitutive modelling of the cell wall material, the consideration of imperfections and the representation of cell wall buckling, folding or crushing phenomena. The consistency of the numerical results shows that this can be a promising and efficient approach for the determination of the effective mechanical properties and a cell geometry optimisation of folded core structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{heimbs2007,
author = {S. Heimbs and P. Middendorf and S. Kilchert and A. F. Johnson and M. Maier},
title = {Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Composite Folded Sandwich Core Structures Under Compression},
journal = {Journal Applied Composite Materials},
year = {2007},
volume = {14},
number = {5-6},
pages = {363-377},
doi = {10.1007/s10443-008-9051-9}
}
|
| van Hennik P and Wagemans L (2004), "Revival of pneumatic formwork for the construction of monolithic (irregular) shells", In International Symposium Shell and Spatial Structures from Models to Realization, IASS 2004. Montpellier, France, September 20-24, 2004. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hennik2004,
author = {P.C. van Hennik and L.A.G. Wagemans},
editor = {R. Motro},
title = {Revival of pneumatic formwork for the construction of monolithic (irregular) shells},
booktitle = {International Symposium Shell and Spatial Structures from Models to Realization, IASS 2004},
year = {2004},
url = {http://www.eoxia.com/lmgc/pdf/PO030.pdf}
}
|
| Hernandez V, Roman J, Tomas A and Vidal V (2007), "A Survey of Software for Sparse Eigenvalue Problems" (STR-6) |
BibTeX:
@techreport{hernandez2005,
author = {V. Hernandez and J.E. Roman and A. Tomas and V Vidal},
title = {A Survey of Software for Sparse Eigenvalue Problems},
year = {2007},
number = {STR-6},
url = {http://www.grycap.upv.es/slepc}
}
|
| HEXCEL (1999), "HexWeb™ Honeycomb; Attributes and Properties A comprehensive guide to standard Hexcel honeycomb materials, configurations, and mechanical properties" |
BibTeX:
@manual{hexcel1999,
author = {HEXCEL},
title = {HexWeb™ Honeycomb; Attributes and Properties A comprehensive guide to standard Hexcel honeycomb materials, configurations, and mechanical properties},
year = {1999},
url = {http://www.hexcel.com/Products/Downloads/Brochures/}
}
|
| Hilbert D and Cohn-Vossen S (1952), "Geometry and the Imagination" AMS Chelsea Publishing.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{hilbert1952,
author = {D. Hilbert and S. Cohn-Vossen},
title = {Geometry and the Imagination},
publisher = {AMS Chelsea Publishing},
year = {1952},
edition = {Second},
note = {Translated by P.Nemenyi}
}
|
| Hine PJ, Duckett RA and Ward IM (1997), "Negative Poisson's ratios in angle-ply laminates", Journal of Materials Science Letters. Vol. 16(7), pp. 541-544. |
BibTeX:
@article{hine1997,
author = {P. J. Hine and R. A. Duckett and I. M. Ward},
title = {Negative Poisson's ratios in angle-ply laminates},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science Letters},
year = {1997},
volume = {16},
number = {7},
pages = {541-544},
doi = {10.1023/A:1018505503088}
}
|
| Hirai S, Wakamatsu H and Iwata K (1994), "Modeling of deformable thin parts for their manipulation", In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. San Diego, CA, USA, 8-13 May, 1994. , pp. 2955–2960. |
| Abstract: Various deformable parts such as cords, leather products, and sheet metals are manipulated and are handled in many manufacturing processes. Deformation of these parts is often utilized in order to manipulate them successfully while the manipulation sometimes fails because of unexpected deformation of the parts. Modeling of deformable objects is thus required so that the shape of the soft parts can be analyzed and evaluated on a computer. In this paper, we develop an analytical method to model the shape of a deformable object. Especially, we deal with deformation of a bendable thin object. The process of manipulating a deformable object is analyzed with regard to how the object interacts with other objects around it. The model of a bendable thin object is formulated according to the principle that the potential energy of the object reaches the minimum at its stable shape. An algorithm to compute the deformed shape of the object is developed by applying a nonlinear programming technique. Finally, a simple experiment is done to demonstrate the validity of the modeling method proposed in this paper |
BibTeX:
@conference{hirai1994,
author = {S. Hirai and H. Wakamatsu and K. Iwata},
title = {Modeling of deformable thin parts for their manipulation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation},
year = {1994},
pages = {2955–2960},
url = {http://www6.mapse.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/Staffs/wakamatu/PDFs/ICRA94.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ROBOT.1994.350890}
}
|
| Hoberman C (1993), "Curved pleated sheet structures", US Patent 5234727. |
| Abstract: Self-supporting structures of diverse shapes are disclosed that may be collapsed down to compact bundles. Structures of this type are comprised of units which are comprised of two strips having non-parallel pleat lines. By pleating these strips according to a special pleat pattern, these structures may collapse down and expand out in a smooth manner. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hoberman1993,
author = {C. Hoberman},
title = {Curved pleated sheet structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 5234727},
year = {1993},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5234727.html}
}
|
| Hoberman C (2007), "Folding Structures made of thick-hinged Sheets", US Patent application 20070012348. |
| Abstract: A linkage comprised of at least four links is provided. Each of the links has a polygonal profile with each link having at least two hinged axes that do not intersect one another. Each link is connected to at least two other links by the non-intersecting axes such that the linkage can smoothly transform from an extended surface into a compact bundle. The linkage can be constructed into the form of a foldable chair, a foldable table or a foldable wall. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hoberman2007,
author = {C. Hoberman},
title = {Folding Structures made of thick-hinged Sheets},
howpublished = {US Patent application 20070012348},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20070012348.html}
}
|
| Hoberman CS (1988), "Reversibly Expandable Three-Dimensional Structure", US Patent 4780344. |
| Abstract: A reversibly expandable three-dimensional structure made up of a grid of elements each comprising an essentially planar four sided central zone and a pair of substantially triangular flaps hingedly connected to two opposite sides of said central zone, the elements being hingedly joined to one another central zone to central zone and flap to flap. By including some elements wherein the central zones are tapered the expanded structure will be curved. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hoberman1988,
author = {C. S. Hoberman},
title = {Reversibly Expandable Three-Dimensional Structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 4780344},
year = {1988},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4780344.html}
}
|
| Hochfeld H (1959), "Process and Machine for Pleating Pliable Structures", US Patent 2901951. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hochfeld1959,
author = {Henfry Hochfeld},
title = {Process and Machine for Pleating Pliable Structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 2901951},
year = {1959},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2901951.html}
}
|
| Hoffman JL (1961), "Adjustable Form", US Patent US2995797. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hoffman1961,
author = {J. L. Hoffman},
title = {Adjustable Form},
howpublished = {US Patent US2995797},
year = {1961},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2995797.html}
}
|
| Hohe J and Becker W (2000), "A refined analysis of the effective elasticity tensor for general cellular sandwich cores", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 38(21), pp. 3689-3717. |
| Abstract: The aim of the present study is the determination of the components of the effective elasticity tensor for two-dimensional cellular sandwich cores in consideration of core face sheet constraints. The microstructure is homogenized by means of a strain-energy based RVE concept assuming that strain states, which are equivalent on the macroscopic level, lead to equal strain energy in a representative volume element whether the real microstructure or the quasi-homogeneous “effective” medium is considered. The strain energy can be evaluated analytically if the cellular structure is decomposed into the individual cell wall elements, and assumptions are made for the displacement field of each cell wall. The displacement field of the core is approximated by a weighted superposition of the displacement field of the unconstrained core and an extension of the displacements of the face sheets into the core region. Since the approach is based on a kinematically admissible strain field in conjunction with the principle of minimum strain energy, the results provide rigorous Voigt type bounds for the effective normal and shear moduli. In general, a good agreement of the analytical results and the results of a finite element analysis is observed. |
BibTeX:
@article{hohe2000,
author = {Jörg Hohe and Wilfried Becker},
title = {A refined analysis of the effective elasticity tensor for general cellular sandwich cores},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2000},
volume = {38},
number = {21},
pages = {3689-3717},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7683(00)00246-8}
}
|
| Hohe J and Becker W (2001), "An energetic homogenisation procedure for the elastic properties of general cellular sandwich cores", Composites Part B: Engineering. Vol. 32(3), pp. 185-197. |
| Abstract: The present study provides a general procedure for the determination of the effective elastic properties of two-dimensional cellular sandwich cores with arbitrary cell topology and geometry. The scheme uses a strain energy-based representative volume element procedure assuming that macroscopically equivalent strain states have to cause the same strain energy in a representative volume element whether the real microstructure or the “effective” homogenised medium is considered. The strain energy can be evaluated either by analytical or pure numerical methods. Both approaches agree well in a number of examples considering different sandwich core geometries. |
BibTeX:
@article{hohe2001,
author = {J. Hohe and W. Becker},
title = {An energetic homogenisation procedure for the elastic properties of general cellular sandwich cores},
journal = {Composites Part B: Engineering},
year = {2001},
volume = {32},
number = {3},
pages = {185-197},
doi = {10.1016/S1359-8368(00)00055-X}
}
|
| Hohe J and Becker W (2002), "Effective stress-strain relations for two-dimensional cellular sandwich cores: Homogenization, material models, and properties", Applied Mechanics Reviews. Vol. 55(1), pp. 61. |
| Abstract: The theory of sandwich construction has been an active field of research for more than five decades. Aim of the present article is to review the work dedicated to the theoretical determination of the effective stress-strain material behavior of two-dimensional cellular materials with large-scale cells used as core material of structural sandwich panels. Both, the applied homogenization schemes and the applied material models are considered. Explicit expressions for the linear properties of a variety of basic cell geometries are presented, as well as schemes for the analysis of more general cases. In addition, the incorporation of specific effects such as cell wall imperfections or core face sheet constraints and the analysis of nonlinear elastic and elastic-plastic effective material response are reviewed. This review article includes 148 references. |
BibTeX:
@article{hohe2002,
author = {Jörg Hohe and Wilfried Becker},
title = {Effective stress-strain relations for two-dimensional cellular sandwich cores: Homogenization, material models, and properties},
journal = {Applied Mechanics Reviews},
year = {2002},
volume = {55},
number = {1},
pages = {61},
doi = {10.1115/1.1425394}
}
|
| Holland KM (1966), "Formable honeycomb", US Patent 3227600. |
BibTeX:
@misc{holland1966,
author = {K. M. Holland},
title = {Formable honeycomb},
howpublished = {US Patent 3227600},
year = {1966},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3227600.html}
}
|
| Horn BKP (1983), "The Curve of Least Energy", ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. Vol. 9(4), pp. 441-460. |
| Abstract: The curve which has the smallest integral of the square of curvature while passing through two given points with given orientation is searched for. This is the true shape of a spline used in lofting. In computer-aided design, curves have been sought which maximize "smoothness." The curve discussed is the one arising in this way from a commonly used measure of smoothness. The human visual system may use such a curve when it constructs a subjective contour. |
BibTeX:
@article{horn1983,
author = {B. K. P. Horn},
title = {The Curve of Least Energy},
journal = {ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software},
year = {1983},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {441--460},
doi = {10.1145/356056.356061}
}
|
| Horvay G (1952), "Bending of Honeycombs and of Perforated Plates", AMSE Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 19(1), pp. 122.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@article{horvay1952,
author = {G. Horvay},
title = {Bending of Honeycombs and of Perforated Plates},
journal = {AMSE Journal of Applied Mechanics},
year = {1952},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {122}
}
|
| Huffman DA (1976), "Curvatures and Creases: A Primer on Paper", IEEE Transactions on Computers. Vol. C-25(10), pp. 1010-1019. |
| Abstract: This paper represents fundamental results about how zero-cruvature (paper) surfaces behave near creases and apices of cones. These entities are natural generalizations of the edges and vertices of piecewise-planar surfaces. Consequently, paper surfaces may furnish a richer and yet still tractable class of surfaces for computer-aided design and computer graphics applications than do polyhedral surfaces. Major portions of this paper are dedicated to exploring issues of curvature definition, convexity, and concavity, and interrelationships amoong angles associated with creases and generalized vertices and the orientations of associated surfaces in their vicinities. An electrial network representation is suggested in which there flow currents that are analogous to curvature components on the surface. |
BibTeX:
@article{huffman1976,
author = {D. A. Huffman},
title = {Curvatures and Creases: A Primer on Paper},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Computers},
year = {1976},
volume = {C-25},
number = {10},
pages = {1010-1019},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=1674542},
doi = {10.1109/TC.1976.1674542}
}
|
| Hughes TJR (2000), "The Final Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis" Dover Publications.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{hughes2000,
author = {Thomas J. R. Hughes},
title = {The Final Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis},
publisher = {Dover Publications},
year = {2000}
}
|
| Huijben F, van Herwijnen null F and Nijsse R (2009), "Vacuumatics 3D-Formwork Systems: Customised Free-Form Solidification", In International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, STRUCTURAL MEMBRANES. |
| Abstract: The form flexibility and adaptability of vacuumatics enables them to be effectively applied as fully flexible and adaptable formwork systems to create geometrically complex shapes and customised surface textures in concrete. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{huijben2009,
author = {F. Huijben and F. van Herwijnen and R. Nijsse},
editor = {E. Oñate and B. Kröplin},
title = {Vacuumatics 3D-Formwork Systems: Customised Free-Form Solidification},
booktitle = {International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, STRUCTURAL MEMBRANES},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Hull RH (1967), "Cellular honeycomb product and method", US Patent 3342666. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hull1967,
author = {R. H. Hull},
title = {Cellular honeycomb product and method},
howpublished = {US Patent 3342666},
year = {1967},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3342666.html}
}
|
| Hull RH (1989), "Formable honeycomb panel", US Patent 4859517. |
| Abstract: A formable honeycomb panel is disclosed that comprises a core layer and two skin panels of sheet material bonded to opposite sides of the core layer. At least one of the skin panels is porous and has an effective stiffness that is substantially less than the stiffness of a solid sheet of material of the same thickness. The stiffness of the porous skin panel is sufficiently low so that bending of the honeycomb panel is accommodated primarily by deformation of the porous skin panel before the core layer collapses or the adhesive bonds between the core layer and the skin panels fail. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hull1989,
author = {R. H. Hull},
title = {Formable honeycomb panel},
howpublished = {US Patent 4859517},
year = {1989},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4859517.html}
}
|
| Hull T (1994), "On the Mathematics of Flat Origamis", Congressus Numerantium. Vol. 100, pp. 215-224.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@article{hull1994,
author = {T. Hull},
title = {On the Mathematics of Flat Origamis},
journal = {Congressus Numerantium},
year = {1994},
volume = {100},
pages = {215--224}
}
|
| Hull T (2002), "The Combinatorics of Flat Folds: A Survey", In Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME). , pp. 29-38. A K Peters. |
| Abstract: We survey results on the foldability of flat origami models. The main topics are the question of when a given crease pattern can fold flat, the combinatorics of mountain and valley creases, and counting how many ways a given crease pattern can be folded. In particular, we explore generalizations of Maekawa’s and Kawasaki’s Theorems, develop a necessary and sufficient condition for a given assignment of mountains and valleys to fold up in a special case of single vertex folds, and describe recursive formulas to enumerate the number of ways that single vertex in a crease pattern can be folded. |
BibTeX:
@incollection{hull2002,
author = {T. Hull},
editor = {T. Hull},
title = {The Combinatorics of Flat Folds: A Survey},
booktitle = {Origami3: Third International Meeting of Origami Science, Math and Education (3OSME)},
publisher = {A K Peters},
year = {2002},
pages = {29--38},
url = {http://www.merrimack.edu/~thull/papers/flatsurvey.pdf}
}
|
| Hull T (2003), "Counting Mountain-Valley Assignments for Flat Folds", Ars Combinatoria., April, 2003. Vol. LXVII, pp. 175-187. |
| Abstract: We develop a combinatorial model of paperfolding for the purposes of enumeration. A planar embedding of a graph is called a crease pattern if it represents the crease lines needed to fold a piece of paper into something. A flat fold is a crease pattern which lies flat when folded, i.e. can be pressed in a book without crumpling. Given a crease pattern C =(V,E),a mountain-valley (MV) assignment is a function f : E →M,V which indicates which crease lines are convex and which are concave, respectively. A MV assignment is valid if it doesn’t force the paper to self-intersect when folded. We examine the problem of counting the number of valid MV assignments for a given crease pattern. In particular we develop recursive functions that count the number of valid MV assignments for flat vertex folds, crease patterns with only one vertex in the interior of the paper. We also provide examples, especially those of Justin, that illustrate the difficulty of the general multivertex case. |
BibTeX:
@article{hull2003,
author = {T. Hull},
title = {Counting Mountain-Valley Assignments for Flat Folds},
journal = {Ars Combinatoria},
year = {2003},
volume = {LXVII},
pages = {175-187},
url = {http://www.merrimack.edu/~thull/papers/countingfolds.pdf}
}
|
| Hull T (2010), "Maekawa and Kawasaki Revisited and Extended", Lecture Notes. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hull2010,
author = {Thomas Hull},
title = {Maekawa and Kawasaki Revisited and Extended},
howpublished = {Lecture Notes},
year = {2010},
url = {http://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.849/fall10/lectures/}
}
|
| Hulsey WJ (1967), "Cellular structure", US Patent 3340023. |
BibTeX:
@misc{hulsey1967,
author = {W. J. Hulsey},
title = {Cellular structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3340023},
year = {1967},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3340023.html}
}
|
| Hunt GW and Ario I (2005), "Twist buckling and the foldable cylinder: an exercise in origami", International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics. Vol. 40(6), pp. 833-843. |
| Abstract: Basic mechanisms for the buckling of a thin cylindrical shell under torsional loading are reviewed from a post-buckling perspective. Deflections are considered so far into the large-deflection range that the shell is allowed to fold to a flat two-dimensional form, in a mechanism reminiscent of a deployable structure. Critical and initial post-buckling effects are explored through concepts of energy minimization and hidden symmetries. For comparisons with the final large-deflection folded shape, a truss element program is employed. It is shown that, as buckling develops, the mode shape must change to accommodate both the symmetry-breaking aspects of the predominately inwards deflection, and the rotation of peak and valley lines of the buckle pattern necessary to accommodate the geometry of the final folded shape. |
BibTeX:
@article{hunt2005,
author = {Giles W. Hunt and Ichiro Ario},
title = {Twist buckling and the foldable cylinder: an exercise in origami},
journal = {International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics},
year = {2005},
volume = {40},
number = {6},
pages = {833-843},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2004.08.011}
}
|
| Iatrou C (1994), "A structure and methods of forming same", WO Patent WO9413910. |
| Abstract: A structure formed from a sheet of a material (25), the sheet being generally rectilinear in shape, and wherein the sheet comprises a plurality of folds (5, 7) so as to enable it to be expanded or compressed in a linear direction between its mutually opposite ends (9, 11) and wherein, when in an expanded position, the sheet (25) co-operates with an underlying surface so as to form a self-supporting enclosure having an opening generally in the region underlying each of its said mutually opposite ends, and wherein the sheet may be compressed linearly between its said mutually opposite ends (9, 11) so as to form a compact article. |
BibTeX:
@misc{iatrou1994,
author = {C. Iatrou},
title = {A structure and methods of forming same},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO9413910},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Ichikawa H (1987), "Reinforced Composite Corrugated Body and Manufacture thereof", JP Patent 62152736.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{ichikawa1987,
author = {H. Ichikawa},
title = {Reinforced Composite Corrugated Body and Manufacture thereof},
howpublished = {JP Patent 62152736},
year = {1987}
}
|
| Ichikawa H (1995), "Method of production of reinforced composite corrugated body and method of formation of corrugating rollers for use therein", US Patent 5443779. |
| Abstract: The strength and workability of a reinforced composite corrugated body are improved. A corrugated body is produced such that corrugate lines provided with vertically spaced ridges and grooves formed alternately in a sheet material are formed in a smooth meandering waveform in a horizontal direction. The corrugate lines are formed by corrugating rollers to have a substantial amplitude ratio H/L higher than or equal to 0.4 but lower than or equal to 1.4, a substantial meandering ratio D/N lower than or equal to 0.35, a substantial meandering overlapping ratio higher than or equal to 0.5 and a width narrowing ratio i in the advancing direction of the corrugate lines lower than or equal to 8% plus a stretch strain ratio of the sheet material. Sectional shapes of crest and bottom portions of the corrugate lines are formed to be curved or chamfered with a small width. A flat liner is adhered to at least one of the opposite faces of the resultant corrugated body. |
BibTeX:
@misc{ichikawa1995,
author = {H. Ichikawa},
title = {Method of production of reinforced composite corrugated body and method of formation of corrugating rollers for use therein},
howpublished = {US Patent 5443779},
year = {1995},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5443779.html}
}
|
| Iffland JSB (1979), "Folded Plate Structures", ASCE Journal of the Structural Division. Vol. 105(1), pp. 111-123.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@article{iffland1979,
author = {Jerome S. B. Iffland},
title = {Folded Plate Structures},
journal = {ASCE Journal of the Structural Division},
year = {1979},
volume = {105},
number = {1},
pages = {111--123}
}
|
| Igusa T (1993), "Critical Configurations Of Systems Subjected To Wide-Band Input", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 168(3), pp. 525-541. |
BibTeX:
@article{igusa1993,
author = {T. Igusa},
title = {Critical Configurations Of Systems Subjected To Wide-Band Input},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {1993},
volume = {168},
number = {3},
pages = {525-541},
doi = {10.1006/jsvi.1993.1389}
}
|
| InteSpring (2011), "", Company website. Last retrieved on 30 August 2011. |
BibTeX:
@misc{intespring2011,
author = {InteSpring},
howpublished = {Company website. Last retrieved on 30 August 2011},
year = {2011},
note = {http://www.intespring.nl/},
url = {http://www.intespring.nl/news/start-of-the-xarm-project?lang=en}
}
|
| Iqbal K and Pellegrino S (2000), "Bi-stable composite shells", In Proc. 41st AIAAASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@conference{iqbal2000,
author = {K. Iqbal and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Bi-stable composite shells},
booktitle = {Proc. 41st AIAAASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference},
year = {2000}
}
|
| Ishinabe M, Nishimura Y, Imazu K, Kobayashi S and Matsubayashi H (1992), "Packing can", US Patent 5100017. |
| Abstract: Disclosed is a packing can having a circumferential polyhedral wall formed on a can barrel, in which as compared with boundary ridgelines of structural unit faces of the polyhedral wall and crossing points of these boundary ridgelines, the structural unit faces are convex to the interior of the can and the structural unit faces are arranged so that adjacent rows of structural unit faces have a phase difference in the axial direction of the can. This packing can has a very high strength against deformation by application of the external pressure. Furthermore, in preparing this packing can, damage of a coating layer formed on a metal sheet used as the can barrel blank can be effectively prevented. |
BibTeX:
@misc{ishinabe1992,
author = {M. Ishinabe and Y. Nishimura and K. Imazu and S. Kobayashi and H. Matsubayashi},
title = {Packing can},
howpublished = {US Patent 5100017},
year = {1992},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5100017.html}
}
|
| Jackson LR (1964), "Insulating Structure", US Patent 3151712. |
BibTeX:
@misc{jackson1964,
author = {L. R. Jackson},
title = {Insulating Structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3151712},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3151712.html}
}
|
| Jackson WT (1976), "Flexible honeycomb structure", US Patent 3991245. |
| Abstract: A flexible honeycomb structure formable into a non-planar contour comprising a cellular web of thin sheet material is disclosed. The cells in the web each have a cross section comprising three substantially congruent segments equally angularly disposed about a common center. Each such segment includes a non-linear portion intermediate to its ends, and is preferably in the shape of four contiguous sides of a hexagonal configuration for easy nesting of the cells. The present invention also provides alternate methods for forming the flexible honeycomb structure. |
BibTeX:
@misc{jackson1976,
author = {W. T. Jackson},
title = {Flexible honeycomb structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3991245},
year = {1976},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3991245.html}
}
|
| Jaruzel K (1996), "Formwork for surfaces varying in curvature", US Patent 5492303. |
| Abstract: Formwork for surfaces varying in curvature has a face sheet adjustable with respect to its curvature, girders supporting the face sheet and applied to the girders, in spaced relationship to the face sheet, there is a boom system which is composed of individual boom members bridging the girders and is suitably attached to the girders at the outsides thereof averted from the face sheet. Adjustment of the curvature of the face sheet is carried out by altering the effective length of the boom members between the girders. The mutually opposed formwork elements are adapted to be braced together by means of formwork anchor ties. A crosspiece in the form of a boom member is applied to a formwork element at at least two girders and simultaneously serves as an abutment for the formwork anchor tie, the latter therefore being arranged between and having its reaction forces transferred to the two girders. The crosspiece is likewise changeable in its effective length by its fastening location being adjustable in the longitudinal direction in which the crosspiece extends and transversely to the orientation of the girder, so that the crosspiece is available as an adjustable boom member in altering the curvature of the face sheet, as well as sustaining the tension forces. |
BibTeX:
@misc{jaruzel1996,
author = {Jaruzel, Kurt},
title = {Formwork for surfaces varying in curvature},
howpublished = {US Patent 5492303},
year = {1996},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5492303.html}
}
|
| Jensen F and Pellegrino S (2005), "Expandable 'BLOB' Structures", Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures. Vol. 46(149), pp. 151-158. |
| Abstract: This paper presents a methodology for designing single-degree-of-freedom expandable “free-form” structures composed of rigid blocks connected through simple cylindrical joints. The underlying idea is to interconnect two or more individually expandable plate structures. Using a two-dimensionally expanding sphere as a first example, the conditions that must be satisfied to preserve the internal mobility when connecting identical expandable plate structures are explained. These conditions are then extended to plate structures that are not identical and it is shown that a wide range of expandable free-form or “blob” structures can be designed through this approach. |
BibTeX:
@article{jensen2005,
author = {F. Jensen and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Expandable 'BLOB' Structures},
journal = {Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures},
year = {2005},
volume = {46},
number = {149},
pages = {151-158}
}
|
| Johnson W and Yu TX (1980), "The angle of fold and the plastic work done in the folding of developable flat sheets of metal", Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. Vol. 22(5), pp. 233-241. |
| Abstract: Under the condition of inextensibility, an initially flat sheet of metal can be folded along straight lines or a curved line to produce various surfaces. The angle of fold and the plastic work done in folding along a line are examined for a series of cases, such as folding-up into a prism and a frustrum, folding on a cylinder along a circular arc, and more generally, folding on a developed surface along an arbitrary curved line. Some numerical results are given. |
BibTeX:
@article{johnson1980,
author = {W. Johnson and T. X. Yu},
title = {The angle of fold and the plastic work done in the folding of developable flat sheets of metal},
journal = {Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science},
year = {1980},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {233--241},
doi = {10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1980_022_045_02}
}
|
| Joshi SP and Cowan DL (2007), "Transformable skin", US Patent Application 20070138341. |
| Abstract: A transformable skin. The transformable skin includes a first mechanism for enabling a first type of deformation of the skin. A second mechanism resists a second type of deformation that is different than the first type of deformation in direction or form. In a more specific embodiment, the first mechanism and the second mechanism are interconnected. The first type of deformation is strain deformation along a first path that is inline with a first axis of the skin. In the specific embodiment, the second type of deformation includes shear deformation and strain deformation that is inline with a second axis that is approximately perpendicular to the first axis. The first mechanism includes a plural partially planar spring structures arranged parallel to each other. The plural partially planar spring structures are resistant to bending and are interconnected via rigid connecting structures. The spring structures are partially planar, and the connecting structures are covered with an elastomeric material. |
BibTeX:
@misc{yoshi2007,
author = {S. P. Joshi and D. L. Cowan},
title = {Transformable skin},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20070138341},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2007/0138341.html}
}
|
| Ju J and Summers JD (2011), "Compliant hexagonal periodic lattice structures having both high shear strength and high shear strain", Materials & Design. Vol. 32(2), pp. 512 - 524. |
| Abstract: Cellular structures having negative Poisson's ratios can be designed to have high shear flexure properties. In this paper, the elastic limits of hexagonal honeycombs including the ones having negative Poisson's ratios (NPR) are explored with various cell geometries under simple shear loading. While designing a shear modulus, e.g., of 10 MPa, of hexagonal honeycombs, corresponding meso-structures are designed with three constituent materials; an aluminum alloy (7075-T6), a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), and a high strength steel (ANSI 4340). The in-plane linear elastic honeycomb model is employed to achieve the shear moduli of the hexagonal honeycombs made of the three constituent materials. The shear strengths, ()12 and shear yield strains, ()12 of hexagonal honeycombs are obtained from finite element analysis using ABAQUS. The titanium alloy honeycombs show a good shear flexure property having both high ()12 and ()12 when it is designed to the target . The re-entrant geometry makes honeycombs flexible associated with a high effective bending length. |
BibTeX:
@article{ju2011,
author = {Jaehyung Ju and Joshua D. Summers},
title = {Compliant hexagonal periodic lattice structures having both high shear strength and high shear strain},
journal = {Materials & Design},
year = {2011},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {512 - 524},
doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2010.08.029}
}
|
| Jung E, Schirdewan J and Gernhardt C (1989), "Schalung für grossformatige gekrümmte Stahlbetonfertigteile", DE Patent DE8815339. |
BibTeX:
@misc{jung1989,
author = {E. Jung and J. Schirdewan and C. Gernhardt},
title = {Schalung für grossformatige gekrümmte Stahlbetonfertigteile},
howpublished = {DE Patent DE8815339},
year = {1989},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19890323&CC=DE&NR=8815339U1&KC=U1}
}
|
| Junkers H (1920), "Corrugated sheet metal", US Patent 1517633. |
BibTeX:
@misc{junkers1920,
author = {Hugo Junkers},
title = {Corrugated sheet metal},
howpublished = {US Patent 1517633},
year = {1920},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1517633.html}
}
|
| Junkers H (1929), "Corrugated sheet-metal shape", US Patent US1704326. |
BibTeX:
@misc{junkers1929,
author = {Hugo Junkers},
title = {Corrugated sheet-metal shape},
howpublished = {US Patent US1704326},
year = {1929},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1704326.html}
}
|
| Justin J (1994), "Towards a Mathematical Theory of Origami", In Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{justin1994,
author = {J. Justin},
editor = {Koryo Miura},
title = {Towards a Mathematical Theory of Origami},
booktitle = {Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Künstler A and Trautz M (2011), "Wandelbare Faltungen aus biegesteifen Faltelementen (Transl: Deployable folding patterns using stiff plate elements)", Bautechnik. Vol. 88(2), pp. 86-93. |
| Abstract: Deployable folding patterns unify the structural advances of folded plate systems with the deployability of the whole structure. The essential requirement for the structural usability is the load bearing capacity of the plate elements and therefore its bending stiffness resulting in bending resistant materials of finite thickness. Therefore only the flexible connection between the plate elements must induce the movability. The degree of freedom of the connections is determined by the matter and configuration of the folding pattern and the dimensions of the folding elements. In the following the most important aspects of typical interrelated dependencies within kinetics, structure, folding systems and construction regarding deployable folding patterns will be described. |
BibTeX:
@article{kuenstler2011,
author = {A. Künstler and M. Trautz},
title = {Wandelbare Faltungen aus biegesteifen Faltelementen (Transl: Deployable folding patterns using stiff plate elements)},
journal = {Bautechnik},
year = {2011},
volume = {88},
number = {2},
pages = {86-93},
doi = {10.1002/bate.201110008}
}
|
| Kalpakjian S and Schmid SR (2009), "Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials" Prentice Hall.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{kalpakjian2009,
author = {S. Kalpakjian and S. R. Schmid},
title = {Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials},
publisher = {Prentice Hall},
year = {2009},
edition = {5th}
}
|
| Kane NR (2000), "Mathematically optimized family of ultra low distortion bellow fold patterns", US Patent 6054194. |
| Abstract: An improved mathematically modeled family of bellow fold patterns, useful for making bellows from stiff but foldable materials, which forms a corner of a bellow consisting of a series of several single inversion fold patterns, each having a characteristic design angle which is mathematically computed to provide a desired initial wall angle for the bellow and to minimize wall tilting over a predetermined extension angle range, thereby allowing low cost bellows to be made which can extend long distances while using a minimal amount of stiff but foldable material. In addition, each characteristic design angle can be computed to provide exactly zero tilting of the bellow walls at one or more non-zero extension lengths specified by a designer, thus allowing, unlike all other prior art folds, a structurally stiff, long extending bellow to be formed in an extended state using fast production techniques such as vacuum forming, blow molding or injection molding, while also allowing the bellow to be free of distortion in the compressed state. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kane2000,
author = {N. R. Kane},
title = {Mathematically optimized family of ultra low distortion bellow fold patterns},
howpublished = {US Patent 6054194},
year = {2000},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6054194.html}
}
|
| Kangwai RD and Guest SD (1999), "Detection of finite mechanisms in symmetric structures", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 36(36), pp. 5507-5527. |
| Abstract: Using group representation theory, it is possible to block-diagonalise the equilibrium matrix of a symmetric structure. This analysis can identify the symmetry properties of any states of self-stress or mechanisms present in the structure. This paper will show that in some cases, this linear analysis, combined with symmetry arguments, can show that particular mechanisms of a symmetric structure must be finite. |
BibTeX:
@article{kangwai1999b,
author = {R. D. Kangwai and S. D. Guest},
title = {Detection of finite mechanisms in symmetric structures},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {1999},
volume = {36},
number = {36},
pages = {5507-5527},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7683(98)00234-0}
}
|
| Kangwai RD and Guest SD (2000), "Symmetry-adapted equilibrium matrices", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 37(11), pp. 1525-1548. |
| Abstract: A number of authors have previously used group representation theory to block-diagonalise the stiffness matrix of a symmetric structure. This paper describes how similar techniques can be used to block-diagonalise the equilibrium matrix of a symmetric structure. This is shown to provide useful insight into the static and kinematic response of such systems. In particular, it simplifies finding and classifying states of self-stress and mechanisms, as well as reducing the computational effort required for a Force Method analysis. |
BibTeX:
@article{kangwai2000,
author = {R. D Kangwai and S. D. Guest},
title = {Symmetry-adapted equilibrium matrices},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2000},
volume = {37},
number = {11},
pages = {1525-1548},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7683(98)00318-7}
}
|
| Kangwai RD, Guest SD and Pellegrino S (1999), "An introduction to the analysis of symmetric structures", Computers & Structures. Vol. 71(6), pp. 671-688. |
| Abstract: This paper aims to review and explain the techniques used to analyse symmetric structures subject to a general loading. After an extensive review of previous work in this field, the paper introduces the most general way of describing the full symmetry properties of a structure, based on group representation theory, and shows how this approach can be used to systematically simplify a structural analysis. A technique which is better known to structural engineers, known as the Fourier method, is also presented, but it is shown that this method is a special case of the group representation theory method. For both methods the techniques that are used to block-diagonalize the full stiffness matrix of a structure are presented, and it is also shown that substructuring techniques can be used so that the full stiffness matrix never needs to be generated. |
BibTeX:
@article{kangwai1999,
author = {R. D. Kangwai and S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {An introduction to the analysis of symmetric structures},
journal = {Computers & Structures},
year = {1999},
volume = {71},
number = {6},
pages = {671-688},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00234-X}
}
|
| Kawasaki T (1994), "R($)=$I$", In Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{kawasaki1994,
author = {Toshikazu Kawasaki},
editor = {Koryo Miura},
title = {R($)=$I$},
booktitle = {Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Kawasaki T and Yoshida M (1988), "Crystallographic flat origamis", Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University. Series A, Mathematics. Vol. 42(2), pp. 153-157. |
| Abstract: Origami is an art of paper-foldings. From a sheat of paper, they produce a bird, and animal a plane, a ship and etc. Origami is transmitted (especially in Japan) as a popular amusement, a traditional art and as a method of mathematical education. In recent years there are several mathematical studies on origami. In order to develop the mathematical theory further, the authors think that it is necessary to give a firm backgroud to origami. To begin with, we give in this paper a rigorous (and at the same time practical) definition of flat origamis and their foldings, where a flat origami is an origami of which finished work is flat. Since origamis which are invariant under some group actions are of special interest, we study their properties. We also give some examples of flat origamis with high symmetricity which are called crystallographic flat origamis. |
BibTeX:
@article{kawasaki1988,
author = {Toshikazu Kawasaki and Masaaki Yoshida},
title = {Crystallographic flat origamis},
journal = {Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University. Series A, Mathematics},
year = {1988},
volume = {42},
number = {2},
pages = {153-157},
doi = {10.2206/kyushumfs.42.153}
}
|
| Kayumov RA, Zakirov IM, Alekseev KP, Alekseev KA and Zinnurov RA (2007), "Determination of load-carrying capacity in panels with chevron-type cores", Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). Vol. 50(4), pp. 357-361. |
| Abstract: In this paper, the problem on creation of a mathematical model describing the behavior of a sandwich panel with chevron-type cores is considered. The model is meant for calculating the ultimate shearing compressive loads and its parameters are determined by the identification methods on the basis of experimental data. |
BibTeX:
@article{kayumov2007,
author = {R. A. Kayumov and I. M. Zakirov and K. P. Alekseev and K. A. Alekseev and R. A. Zinnurov},
title = {Determination of load-carrying capacity in panels with chevron-type cores},
journal = {Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)},
year = {2007},
volume = {50},
number = {4},
pages = {357-361},
doi = {10.3103/S1068799807040022}
}
|
| Kebadze E, Guest SD and Pellegrino S (2004), "Bistable prestressed shell structures", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 41(11-12), pp. 2801-2820. |
| Abstract: The paper investigates a cylindrical shell which has two stable configurations, due to a particular distribution of residual stresses induced by plastic bending. The basic mechanics of the bistability are explained, along with details of the plastic forming. A comprehensive analytical model is developed which predicts the residual stress distribution and bistable configurations of the shell. Good correlation has been found between experimental results and predictions from this model. |
BibTeX:
@article{kebadze2004,
author = {E. Kebadze and S. D. Guest and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Bistable prestressed shell structures},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2004},
volume = {41},
number = {11-12},
pages = {2801-2820},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.01.028}
}
|
| Kehrle R (2005), "Method and apparatus for producing a composite structural panel with a folded material core", US Patent 6913570. |
| Abstract: A folded core structure is produced by embossing fold lines into a flat planar material web, initiating folds along the fold lines on the upper and lower surfaces of the material web, proceeding with the formation of the folds along the fold lines to deform the material web from its two-dimensional starting configuration to a three-dimensional folded configuration, and post-processing the folded material web to stabilize or fix the folded configuration thereof. A composite structural panel is produced by bonding a cover layer onto at least one surface of the folded core structure. An apparatus preferably includes embossing or creasing rolls to form the fold lines in the material web, air nozzles or folding rolls to initiate the folding process, bristle brush rolls to complete the folding process, and further folding rolls to enhance and fix the folded configuration, optionally in connection with heating, cooling, applying a coating onto, or impregnating a resin or binder into the material web. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kehrle2005,
author = {Rainer Kehrle},
title = {Method and apparatus for producing a composite structural panel with a folded material core},
howpublished = {US Patent 6913570},
year = {2005},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6913570.html}
}
|
| Keith DG (1977), "Cuspated sheet forming", US Patent 4025599. |
| Abstract: A continuous process of forming a sheet of thermoplastic material by sequentially pressing against one face of the hot sheet of material the cold tips of projections set in and extending normally from a first series of separately moveable combs and sequentially pressing against the second face of the material the cold tips of projections set in and extending normally from a second series of separately moveable combs so that the projections of the first series of combs interpenetrate with the projections of the second series of combs in such a manner that the projections of the first series are spaced from the projections of the second series by a distance greater than the thickness of the sheet; and the interpenetrated projections are substantially parallel during the act of interpenetration; and wherein the interpenetrated combs are moved along at the speed of the sheet until the sheet is set and the combs are then removed and recycled. |
BibTeX:
@misc{keith1977,
author = {Donald George Keith},
title = {Cuspated sheet forming},
howpublished = {US Patent 4025599},
year = {1977},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4025599.html}
}
|
| Kempe AB (1877), "How to draw a straight line; a lecture on linkages" London: Macmillan and Co.. |
BibTeX:
@book{kempe1877,
author = {Alfred Bray Kempe},
title = {How to draw a straight line; a lecture on linkages},
publisher = {London: Macmillan and Co.},
year = {1877},
url = {http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=math;idno=kemp009}
}
|
| Kergosien Y, Gotoda H and Kunii TL (1994), "Bending and creasing virtual paper", Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE. Vol. 14(1), pp. 40 - 48. |
| Abstract: We developed a mathematical model to simulate the bending and creasing behavior of paper-like sheets. This model permits interactive deformation of a surface remaining isometric to a plane rectangular sheet. It exhibits some important characteristics of paper behavior, such as the appearance of creases for some shapes of the boundary. Accurately simulating the detailed behavior of paper creases would involve several complex tasks, like employing mechanical shell modeling with possible boundary layer phenomena and studying the dynamics of buckling, or considering paper's plasticity. We do not discuss these difficult problems, instead simply analyzing the creasing phenomenon as a transition between two kinds of applicable surfaces |
BibTeX:
@article{kergosien1994,
author = {Y.L. Kergosien and H. Gotoda and T. L. Kunii},
title = {Bending and creasing virtual paper},
journal = {Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE},
year = {1994},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {40 - 48},
doi = {10.1109/38.250917}
}
|
| Khaliulin V, Dvoeglazov I and Inkin V (2002), "Isometric forming of relief plates using vacuum energy", Kuznechno-Shtampovochnoe Proizvodstvo (Obrabotka Metallov Davleniem). (1), pp. 17-24. |
| Abstract: New flow sheet, tool and equipment are created to manufacture the structures with the great depth of relief profile without material stretching. The thin-walled relief components are manufactured by isometric transformation of surface due to simultaneous bending along all marking lines of blank. The process is being executed with the help of transformable shape-forming unit using a vacuum energy. The formulas are given for computing the controlling sizes and tuning parameters of tool. An efficiency of proposed technology and equipment is supported by manufacturing 12Kh17N9M steel curvilinear component with the zeta-corrugated sheet structure. |
BibTeX:
@article{khaliulin2002,
author = {Khaliulin, V.I. and Dvoeglazov, I.V. and Inkin, V.A.},
title = {Isometric forming of relief plates using vacuum energy},
journal = {Kuznechno-Shtampovochnoe Proizvodstvo (Obrabotka Metallov Davleniem)},
year = {2002},
number = {1},
pages = {17-24}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI (2005), "A Technique for Synthesizing the Structures of Folded Cores of Sandwich Panels", Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). Vol. 48(1), pp. 7-12. |
| Abstract: We suggest a technique for synthesizing the light folded cores for aircraft structures, determine and systematize the variants of possible local transformations of base structures that make it possible to keep the folded structure unchanged and, at the same time, modify its architecture thereby improving its functional properties and adaptability to streamlined production. We establish also the general regularities that draw a distinction between the types of transformations and the geometrical properties of a structure modified and that make it possible to design cores with longitudinal and lateral curvature, well-developed surface of connection with the skin, and local increase in the structure density. Also given are some examples of transformations for a number of different row-arranged folded structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{khaliulin2005d,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin},
title = {A Technique for Synthesizing the Structures of Folded Cores of Sandwich Panels},
journal = {Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)},
year = {2005},
volume = {48},
number = {1},
pages = {7-12}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Batrakov VV (2005), "Technological Schemes of Zigzag Crimp Shaping", Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). Vol. 48(2), pp. 68-73. |
| Abstract: We present an analytical review of technological schemes for shaping folded cores of sandwich panels followed by evaluation of the possibility of their application to hard-sheet composite and hybrid materials taking into account geometric pattern parameters. We offer a classification scheme of methods for manufacturing folded structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{khaliulin2005c,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and V. V. Batrakov},
title = {Technological Schemes of Zigzag Crimp Shaping},
journal = {Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)},
year = {2005},
volume = {48},
number = {2},
pages = {68-73}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI, Batrakov VV, Dvoeglazov I and Menjashkin DG (2007), "Method for making parts with zigzag corrugated structure", Russian Patent RU2303501. |
| Abstract: FIELD: plastic working of metals, possibly manufacture of corrugated constructions with wrinkled structure from thin-sheet material. SUBSTANCE: method comprises steps of feeding continuous blank in the form of linear corrugation to shaping zone; jamming blank for forming in it two jammed zones in the form of mutually spaced saw-tooth lines or saw-tooth belts consisting of rectangular faces; forming on blank zigzag and saw-tooth lines according to marking out lines on development of zigzag corrugated structure. In order to realize it, between jammed zones part portion with zigzag corrugated structure in the form of two-row or three-row belt is formed. Said two-row belt includes two belts with faces in the form of parallelogram. Three-row belt includes two belts with faces in the form of parallelogram and arranged between them mean belt with rectangular faces.; At jamming, mean belt of three-row belt is shaped in such a way that to provide its profile similar to that of saw-tooth belts but shifted in cross direction. Shifting value is equal to amplitude of zigzag lines of corrugated structure. All operations are cyclically repeated. EFFECT: enlarged manufacturing possibilities of method. |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin2007,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and V. V. Batrakov and I.V. Dvoeglazov and D. G. Menjashkin},
title = {Method for making parts with zigzag corrugated structure},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2303501},
year = {2007}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI, Batravkov VV, Dvoeglazov IV and Menjashkin DG (2005), "Method of manufacture of a relief detail with a zigzag-shaped channeled structure (versions)", Russian Patent RU2264918. |
| Abstract: FIELD: methods of manufacture of the channeled constructions with a buckle structure made out of sheet materials. SUBSTANCE: the invention is pertaining to the methods of manufacture of the channeled constructions with a buckle structure made out of sheet materials. The method includes delivery of a blank in the area of the form-shaping and bending of a sheet blank on zigzag and saw-tooth lines according to the form of the cells of the zigzag structure. Manufacture of a relief detail is conducted a step-by-step in a cyclic mode, using which in the area of the form-shaping mold the combined buckle structure consisting of a zigzag corrugations and a triangular corrugations. Ribs of a triangular corrugation are oriented in a direction of delivery of a blank. A zigzag corrugation is conjugated with a triangular corrugation along the saw-tooth or zigzag lines oriented across a direction of the blank delivery. According to the first version during one cycle a relief detail is shaped, then the zigzag and triangular corrugations of the combined buckle structure are cyclically stretched up to a planar state and the blank is drawn into the area of the form-shaping by the given value for formation of a required length of the relief detail with the zigzag channeled structure. According to the second version to the form-shaping of the combined buckle structure may precede a local weakening of rigidity of the material along the zigzag line of the blank saliences and concaves from the different sides of the blank. The given engineering solution expands technological capabilities of manufacture of relief details. EFFECT: the invention ensures expansion of the technological capabilities of the relief details manufacture. |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin2005b,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and V. V. Batravkov and I. V. Dvoeglazov and D. G. Menjashkin},
title = {Method of manufacture of a relief detail with a zigzag-shaped channeled structure (versions)},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2264918},
year = {2005}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Desjatov V (1996), "Multilayer Panel", CCCP Patent SU1646196. |
| Abstract: Field: light fillers made of corrugated material; manufacture of flying vehicles and other industries. Substance: panel has skins 1 with zigzag filler 2 between them; filler 2 has alternating projections 3 and recesses 4. Triangular grooves 5 are provided at top of each projection 3 and in recess 4 which are filled with composite material 6 possessing adhesive properties. Effect: enhanced strenght and reliablity of panel due to increased area of contact between skins and filler. |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin1996,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and V.E. Desjatov},
title = {Multilayer Panel},
howpublished = {CCCP Patent SU1646196},
year = {1996}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Desyatov VE (1991), "Device for corrugation of sheet material", Soviet Union Patent SU1690903.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin1991,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and V. E. Desyatov},
title = {Device for corrugation of sheet material},
howpublished = {Soviet Union Patent SU1690903},
year = {1991}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Desyatov VE (1993), "Method of making a multilayer panel of curvilinear shape", Soviet Union Patent SU1830326.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin1993,
author = {Khaliulin, V. I. and Desyatov, V. E.},
title = {Method of making a multilayer panel of curvilinear shape},
howpublished = {Soviet Union Patent SU1830326},
year = {1993}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Dvoeglazov IV (1998), "Apparatus for corrugating sheet material", Russian Patent RU2118217. |
| Abstract: FIELD: equipment for corrugating sheet materials by bending, possibly manufacture of light fillers for laminate panels. SUBSTANCE: apparatus includes systems of upper 6 and lower 7 punches. Each system consists of identical flat shaping members in the form of parallelograms jointly connected one with another along their sides and forming corrugated surface. Mutual orientation of upper and lower systems of punches is provided by means of upper and lower stoppers in the form of multiple-link units having flat members 12,11 jointly connected one with another for forming corrugation. Said upper and lower stoppers are connected by means of cylindrical hinges with systems of upper 6 and lower 7 punches respectively. Elastic members 9,10 are secured to surface of said multiple-link units. Drive unit of punch systems is in the form of detachable vacuum-chamber formed by bag of gas-tight material with possibility of sealing said chamber at side of blank feed to working zone between upper and lower punch systems. At process of shaping- vacuumizing said vacuum chamber follows contour of upper 6 and lower 7 punches. Unit for lifting upper punch system is in the form of rectangular frame having cross pieces, cross and longitudinal guides, and it is jointly connected with system by means of sliding units and stationary units. One side of frame may perform reciprocation motion in plane of frame at shaping process according to change of position of front edge of upper punch system relative to table plane. Drive mechanism for lifting upper punch system together with stoppers provides possibility of lifting and rotating frame together with upper punch system relative to axis parallel to one of its sides. EFFECT: enhanced efficiency, high quality of articles, lowered material consumption and reduced price of main units. |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin1998,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and I. V. Dvoeglazov},
title = {Apparatus for corrugating sheet material},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2118217},
year = {1998}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Dvoeglazov IV (2001), "On technological problems of fabrication of relief designs by isometric transformation of thin sheet", Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics. Vol. 18(1), pp. 11-16. |
| Abstract: Some problems connected with production of new light-weight filler type are considered for sandwich layers. Constructively, the filler is the folded structure that can be developed on a plane. This feature makes it possible to produce the filler byisometric transformation of thin sheet through local bending without material stretching. The main difficulty is that the bending must be carried out along all lines of complex-shaped marking-out at a time. The problem of shaping can be solved by use of the original shaping device that can be transformed in operation. The herein-presented technology of production makes it possible to fabricate parts with deep relief using a wide gamut of different materials even as the thin-sheet metal alloys and paper. |
BibTeX:
@article{khaliulin2001,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and I. V. Dvoeglazov},
title = {On technological problems of fabrication of relief designs by isometric transformation of thin sheet},
journal = {Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics},
year = {2001},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {11-16}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI, Dvoeglazov IV, Menjashkin DG and Batrakov VV (2005), "Method of production of a filler with a zigzag corrugated structure", Russian Patent RU2256556. |
| Abstract: FIELD: building industry; aircraft industry; transport mechanical engineering; methods of production of corrugated constructions with a folded structure. SUBSTANCE: the invention is pertaining to the field of the methods of production of corrugated constructions with a folded structure used in the capacity of a filler of multilayered panels. The invention may be used in production of aircrafts, building industry and transport mechanical engineering. The invention provides, that the process of shaping a detail with a zigzag corrugated structure is preceded with a local slackening of a billet rigidity along the marking lines in the areas of a supposed bending by shaping of grooves along the zigzag lines of profile peaks determining a position of the peaks of the structure, and along the cuttings of the saw-type lines determining the peaks along these lines in the structure - on one side of the billet and along the zigzag lines of the pits of the structure - on the opposite side of the billet. On the all points of the lines intersection on the billet marking lines form pits. Slackening of rigidity of the billet may be conducted by a piercing of through holes of a small diameter along all the marking lines. After shaping of grooves and pits the billet may be given a slant relief according to the given zigzag corrugated structure. Then the shaping of the zigzag corrugated structure is realized by an additional pressure of the billet with the produced slant relief up to the structure with the given density of the relief. The method allows to receive with a high accuracy of a filler with the zigzag corrugated structure from the solid-sheet materials. EFFECT: the invention ensures production with a high accuracy of a filler with the zigzag corrugated structure from the solid-sheet materials. |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin2005a,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and I. V. Dvoeglazov and D. G. Menjashkin and V. V. Batrakov},
title = {Method of production of a filler with a zigzag corrugated structure},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2256556},
year = {2005}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI and Skripkin EA (1997), "Method for making zigzag corrugation (variants) and apparatus for performing the same", Russian Patent RU2100120.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin1997,
author = {Khaliulin, V. I. and E. A. Skripkin},
title = {Method for making zigzag corrugation (variants) and apparatus for performing the same},
howpublished = {Russian Patent RU2100120},
year = {1997}
}
|
| Khaliulin VI, Zakirov IM, Menjashkin DG and Batratkov VV (2003), "Apparatus for corrugating sheet material", RU Patent RU2205084. |
| Abstract: FIELD: equipment for corrugating sheet materials by bending. SUBSTANCE: apparatus includes housing mounted on base and having upper movable part and stationary lower part; mechanism for lifting upper part; gas- tight cloth. Systems of upper and lower punches are arranged inside housing; each system includes identical flat shaping members in the form of parallelograms jointly connected one with another at their sides. Drive unit of punch systems is in the form of two sealed chambers into which excess pressure may be supplied. Each chamber is formed by means of systems of respective punches joined by means of gas-tight elastic cloth along perimeter with respective part of housing. Cavity between punch systems is communicated with atmosphere and forms shaping zone. EFFECT: enhanced reliability and efficiency, simplified design and enlarged manufacturing possibilities of apparatus |
BibTeX:
@misc{khaliulin2003,
author = {V. I. Khaliulin and I. M. Zakirov and D. G. Menjashkin and V. V. Batratkov},
title = {Apparatus for corrugating sheet material},
howpublished = {RU Patent RU2205084},
year = {2003}
}
|
| Kilian M, Flöry S, Chen Z, Mitra NJ, Sheffer A and Pottmann H (2008), "Curved Folding", ACM Transactions on Graphics. Vol. 27(3) |
| Abstract: Fascinating and elegant shapes may be folded from a single planar sheet of material without stretching, tearing or cutting, if one incorporates curved folds into the design. We present an optimizationbased computational framework for design and digital reconstruction of surfaces which can be produced by curved folding. Our work not only contributes to applications in architecture and industrial design, but it also provides a new way to study the complex and largely unexplored phenomena arising in curved folding. |
BibTeX:
@article{kilian2008,
author = {M. Kilian and S. Flöry and Z. Chen and N. J. Mitra and A. Sheffer and H. Pottmann},
title = {Curved Folding},
journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics},
year = {2008},
volume = {27},
number = {3},
note = {to appear},
url = {http://graphics.stanford.edu/~niloy/research/folding/folding_sig_08.html}
}
|
| Kilian M, Flöry S, Chen Z, Mitra NJ, Sheffer A and Pottmann H (2008), "Developable Surfaces with Curved Creases", In Advances in Architectural Geometry. |
| Abstract: Fascinating and elegant shapes may be folded from a single planar sheet of material without stretching, tearing or cutting, if one incorporates curved folds into the design. We present an optimizationbased computational framework for design and digital reconstruction of surfaces which can be produced by curved folding. Our work not only contributes to applications in architecture and industrial design, but it also provides a new way to study the complex and largely unexplored phenomena arising in curved folding. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{kilian2008b,
author = {M. Kilian and S. Flöry and Z. Chen and N. J. Mitra and A. Sheffer and H. Pottmann},
title = {Developable Surfaces with Curved Creases},
booktitle = {Advances in Architectural Geometry},
year = {2008},
note = {to appear},
url = {http://graphics.stanford.edu/~niloy/research/creases/creases_aag_08.html}
}
|
| Kim B and Christensen RM (1999), "Basic two-dimensional core types for sandwich structures", International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. Vol. 42(4), pp. 657-676. |
| Abstract: The mechanical characteristics of three types of core with two-dimensional isotropic patterns – triangular, hexagonal, and starcell – were studied as related to applications in sandwich structures. The Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio were calculated for the three core types in the direction normal to the faces. The compressive buckling strength and shear buckling strength were calculated for the three core types by modeling each cell wall of the core as a plate under compressive or shear load. To verify this model, tests were conducted on scaled specimens to measure the compressive buckling strength of each core. The bending flexibilities of the three cores were also studied. Compliances for the three cores were measured using biaxial flexural tests. Tests were performed on each core type in which the deflection of a circular core sample loaded at its center was measured. The three isotropic core patterns exhibited distinct characteristics. In the direction normal to the faces, all three cores had the same stiffness. However, the triangular core had lower compressive and shear buckling strengths than the other two core types. The starcell core exhibited high flexibility compared to the other cores, indicating a potential for application in curved sandwich structures. |
BibTeX:
@article{kim1999,
author = {Beomkeun Kim and Richard M. Christensen},
title = {Basic two-dimensional core types for sandwich structures},
journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Sciences},
year = {1999},
volume = {42},
number = {4},
pages = {657-676},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7403(99)00028-4}
}
|
| Kintscher M, Kärger L, Wetzel A and Hartung D (2007), "Stiffness and failure behaviour of folded sandwich cores under combined transverse shear and compression", Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 38(5), pp. 1288 - 1295. |
| Abstract: For efficiently simulating the failure behaviour of sandwich structures made of stiff face sheets and a light-weight core, macroscopic material stiffness and strength values are essential. The investigated folded cores are made from Nomex paper coated with epoxy resin. Due to their channel-like structure, folded cores are air ventilated, which can help to reduce the danger of deterioration, which is a big advancement for applications in the aerospace industry. Folded core structures were tested under combined transverse compression and shear in order to get the stiffness values and the failure criterion under a multi-axial stress state. For this purpose a new test device was developed, which allows a simultaneous application of shear and compression loads. The test results are presented and discussed using a nonlinear description of the stiffness and failure behaviour of the folded core structure. Additionally, the results are compared to the stiffness and the failure behaviour of honeycomb cores. |
BibTeX:
@article{kintscher2007,
author = {M. Kintscher and L. Kärger and A. Wetzel and D. Hartung},
title = {Stiffness and failure behaviour of folded sandwich cores under combined transverse shear and compression},
journal = {Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing},
year = {2007},
volume = {38},
number = {5},
pages = {1288 - 1295},
doi = {10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.11.008}
}
|
| Klett Y and Drechsler K (2009), "Cutting Edge Cores: Multifunctional Core Structures", In 2009 DGLR Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress. |
| Abstract: Isometrically folded cellular structures, so-called foldcores, provide an innovative core material for lightweight sandwich structures with advantageous properties. Using the basic rules of origami, these structures are folded from one flat sheet of material without cutting, glueing or stretching of the base material. The isometric folding allows for the use of highgrade materials and very flexible customisation of the core materials. To develop and produce these high-performance MIOs (Modular Isometric Origami), both mathematical design and hardware manufacturing methods have been developed at the Institute of Aircraft Design (IFB). We present typical MIO structures and discuss their properties in relation to well-known core materials and show how foldcore properties can be tailored on multiple levels to satisfy different requirements and include secondary functionality. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{klett2009,
author = {Y. Klett and K. Drechsler},
title = {Cutting Edge Cores: Multifunctional Core Structures},
booktitle = {2009 DGLR Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Klett Y and Drechsler K (2010), "Designing Technical Tessellations", In Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME). CRC Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{klett2010,
author = {Y. Klett and K. Drechsler},
editor = {Patsy Wang-Iverson and R. J. Lang and Mark YIM},
title = {Designing Technical Tessellations},
booktitle = {Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME)},
publisher = {CRC Press},
year = {2010}
}
|
| Klett Y, Drechsler K, Kolax M, Wentzel H and Kehrle R (2007), "Design of multifunctional folded core structures for aerospace sandwich applications", In Proceedings of 1st CEAS European air and space conference. Berlin , pp. 903-908. |
| Abstract: Sandwich constructions offer a high potential in weight and cost reduction compared to other construction methods. Newly developed folded core structures offer a high-performance alternative to conventional cores like foams and honeycombs, while eliminating certain shortcomings of these core types and incorporating secondary functions. Folded cores can be tailored to user needs and specifications including geometry, mechanical, acoustical and other properties. General properties of folded core structures are discussed and possible applications of folded cores in sandwich structures are presented. A variety of possible structures is shown. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{klett2007,
author = {Y. Klett and K. Drechsler and M. Kolax and H. Wentzel and R. Kehrle},
title = {Design of multifunctional folded core structures for aerospace sandwich applications},
booktitle = {Proceedings of 1st CEAS European air and space conference},
year = {2007},
pages = {903--908}
}
|
| Kling DH (2005), "Patterning technology for folded sheet structures", US Patent 6935997. |
| Abstract: The present invention supplies practical procedures, functions or techniques for folding tessellations. Several tessellation crease pattern techniques, and the three-dimensional folded configuration are given. Additionally several new forming processes, including mathematical methods for describing the material flow are disclosed doubly-periodic folding of materials that name the doubly-periodic folded (DPF) surface, including vertices, edges, and facets, at any stage of the folding. This information is necessary for designing tooling and forming equipment, for analyzing strength and deflections of the DPFs under a variety of conditions, for modeling the physical properties of DPF laminations and composite structures, for understanding the acoustic or other wave absorption/diffusion/reflection characteristics, and for analyzing and optimizing the structure of DPFs in any other physical situation. Fundamental methods and procedures for designing and generating DPF materials include ways for defining the tessellation crease patterns, the folding process, and the three-dimensional folded configuration. The ways are mathematically sound in that they can be extended to a theorem/proof format. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kling2005,
author = {Daniel H. Kling},
title = {Patterning technology for folded sheet structures},
howpublished = {US Patent 6935997},
year = {2005},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6935997.html}
}
|
| Kling DH (2007), "Folding Method and Apparatus", US Patent Application 20070273077. |
| Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming patterns on sheet material are disclosed. The method comprises a continuous lateral stretch process for producing zero- or near zero-curvature structures. In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises pre-gathering the sheet material in the lateral direction to form longitudinal corrugated folds and then feeding the corrugated material through one or more sets of oscillating formers, preferably articulating discs, to impart folding in the lateral direction. Optionally, the sheet material may be fed through one or more sets of patterned rollers. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kling2007a,
author = {D. H. Kling},
title = {Folding Method and Apparatus},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20070273077},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20070273077.html}
}
|
| Kling DH (2007), "Folding methods, structures and apparatuses", US Patent Application 20070023987. |
| Abstract: A method for providing folded sheet structures comprising selecting an aspect surface, applying a shaping function to said aspect surface to yield a shaped surface, applying a floating point method to obtain a floated surface, and calculating a corresponding fold pattern on a unfolded sheet. The floating point method can be applied reiteratively to calculate the corresponding fold pattern. Machines for folding multifold structures, laminate structures, and micro- and nano-structures are disclosed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kling2007b,
author = {Daniel H. Kling},
title = {Folding methods, structures and apparatuses},
howpublished = {US Patent Application 20070023987},
year = {2007},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20070023987.html}
}
|
| Kling DH (1997), "Doubly Periodic Flat Surfaces in Three-Space". Thesis at: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. |
| Abstract: This thesis constructs many of the doubly periodic flat surfaces in three-space that correspond to folding paper periodically along the edges of a tesslation. An embedded flat polyhedral torus in three-space is constructed. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a folding map $f:E^n rightarrow E^n$ with a prescribed singular set. Also, a tool similar to the differential map is introduced to determine the periodicity of compositions. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{kling_thesis_1997,
author = {D. H. Kling},
title = {Doubly Periodic Flat Surfaces in Three-Space},
school = {Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey},
year = {1997},
url = {http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=736804621&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=69356&RQT=309&VName=PQD}
}
|
| Knapp R (1998), "Polyhedrally stiffened cylindrical (PC) pressure hull", US Patent 5711244. |
| Abstract: A structure for a pressure and buckling resisting hull has an undulated shell body with flat, plural, polyhedral faces, shell caps at the ends, and transition sections attaching the shell caps to the shell body. The shell body polyhedral faces may be generally triangular or generally trapezoidal and are truncated triangular in shape for reducing material stress and for increasing buckling resistance. The top-to-base length ratios of the truncated triangular shapes are selected to optimize structural performance so that differences between maximum stress-depth and buckling-depth curves are minimized. Transition sections are conoidal in shape or are formed by portions having alternating flat triangular faces with curved triangular faces. Buckling strength and material stress are reduced or increased by using transition sections which are longer or shorter than the polyhedral faces in the shell body |
BibTeX:
@misc{knapp1998,
author = {R.H. Knapp},
title = {Polyhedrally stiffened cylindrical (PC) pressure hull},
howpublished = {US Patent 5711244},
year = {1998},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5711244.html}
}
|
| Knapp RH (1977), "Pseudo-Cylindrical Shells: a New Concept for Undersea Structures", Transactions of the ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry. Vol. 99(2), pp. 485-492. |
| Abstract: A new structural concept is proposed which offers promising new alternatives to the design ofundersa pressure-resisting structures. This novel geometrical configuration consists of a concave polyhedral cylinder which exhibits stress distributions similar to those in ``true'' cylinders, but exhibits markedly higher elastic buckling resistance. Several undersea applications of this concept are suggested. Geometrical, stress and stability properties have been examined by experimental and finite-element analysis. |
BibTeX:
@article{knapp1977,
author = {R. H. Knapp},
title = {Pseudo-Cylindrical Shells: a New Concept for Undersea Structures},
journal = {Transactions of the ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry},
year = {1977},
volume = {99},
number = {2},
pages = {485--492}
}
|
| Kobayashi H, Daimaruya M and Vincent JFV (1999), "Effect of Crease Interval on Unfolding Manner of Corrugated Tree Leaves", JSME international journal. Series C, Mechanical systems, machine elements and manufacturing. Vol. 42(3), pp. 759-767. |
| Abstract: In this study, the unfolding of corrugated simple leaves such as hornbeam or common alder leaves, was observed. Based on the observation, a series of numerical models with various crease interval ratios, a^* (=a_2 / a_1, a_1:the distance from a valley crease to a crest crease, a_2:the distance from a crest crease to a valley crease) were considered to investigate the effect of a^* on the unfolding manner of corrugated leaves. By using vector analysis and transformation of coordinates with the models, numerical simulatioins for the unfolding of corrugated leaves were performed. A number of characteristic values such as angles between lamina elements and the movements of creases (valley creases run along main veins) were calculated during unfolding. The relationship between a^* and the kinetic energy of leaves during unfolding was also examined. It was found that the difference in unfolding manner between hornbeam and common alder leaves may be caused by the difference in the crease interval ratio in a leaf, a^*, i.e., a^* ≈ 1.0 in hornbeam leaves and a^* ≈ 1.3 in common alder leaves. It can be understood that hornbeam leaves with a relatively small vein diameter could choose a^*=1.0 to reduce the volume of fully folded leaves, while common alder leaves with a large vein diameter had to choose a value of a^*≠1.0 to avoid the increase in local volume due to the overlap of veins. |
BibTeX:
@article{kobayashi1999,
author = {H. Kobayashi and M. Daimaruya and J. F. V. Vincent},
title = {Effect of Crease Interval on Unfolding Manner of Corrugated Tree Leaves},
journal = {JSME international journal. Series C, Mechanical systems, machine elements and manufacturing},
year = {1999},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {759-767},
url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110004156064/en/}
}
|
| Kobayashi H, Kresling B and Vincent JFV (1998), "The geometry of unfolding tree leaves", Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Vol. 265(1391), pp. 147-154. |
| Abstract: Leaves of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and beech (Fagus sylvaticus) were modelled to a first approximation as plane surfaces, with straight parallel folds, using numerical methods. In both species the lateral veins, when the leaves are outstretched, are angled at 30 to 50 degrees from the centre vein. A higher angle allows the leaf to be folded more compactly within the bud, but it takes longer to expand. This may allow the plant to optimize the timing of leaf deployment with ecological and physiological conditions. |
BibTeX:
@article{kobayashi1998,
author = {H. Kobayashi and B. Kresling and J. F. V. Vincent},
title = {The geometry of unfolding tree leaves},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
year = {1998},
volume = {265},
number = {1391},
pages = {147-154},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.1998.0276}
}
|
| Koenigs MW (1951), "Tôle ondulée et ses applications", French Patent 990018. |
BibTeX:
@misc{koenigs1951,
author = {M. W. Koenigs},
title = {Tôle ondulée et ses applications},
howpublished = {French Patent 990018},
year = {1951},
url = {http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=FR990018&F=0&QPN=FR990018}
}
|
| Kokotsakis A (1933), "Über bewegliche Polyeder", Mathematische Annalen. Vol. 107, pp. 627-647. |
BibTeX:
@article{kokotsakis1933,
author = {Kokotsakis, A.},
title = {Über bewegliche Polyeder},
journal = {Mathematische Annalen},
year = {1933},
volume = {107},
pages = {627-647},
doi = {10.1007/BF01448912}
}
|
| Kolax M and Dolzinski W-D (2009), "Method for producing a core composite with double-sided surface layers", DE102008019070. |
| Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing, planar, simple or doubly folded core composites (1, 23) with at least one folded honeycomb core (4, 19). A hardening and later removable core filler (15, 16) is introduced into the through drainage channels (5, 6) of the folded honeycomb core (4, 19) before application of the initially unhardened surface layers (2, 3, 13, 22) in order to prevent a penetration of the cover layers, (2, 3, 13, 22) into the channels (5, 6) of the folded honeycomb core on the application and/or hardening of the surface layers (2, 3, 13, 22) and to achieve surfaces of the core composite (1, 23) without edges or polygons. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kolax2009,
author = {M. Kolax and W.-D. Dolzinski},
title = {Method for producing a core composite with double-sided surface layers},
howpublished = {DE102008019070},
year = {2009}
}
|
| Kollár L and Nagy KH (2000), "Stiffness Characteristics of Shells with Parabolic Corrugation", Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures. Vol. 41(3), pp. 191-203. |
| Abstract: Corrugated "plane" sheets have an increased bending stiffness perpendicularly to the corrugation and a reduced tensile stiffness parallel to it. If these sheets are curved perpendicularly to the corrugation (“corrugated shells”), then the values of several stiffnesses deviate from those valid for “plane” sheets and, moreover, there is interaction between some stiffnesses in the sense that if external forces cause deformation against one of these stiffnesses, deformations corresponding to other stiffnesses develop as well. In this paper we will develop the flexibility characteristics of shells with parabolic corrugation with the aid of the theory of shell-arches. Inverting the flexibility matrix, the rigidity matrix will be obtained. |
BibTeX:
@article{kollar2000,
author = {L. Kollár and K. H. Nagy},
title = {Stiffness Characteristics of Shells with Parabolic Corrugation},
journal = {Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures},
year = {2000},
volume = {41},
number = {3},
pages = {191-203},
url = {http://www.iass-structures.org/index.cfm/journal.getFile/363.iass134_191_203_mejorado.pdf}
}
|
| Kolozsvary A (1973), "Structural Component and Structures Comprising the same", US Patent 3729876. |
| Abstract: A universal folded plate component for structures, fastening means for joining such components together and structures comprising such components, the components themselves and the fastening means being geometrically designed so that the folded plate components can be connected in precise alignment in either the same or reversed fold position relative to one another to thereby build up structures having all curved configuration, all straight configuration or curved and straight configuration combined and having a variety of different ground plans. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kolozsvary1973,
author = {A. Kolozsvary},
title = {Structural Component and Structures Comprising the same},
howpublished = {US Patent 3729876},
year = {1973},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3729876.html}
}
|
| Kopal R, Clever H and Schweitzer H-W (1983), "Intermediate piece for producing curved shuttering surfaces", DE 3125587. |
| Abstract: In order to produce curved shuttering surfaces, prop-like intermediate pieces are fitted between a lower load-bearing structure and an elastically deformable or flexible shuttering skin, the intermediate pieces being of adjustable length and supporting the shuttering skin on the load-bearing structure accordingly at different distances. By adjusting the length of the individual intermediate pieces, the flexible shuttering skin can be curved in any desired manner, with the result that, for example, cylindrical, spherical, concave or convex shuttering surfaces can be easily produced. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kopal1983,
author = {Rainer Kopal and Harald Clever and Hans-Wilhelm Schweitzer},
title = {Intermediate piece for producing curved shuttering surfaces},
howpublished = {DE 3125587},
year = {1983}
}
|
| Korte AP, Starostin EL and van der Heijden GHM (2011), "Triangular buckling patterns of twisted inextensible strips", Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Vol. 467(2125), pp. 285-303. |
| Abstract: When twisting a strip of paper or acetate under high longitudinal tension, one observes, at some critical load, a buckling of the strip into a regular triangular pattern. Very similar triangular facets have recently been found in solutions to a new set of geometrically exact equations describing the equilibrium shape of thin inextensible elastic strips. Here, we formulate a modified boundary-value problem for these equations and construct post-buckling solutions in good agreement with the observed pattern in twisted strips. We also study the force–extension and moment–twist behaviour of these strips by varying the mode number n of triangular facets and find critical loads with jumps to higher modes. |
BibTeX:
@article{korte2011,
author = {A. P. Korte and E. L. Starostin and G. H. M. van der Heijden},
title = {Triangular buckling patterns of twisted inextensible strips},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A},
year = {2011},
volume = {467},
number = {2125},
pages = {285-303},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.2010.0200}
}
|
| Koschitz D, Demaine ED and Demaine ML (2008), "Curved Crease Origami", In Abstracts from Advances in Architectural Geometry (AAG 2008). Vienna, Austria, September 13–16, 2008. , pp. 29–32. |
| Abstract: Most origami, both practical and mathematical, uses just straight creases. Curved creases, on the other hand, offer a wealth of new design possibilities. While the first curved-crease models date back to the Bauhaus in the 1930s, curved creasing remains relatively underexplored. The principal challenge considered here is to understand what 3D forms result as natural resting state(s) after folding a set of curved creases, with the potential to enable a new category of design. This problem goes beyond the mathematics of developable surfaces to a question of physics: equilibria of an unstretchable surface with uncreased and creased (plastically deformed) portions folding elastically toward desired angles. Two natural approaches for experimenting with this question are computer simulation and building real models. We follow the latter approach, being more interested in how real materials behave and how the resulting structures might be applied in the field of architecture. |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{koschitz2008,
author = {Duks Koschitz and Erik D. Demaine and Martin L. Demaine},
title = {Curved Crease Origami},
booktitle = {Abstracts from Advances in Architectural Geometry (AAG 2008)},
year = {2008},
pages = {29–32},
url = {http://erikdemaine.org/papers/CurvedCrease_AAG2008/}
}
|
| Kovacs F (2011), "Extended Truss Theory with Simplex Constraints", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 48(3-4), pp. 472-482. |
| Abstract: This paper traces a way of generalization of the classical truss theory: in addition to the kinematic constraint expressing the distance between two nodes connected by a bar element, other similar constraints involving three and four nodes are introduced. Derived from energy principles, a general tangent stiffness formulation is given. Possible mechanical interpretations as well as problems of pre-stressing are also discussed. |
BibTeX:
@article{kovacs2010,
author = {F. Kovacs},
title = {Extended Truss Theory with Simplex Constraints},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2011},
volume = {48},
number = {3-4},
pages = {472-482},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.10.014}
}
|
| Kresling B (1994), "Folded and unfolded nature", In Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{kresling1994,
author = {Biruta Kresling},
editor = {Koryo Miura},
title = {Folded and unfolded nature},
booktitle = {Origami Science and Art: Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Origami Science and Scientific Origami},
year = {1994}
}
|
| Kressner D (2005), "Numerical Methods for General and Structured Eigenvalue Problems" Vol. 46 Springer Berlin Heidelberg. |
BibTeX:
@book{kressner2005,
author = {D. Kressner},
editor = {Timothy J. Barth and Michael Griebel and David E. Keyes and Risto M. Nieminen and Dirk Roose and Tamar Schlick},
title = {Numerical Methods for General and Structured Eigenvalue Problems},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
year = {2005},
volume = {46},
doi = {10.1007/3-540-28502-4}
}
|
| Krueger TH (1964), "Arched structure", US Patent 3144103. |
BibTeX:
@misc{krueger1964,
author = {T. H. Krueger},
title = {Arched structure},
howpublished = {US Patent 3144103},
year = {1964},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3144103.html}
}
|
| de Kruijk H (2001), "Folding Hall", NL Patent NL1012457. |
| Abstract: A structure consisting of an assembly of rigid panels having a relatively low weight, which are so connected as to form one or more arches spanning the bottom. An arch consists of flat panels, which are connected together convexly or concavely. The assembly is movable between a flat position and an erected position, in which flat position a flat surface is formed, and in which erected position the structure is formed. |
BibTeX:
@misc{kruijk2001,
author = {H. de Kruijk},
title = {Folding Hall},
howpublished = {NL Patent NL1012457},
year = {2001}
}
|
| Kumar P and Pellegrino S (2000), "Computation of kinematic paths and bifurcation points", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 37(46-47), pp. 7003-7027. |
| Abstract: This article deals with the kinematic simulation of movable structures that go through special configurations of kinematic bifurcation, as they move. A series of algorithms are developed for structures that can be modelled using pin-jointed bars and that admit a single-parameter motion. These algorithms are able to detect and locate any bifurcation points that exist along the path of the structure and, at each bifurcation point, can determine all possible motions of the structure. The theory behind the algorithms is explained, and the analysis of a simple example is discussed in detail. Then, a simplified version of the particular problem that had motivated this work, the simulation of the folding and deployment of a thin membrane structure forming a solar sail, is analysed. For the particular cases that are considered, it is found that the entire process is inextensional, but a detailed study of the simulation results shows that in more general cases, it is likely that stretching or wrinkling will occur. |
BibTeX:
@article{kumar2000,
author = {P. Kumar and S. Pellegrino},
title = {Computation of kinematic paths and bifurcation points},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2000},
volume = {37},
number = {46-47},
pages = {7003-7027},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7683(99)00327-3}
}
|
| Kuribayashi K, Tsuchiya K, You Z, Tomus D, Umemoto M, Ito T and Sasaki M (2006), "Self-deployable origami stent grafts as a biomedical application of Ni-rich TiNi shape memory alloy foil", Materials Science and Engineering: A. Vol. 419(1-2), pp. 131-137. |
| Abstract: This paper describes the design, manufacturing and properties of a new type of stent graft, the origami stent graft. Unlike conventional stent grafts which consist of a wire mesh stent and a covering membrane, the new origami stent graft is made from a single foldable foil with hill and valley folds. The Ni-rich titanium/nickel (TiNi) shape memory alloy (SMA) foil made by the newly developed ultrafine laminates method was used in order to produce the stent graft. The pattern of folds on the foil was produced by negative photochemical etching. The deployment of the stent graft is achieved either by SMA effect at the body temperature or by making use of property of superelasticity. A number of prototypes of the stent graft, which are the same size as standard oesophageal and aortal stent grafts, have been produced successfully. It was demonstrated that the stent graft deploy as expected. |
BibTeX:
@article{kuribayashi2006,
author = {Kaori Kuribayashi and Koichi Tsuchiya and Zhong You and Dacian Tomus and Minoru Umemoto and Takahiro Ito and Masahiro Sasaki},
title = {Self-deployable origami stent grafts as a biomedical application of Ni-rich TiNi shape memory alloy foil},
journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A},
year = {2006},
volume = {419},
number = {1-2},
pages = {131-137},
doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2005.12.016}
}
|
| Kuttler J and Sigillito V (1981), "On curve veering", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 75(4), pp. 585-588. |
BibTeX:
@article{kuttler1981,
author = {J.R. Kuttler and V.G. Sigillito},
title = {On curve veering},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {1981},
volume = {75},
number = {4},
pages = {585-588},
doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(81)90448-X}
}
|
| Lakes R (1987), "Foam Structures with a Negative Poisson's Ratio", Science. Vol. 235(4792), pp. 1038 - 1040. |
| Abstract: A novel foam structure is presented, which exhibits a negative Poisson's ratio. Such a material expands laterally when stretched, in contrast to ordinary materials. |
BibTeX:
@article{lakes1987,
author = {R. Lakes},
title = {Foam Structures with a Negative Poisson's Ratio},
journal = {Science},
year = {1987},
volume = {235},
number = {4792},
pages = {1038 - 1040},
doi = {10.1126/science.235.4792.1038}
}
|
| Lakes R (1991), "Deformation Mechanisms in negative Poisson's ratio materials: structural aspects", Journal of Materials Science. Vol. 26(9), pp. 2287-2292. |
| Abstract: Poisson's ratio in materials is governed by the following aspects of the microstructure: the presence of rotational degrees of freedom, non-affine deformation kinematics, or anisotropic structure. Several structural models are examined. The non-affine kinematics are seen to be essential for the production of negative Poisson's ratios for isotropic materials containing central force linkages of positive stiffness. Non-central forces combined with pre-load can also give rise to a negative Poisson's ratio in isotropic materials. A chiral microstructure with non-central force interaction or non-affine deformation can also exhibit a negative Poisson's ratio. Toughness and damage resistance in these materials may be affected by the Poisson's ratio itself, as well as by generalized continuum aspects associated with the microstructure. |
BibTeX:
@article{lakes1991,
author = {R. Lakes},
title = {Deformation Mechanisms in negative Poisson's ratio materials: structural aspects},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science},
year = {1991},
volume = {26},
number = {9},
pages = {2287--2292},
url = {http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/PoissonStruc.html},
doi = {10.1007/BF01130170}
}
|
| Lakes R (1993), "Materials with structural hierarchy", Nature. Vol. 361, pp. 511-515. |
| Abstract: Many natural and man-made materials exhibit structure on more than one length scale; in some materials, the structural elements themselves have structure. This structural hierarchy can play a large part in determining the bulk material properties. Understanding the effects of hierarchical structure can guide the synthesis of new materials with physical properties that are tailored for specific applications. |
BibTeX:
@article{lakes1993,
author = {R. Lakes},
title = {Materials with structural hierarchy},
journal = {Nature},
year = {1993},
volume = {361},
pages = {511--515},
url = {http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/Hierarch93.pdf},
doi = {10.1038/361511a0}
}
|
| Laloux M (1988), "Reusable formwork modules making it possible to form varied architectural shapes", FR2612545. |
| Abstract: The device comprises a metal panel 1 serving as a support for small orientable, preferably hydraulic, jacks 2. The thrusting arm of each jack 2 ends with a small square plate 3, articulated on a ball joint 4. The small plates 3 partially overlap and thus form a surface which contains the material to be cast. The shape of this surface can be varied according to the orientation of each jack 2, according to the length given by each jack to the thrusting arm and according to the inclination of each small plate 3. The jacks 2 and the ball joints 4 carrying the small plates 3 are connected electronically to a computer processing unit 9 which automatically determines and adjusts, for each one, their position in space according to the desired shape. The device according to the invention can be used in particular in architectural applications including curved surfaces or the juxtaposition of plane surfaces such as curved walls, surfaces, skew structures, round columns or columns having facets with bases and capitals, bas-reliefs, cant walls, vaults, staircases, etc |
BibTeX:
@misc{laloux1988,
author = {M. Laloux},
title = {Reusable formwork modules making it possible to form varied architectural shapes},
howpublished = {FR2612545},
year = {1988}
}
|
| Lanczos C (1986), "The Variational Principles of Mechanics" Dover Publications. |
BibTeX:
@book{lanczos1986,
author = {Cornelius Lanczos},
editor = {Fourth},
title = {The Variational Principles of Mechanics},
publisher = {Dover Publications},
year = {1986},
url = {http://store.doverpublications.com/0486650677.html}
}
|
| Lang RJ (2003), "Origami Geometric Constructions", Published on website.. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lang,
author = {R. J. Lang},
title = {Origami Geometric Constructions},
howpublished = {Published on website.},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.langorigami.com/science/hha/hha.php4}
}
|
| Lang RJ (1998), "Treemaker 4.0: A Program for Origami Design", Software Documentation. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lang1998,
author = {Robert J. Lang},
title = {Treemaker 4.0: A Program for Origami Design},
howpublished = {Software Documentation},
year = {1998},
url = {http://www.langorigami.com/science/treemaker/TreeMkr40.pdf}
}
|
| Lang RJ (2003), "Origami Design Secrets: Mathematical Methods for an Ancient Art" AK Peters. |
BibTeX:
@book{lang2003,
author = {Robert J. Lang},
title = {Origami Design Secrets: Mathematical Methods for an Ancient Art},
publisher = {AK Peters},
year = {2003},
url = {http://www.akpeters.com/product.asp?ProdCode=1942}
}
|
| Lang RJ (2004), "Origami: Complexity in Creases (Again)", Engineering & Science. Vol. LXVII(1), pp. 8-19. |
BibTeX:
@article{lang2004,
author = {R. J. Lang},
title = {Origami: Complexity in Creases (Again)},
journal = {Engineering & Science},
year = {2004},
volume = {LXVII},
number = {1},
pages = {8--19},
url = {http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/EandS/ESarchive-frame.html}
}
|
| Lebée A and Sab K (2010), "Transverse shear stiffness of a chevron folded core used in sandwich construction", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 47(18-19), pp. 2620 - 2629. |
| Abstract: Using Kelsey et al. (1958) unit load method, upper and lower bounds for the effective transverse shear moduli of a chevron folded core used in sandwich construction are analytically derived and compared to finite element computations. We found that these bounds are generally loose and that in some cases chevron folded cores are 40% stiffer than honeycomb-like cores. |
BibTeX:
@article{lebee2010,
author = {A. Lebée and K. Sab},
title = {Transverse shear stiffness of a chevron folded core used in sandwich construction},
journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
year = {2010},
volume = {47},
number = {18-19},
pages = {2620 - 2629},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.05.024}
}
|
| Leissa AW (1974), "On a curve veering aberration", Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Physik (ZAMP). Vol. 25(1), pp. 99-111. |
| Abstract: In numerous places in the literature of eigenvalue problems of mathematical physics one finds curves which approach each other and suddenly veer away. The author postulates that this ugly behavior may be the result of approximation in the representation of physical reality. In the present paper such behavior is demonstrated to arise from the application of the well-known Ritz-Galerkin method to the classical eigenvalue problem of the free vibration of a rectangular membrane. |
BibTeX:
@article{leissa1974,
author = {Arthur W. Leissa},
title = {On a curve veering aberration},
journal = {Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Physik (ZAMP)},
year = {1974},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {99-111},
doi = {10.1007/BF01602113}
}
|
| Levien RL (2009), "From Spiral to Spline: Optimal Techniques in Interactive Curve Design". Thesis at: University of California, Berkeley. |
| Abstract: A basic technique for designing curved shapes in the plane is interpolating splines. The designer inputs a sequence of control points, and the computer fits a smooth curve that goes through these points. The literature of interpolating splines is rich, much of it based on the mathematical idealization of a thin elastic strip constrained to pass through the points. Until now there is little consensus on which, if any, of these splines is ideal. This thesis explores the properties of an ideal interpolating spline. The most important property is fairness, a property often in tension with locality, meaning that perturbations to the input points do not affect sections of the curve at a distance. The idealized elastic strip has two serious problems. A sequence of co-circular input points results in a curve deviating from a circular arc. For some other inputs, no solution (with finite extent) exists at all. The idealized elastic strip has two properties worth preserving. First, any ideal spline must be extensional, meaning that the insertion of a new point on the curve shouldn’t change its shape. Second, curve segments between any two adjacent control points are drawn from a two-parameter family (and this propety is closely related to good locality properties). A central result of this thesis is that any spline sharing these properties also has the property that all segments between two control points are cut from a single, fixed generating curve. Thus, the problem of choosing an ideal spline is reduced to that of choosing the ideal generating curve. The Euler spiral has excellent all-around properties, and, for some applications, a log-aesthetic curve may be even better. Shapes in applications such as font outlines contain extra features such as corners and transitions between straight lines and smooth curves. Attaching additional constraints to control points expresses these features, and, carefully applied, give the designer a richer palette of curve types. The splines presented in this thesis are entirely practical as well, especially for designing fonts. Sophisticated new numerical techniques compute the splines at interactive speeds, as well as convert to optimized cubic B´ezier representation. |
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{levien2009,
author = {R. L. Levien},
title = {From Spiral to Spline: Optimal Techniques in Interactive Curve Design},
school = {University of California, Berkeley},
year = {2009},
url = {http://www.levien.com/phd/thesis.pdf}
}
|
| Lijnen G (2007), "Device for making a curved shuttering", EP 1884608. |
| Abstract: Device (1) for making a curved formwork (25), characterised in that it consists of a central part (2) and of coupling means (5) on either side (6) of the central part (2) with which the device (1) can be coupled to the form board (4), whereby a pair of hinged arms (7,8) is provided on either side (6) of the central part (2) which are hinge-mounted to the central part (2) with one far end (9,10) and which are hinge-mounted to a lever (13) with their other far end (11,12), which lever (13) is hinge-mounted to the coupling means (5) concerned, whereby between the above-mentioned levers (13) or hinged arms (7,8) are provided clamping means (17) to move the hinged arms (7, 8) towards each other or away from each other. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lijnen2007,
author = {G. Lijnen},
title = {Device for making a curved shuttering},
howpublished = {EP 1884608},
year = {2007}
}
|
| Lim T-C (2003), "Constitutive relationship of a material with unconventional Poisson's ratio", Journal of Materials Science Letters. Vol. 22(24), pp. 1783-1786. |
BibTeX:
@article{lim2003,
author = {Teik-Cheng Lim},
title = {Constitutive relationship of a material with unconventional Poisson's ratio},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science Letters},
year = {2003},
volume = {22},
number = {24},
pages = {1783--1786},
doi = {10.1023/B:JMSL.0000005420.34383.d8}
}
|
| Lim T-C (2004), "Elastic properties of a Poisson–Shear material", Journal of Materials Science. Vol. 39(15), pp. 4965-4969. |
BibTeX:
@article{lim2004,
author = {Teik-Cheng Lim},
title = {Elastic properties of a Poisson–Shear material},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science},
year = {2004},
volume = {39},
number = {15},
pages = {4965-4969},
doi = {10.1023/B:JMSC.0000035347.69053.af}
}
|
| Lim T-C (2007), "On simultaneous positive and negative Poisson's ratio laminates", Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics. Vol. 244(3), pp. 910 - 918. |
| Abstract: Studies on the mechanical behavior of materials are often performed on the assumption of positive Poisson's ratio except for auxetic materials. Auxetic materials and structures are intriguing systems that exhibit negative Poisson's ratio. Recently some investigation were made on semi-auxetic materials in terms of their directional and positional auxeticity. In this paper we furnish a simple example of a 3-ply laminate consisting of isotropic plies whereby the sign of its effective Poisson's ratio changes when the loading mode changes between pure axial loading and pure bending. In addition, both positive and negative Poisson ratio behaviors do not cancel one another, but are simultaneously manifested when the above-mentioned loading modes are combined. |
BibTeX:
@article{lim2007,
author = {Teik-Cheng Lim},
title = {On simultaneous positive and negative Poisson's ratio laminates},
journal = {Physica Status Solidi (b) Solid State Physics},
year = {2007},
volume = {244},
number = {3},
pages = {910 - 918},
doi = {10.1002/pssb.200572710}
}
|
| Lind RJ and Minardi L (2008), "Doubly-curved mesh", WO Patent WO2008137379. |
| Abstract: A doubly-curved mesh is fabricated based on a customized design. In one aspect, a plurality of material-strips are provided. A length is determined for at least one segment of at least one material-strip based on a distance between points on a geodesic line associated with the material-strip. The plurality of material-strips are connected to form a plurality of quadrilaterals defined by four edges. At least one edge of at least one quadrilateral is modified based on the determined length for the at least one segment to form the doubly-curved mesh. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lind2008,
author = {R. J. Lind and L. Minardi},
title = {Doubly-curved mesh},
howpublished = {WO Patent WO2008137379},
year = {2008}
}
|
| Lipowska IV and Von Geldern-Egmond Zu Arcen G (1900), "Metal Bearing Plate", US Patent 662567. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lipowska1900,
author = {I. Von Lipowska and G. Von Geldern-Egmond Zu Arcen},
title = {Metal Bearing Plate},
howpublished = {US Patent 662567},
year = {1900},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/662567.html}
}
|
| Liu Q (2006), "Literature Review: Materials with Negative Poisson's Ratios and Potential Applications to Aerospace and Defence" (DSTO-GD-0472) |
| Abstract: An auxetic material exhibits exceptional features, which are different from a conventional material. That is, the auxetic material gets fatter when it is stretched, or becomes smaller when it is compressed, because it has a negative Poisson’s ratio. This report briefly reviews the latest advances in research work in auxetic materials, structural mechanisms, properties and applications, particularly in aerospace and defence. |
BibTeX:
@techreport{liu2006,
author = {Q. Liu},
title = {Literature Review: Materials with Negative Poisson's Ratios and Potential Applications to Aerospace and Defence},
year = {2006},
number = {DSTO-GD-0472},
url = {http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/4436/1/DSTO-GD-0472.PR.pdf}
}
|
| Liu XL (2002), "Behavior of Derivatives of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in Curve Veering and Mode Localization and their Relation to close Eigenvalues", Journal of Sound and Vibration. Vol. 256(3), pp. 551-564. |
| Abstract: The problem to measure the phenomena of eigenvalue curve veering and mode localization is addressed in this paper. The second derivative of an eigenvalue and the first derivative of an eigenvector are taken as the measures, numerically showing curve veering and mode localization. Based on the measurement, close eigenvalues, as a key factor for the occurrence of the phenomena, are defined. Two eigenvalues are considered to be close, if their difference is small enough to cause the occurrence of the phenomena. The curve veering and mode localization can be noted by comparison of the derivatives with a critical value and hence the associated eigenvalues are close. Weakly coupled springs are given as an example. |
BibTeX:
@article{liu2002,
author = {X. L. Liu},
title = {Behavior of Derivatives of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in Curve Veering and Mode Localization and their Relation to close Eigenvalues},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
year = {2002},
volume = {256},
number = {3},
pages = {551--564},
doi = {10.1006/jsvi.2002.5010}
}
|
| Lobkovsky A, Gentges S, Li H, Morse D and Witten TA (1995), "Scaling Properties of Stretching Ridges in a Crumpled Elastic Sheet", Science. Vol. 270(5241), pp. 1482-1485. |
| Abstract: Strong deformation of a sheet of solid material often leads to a crumpled state having sharp points of high curvature. A scaling property governing the crumpled state has been numerically demonstrated by an examination of the ridges joining pairs of sharp points in a range of simple geometries of variable size. As the linear size X increases sufficiently, the deformation energy grows as X1/3 and consists of similar amounts of bending and stretching energy. The deformation energy becomes concentrated in a fraction of the sheet that decreases as X1/3. Despite this concentration, the local strain in the ridge decreases as X2/3. Nearly all the deformation energy in thin, crumpled elastic sheets was found to be concentrated in ridges that obey these scaling laws. |
BibTeX:
@article{lobkovsky1995,
author = {A. Lobkovsky and S. Gentges and H. Li and D. Morse and T. A. Witten},
title = {Scaling Properties of Stretching Ridges in a Crumpled Elastic Sheet},
journal = {Science},
year = {1995},
volume = {270},
number = {5241},
pages = {1482-1485},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2889012},
doi = {10.1126/science.270.5241.1482}
}
|
| Lovell MH (1985), "Collapsible portable building", GB Patent GB2154621. |
| Abstract: The invention consists of a rigid membrane folded in such a form that it collapses flat for transportation and easily unfolds to produce a large strong vaulted structure. These properties enable it to be moved easily. The lifespan of the unit is governed by the membrane material which can be varied to suit the weather conditions and size of unit. The temporary unit can be transformed into a permanent structure by an overlay material. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lovell1985,
author = {M. H. Lovell},
title = {Collapsible portable building},
howpublished = {GB Patent GB2154621},
year = {1985}
}
|
| Lueke JC (1994), "Tension and compression extensible liner for a primary vessel", US Patent 5292027. |
| Abstract: A liner for a primary vessel comprises a plurality of attached, corrugated continuous sheets of membrane-type material. Each sheet has a herringbone pattern of repetitive parallelogram-like elements. Each parallelogram-like element is bounded at its four sides by bends to adjacent parallelogram-like elements, each sheet having minimally developed corrugations. The continuous sheets are therefore supportable by bearing walls of the primary vessel and may follow any deflections of these walls under conditions of structural stress and thermal deformation. |
BibTeX:
@misc{lueke1994,
author = {Joseph C. Lueke},
title = {Tension and compression extensible liner for a primary vessel},
howpublished = {US Patent 5292027},
year = {1994},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5292027.html}
}
|
| Ma J and You Z (2011), "The Origami Crash Box", In Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME). CRC Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{ma2010,
author = {J. Ma and Z. You},
editor = {Patsy Wang-Iverson and Robert J. Lang and Mark YIM},
title = {The Origami Crash Box},
booktitle = {Origami 5: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education (5OSME)},
publisher = {CRC Press},
year = {2011}
}
|
| Magid E, null OS and Rivlin E (2007), "A comparison of Gaussian and mean curvature estimation methods on triangular meshes of range image data", Computer Vision and Image Understanding. Vol. 107(3), pp. 139-159. |
| Abstract: Estimating intrinsic geometric properties of a surface from a polygonal mesh obtained from range data is an important stage of numerous algorithms in computer and robot vision, computer graphics, geometric modeling, and industrial and biomedical engineering. This work considers different computational schemes for local estimation of intrinsic curvature geometric properties. Four different algorithms and their modifications were tested on triangular meshes that represent tessellations of synthetic geometric models. The results were compared with the analytically computed values of the Gaussian and mean curvatures of the non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces from which these meshes originated. The algorithms were also tested on range images of geometric objects. The results were compared with the analytic values of the Gaussian and mean curvatures of the scanned geometric objects. This work manifests the best algorithms suited for Gaussian and mean curvature estimation, and shows that different algorithms should be employed to compute the Gaussian and mean curvatures. |
BibTeX:
@article{magid2007,
author = {Evgeni Magid and , Octavian Soldea and Ehud Rivlin},
title = {A comparison of Gaussian and mean curvature estimation methods on triangular meshes of range image data},
journal = {Computer Vision and Image Understanding},
year = {2007},
volume = {107},
number = {3},
pages = {139-159},
doi = {10.1016/j.cviu.2006.09.007}
}
|
| Mahadevan L and Rica S (2005), "Self-Organized Origami", Science., March, 2005. Vol. 307(5716), pp. 1740. |
| Abstract: In origami, form follows the sequential spatial organization of folds. This requires continuous intervention and raises a natural question: Can origami arise through self-organization? We answer this affirmatively by examining the possible physical origin for the Miura-ori leaf-folding patterns that arise naturally in insect wings, leaves, and other laminae-like organelles. In particular, we point out examples where biaxial compression of an elastically supported thin film, such as that due to differential growth, shrinkage, desiccation, or thermal expansion, spontaneously generates these patterns, and we provide a simple theoretical explanation for their occurrence. |
BibTeX:
@article{mahadevan2005,
author = {L. Mahadevan and S. Rica},
title = {Self-Organized Origami},
journal = {Science},
year = {2005},
volume = {307},
number = {5716},
pages = {1740},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/307/5716/1740},
doi = {10.1126/science.1105169}
}
|
| Maier J (1986), "Apparatus for erecting arcuate walls of concrete or the like", US Patent 4619433. |
| Abstract: Apparatus for erection of arcuate walls of poured concrete has one or more deformable sheathings secured to turnable supports which are movably secured to one another by composite girders having alternating rigid variable-length links and fixed-length connectors which are affixed to the supports. The angular positions of the supports are changed by changing the length of the links. Locking devices are provided to hold the links against angular movement relative to the neighboring connectors when the sheathing assumes the desired shape. The locking devices can constitute separable components or they may be permanently mounted on and/or integrated into the links and/or connectors. |
BibTeX:
@misc{maier1986,
author = {J. Maier},
title = {Apparatus for erecting arcuate walls of concrete or the like},
howpublished = {US Patent 4619433},
year = {1986},
url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4619433.html}
}
|
| Mansfield EH (1989), "The Bending and Stretching of Plates" Cambridge University Press.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@book{mansfield1989,
author = {E. H. Mansfield},
title = {The Bending and Stretching of Plates},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
year = {1989},
edition = {Second}
}
|
| Marciniak Z and Duncan JL (1989), "Sheet Metal Forming Developments", In Plasticity and Modern Metal-Forming Technology. , pp. 169-205. Elsevier.
[BibTeX] |
BibTeX:
@incollection{marciniak1989,
author = {Z. Marciniak and J. L. Duncan},
editor = {T. Z. Blazynski},
title = {Sheet Metal Forming Developments},
booktitle = {Plasticity and Modern Metal-Forming Technology},
publisher = {Elsevier},
year = {1989},
pages = {169--205}
}
|
| Marciniak Z and Duncan JL (1992), "The Mechanics of Sheet Metal Forming" Edward Arnold. |